Abstract: The article analyzes the dynamics of changes in the institutional and legal framework of Russian migration policy from 1990 to 2023.
Based on legal statistics, the authors investigate the frequency of amendments to key laws in the field of migration regulation in the Russian Federation. By comparing the series of events in political, legal, and institutional changes to migration governance, the authors identify external factors that influence the changes in legislation. Through comparative legal methods and an analysis of relevant literature, we discuss issues related to the differences between adaptive governance and agile management, as well as the impact of rapidly changing laws on the stability of the legal system. The analysis of the data revealed a high frequency of changes to migration laws, with an average of up to 5-6 amendments per year, and in some cases, up to 15-17 amendments per year. Acts of federal and regional authorities are also frequently amended. During the pandemic, a decision of the Moscow government was in effect for a little over a week. There is a significant excess in the number of secondary legal acts compared to the number of primary ones. The constant amendment of migration regulations reflects the state's response to diverse and sometimes unforeseen challenges in modern society, and demonstrates the adaptive nature of Russia's migration policy. This increase in adaptability raises questions about where the line is between improving the efficiency of legal regulations and their instability. Additionally, a special multidisciplinary approach is required to assess how changes in migration policies affect socio-economic development.
The relevance of this study is linked to the fact that improving the efficiency of migration governance is a challenging task. Migration is both a source of economic development and potential risk to socio-political stability.

Abstract: The article presents the results of the analysis of the fundamental documents of the migration policy of the Russian Federation of the last 30 years, the purpose of which was to identify changes in the fundamental approaches of the authorities in relation to migration and the corresponding legal and institutional changes.
An array of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation from 1989 to 2023 (about 100 documents), concepts of migration policy, materials of speeches by the Head of State, meetings of various interdepartmental commissions and high-level profile working groups were used as sources. The study used comparative legal analysis; content analysis; synchronous analysis; general logical approaches and methods. The obtained results allowed us to identify seven stages of the evolution of the Russian migration policy. The boundaries in which the "fluctuation of the course" of migration policy occurs are determined. It is shown that the priorities that the migration policy should correspond to are equally significant, but competing, which leads to inconsistency of the measures taken. It is noted that in recent years, migration policy has been increasingly using adaptive management technologies, which contains risks for long-term goal-setting. The definition of the concept "limits of policy variability" is given. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a long-term Strategy of the state migration policy, which will take into account the systemic nature of the phenomenon of migration and the multilevel effects that arise as a result of the impact on the migration situation.

Abstract: A number of modern approaches and methods for assessing the efficiency of labor immigration regulations are considered. The efficiency of immigration policy we understand as the ability of regulatory mechanisms to ensure timely, differentiated, and orderly attraction of desirable migrants to the country's economy in such a way that this resource brings maximum benefit in solving current problems of socio-economic development and does not threaten national security.
Sources for research: an array of official documents of Russia, EU countries, the ILO in the field of migration regulation (strategies, reports, results of evaluation procedures, statistics), and relevant scientific literature. General scientific and comparative methods are used in the work.
  Two polar approaches are distinguished in the international literature: "bureaucratic" (based on the principles of project management and associated with the development of procedures for external independent evaluation of specific measures (projects) of migration policy) and "academic" (search for common theoretical models and universal methods that allow on a single basis to compare the results of migration regulation in different countries). The Russian literature also identifies two clusters that differ in priority criteria for evaluating effectiveness: (1) assessment of the adequacy of migration policy to the economic interests of Russia (taking into account the demands of regional labor markets), (2) the ability to guarantee the interests of public safety and strengthening the unity of the multinational people of Russia. The combination of competing criteria can give a more comprehensive idea of the effectiveness of migration policy, but the practical implementation of the approach is still difficult.

Abstract: The authors aims to analyze the mechanisms used by the Russian federal subjects for affecting the national migration policy based on the regional labor markets' needs. The authors examined the main opportunities of the regions, available to date, for adjusting the decisions of the federal government in the regulating labor migration flows as well as their institutional and legal foundations. The source base of research is an array of strategic planning documents, regulatory legal acts, administrative documents of public authorities of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation for the period of 2000-2022.
The authors present a new definition of the concept of "state policy in the labor immigration regulations". Despite the well-known problem of the lack of a clear delineation of the powers and responsibilities of federal and regional public authorities in migration policy, the regions of the Russian Federation have a number of opportunities to participate both in the implementation of state migration policy and in its regulation for answering the demands of regional labor markets. Authors concluded, despite the peculiarities of regional labor markets, the key control parameter of the regional migration policy is the indicator of the level of social tensions on the labor market. In order to meet the key performance indicators established by the federal center, the subjects of the Russian Federation have to manipulate admissions/prohibitions on attracting foreign labor, responding to rapid economic changes. This makes regional migration policy unpredictable and unstable.

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the analysis of the current state of digitalization of the migration sphere in the Russian Federation. It is demonstrated that the implementation of modern digital technologies, as well as information technology tools into the mechanisms of migration governance (in a broader sense, digital transformation of the system of relations between migrants and accepting country) is objectively inevitable in the context of global digital transition and growing role of the migration factor for the economy. The goal of this research is to determine the political-legal factors and problems that impact digital transition in the migration sphere of the Russian Federation. For achieving the set tasks, the article employs general scientific methods and approaches, including comparative methods. The author provides a brief overview of coevolution of the migration situation and migration regulation in the Russian Federation for the period 2012–2021. It is noted that the goals, tasks and instruments of migration governance change along with the transformation of perception of the importance of migration factor for the Russian Federation and its role in solution of economic development objective. Based on the parallel consideration of political-legal decisions and practices of digitalization of the migration sphere, the author summarizes the current results and challenges. It is indicated that the project approach and advanced legal regulation contribute to the digital reforms in the migration sphere; however, in practice we can observe deceleration of the pace of reforms due to lack of coherence in actions and conceptual approaches. The key reason is that the basic acts that regulate modernization of the migration sphere in the Russian Federation are not the strategic planning documents.

Abstract: Women comprise nearly half of world’s migration. They are particularly vulnerable, thus their rights, interests, and special needs must be protected. In the period from 2016 to 2018, the Russian Federation has become one of the active participants in the development of international acts on refugees and migrants, which contain provisions aimed at feminization of migration related issues. These acts are not legally binding; however, Russia along with other countries that have joined this initiative, conducts the activity on implementation of internationally ratified principles into the national legislation. The article provides the results of snap analysis of the federal acts adopted in the period of December 2018 – March 2021, which was performed for pilot assessment of the current state of Russian law from the perspective of gender sensitivity and presence of favorable conditions for solution of the problems pertaining to feminization of migration. It was essential to understand whether the effective normative legal acts “see” a migrant woman as a special legal phenomenon, and which specific characteristics and needs of women are reflected in these acts. The conclusion is made that the Russian legislation is currently of gender neutral nature. Other than a range of documents related to implementation of the National Strategy for Women 2017 – 2022, the gender sensitivity of federal acts is generally low. The documents included into sampling, for the most part reflect the specific biological characteristics of women, which determine their health needs, as well as the need for targeted social support due to childbirth and maternity leave. The analyzed international acts have a broader outlook upon the characteristics and needs of women in general and migrant women in particular than the Russian legislation (other than the National Strategy for Women).

Abstract: The subject of this article is the substantiation of problematic situation that requires attention of social sciences. Rapid transition of multiple types of relations of citizens with official structures and economic agents to digital form is accompanied by contradictory consequences. The facts demonstrate that in the conditions of techworld, latent exploitation of users of digital platforms becomes the norm. This phenomenon already caught the attention of economists, media theoreticians, specialists in the area of information systems and strategic managements, but still has not become the subject of interests of social scientists. The author describes the examples of paid professional activity, which regular citizens are forced to carry out without due compensation, if they desire to use digital gadgets, platforms and various services. The differences between latent exploitation and acquisition of labor through crowdsourcing are demonstrated. A conclusion is made that the concept, according to which digital platforms exploit users “not as employees, but the audience” requires appending, since in addition to production of Big Data, the users unconsciously and without compensation fulfill actual labor functions for the corporations and “digital government”. This aspect requires an in-depth social research.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the political and legal mechanism of realization of the ideas and model reflected in the new constitutions (including the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993), in the conditions of instability and absence of social cohesion. Special attention is dedicated to the so-called counter-majoritarian institutions, which can most effectively and legitimately “correct” the lawfully and democratically made majority decisions if they do not correspond with the interests of social development or violate rights and freedoms of the citizens. Based on retrospective analysis, it is demonstrated that in modern Russia, since the new Constitution came into force, the indicated functions are exercised by the Head of the State and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made that the constitutions establishing counter-majoritarian mechanisms, ensure stability and due development of the new statehood and legal system more reliably. These institutions, among other matters, also contribute to sustainability of the modern political systems, characterized with more profound segmentation, as well as support of the political inclusion of minorities.  

Abstract: The subject of this research is the political and legal mechanism of realization of the ideas and model reflected in the new constitutions (including the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993), in the conditions of instability and absence of social cohesion. Special attention is dedicated to the so-called counter-majoritarian institutions, which can most effectively and legitimately “correct” the lawfully and democratically made majority decisions if they do not correspond with the interests of social development or violate rights and freedoms of the citizens. Based on retrospective analysis, it is demonstrated that in modern Russia, since the new Constitution came into force, the indicated functions are exercised by the Head of the State and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made that the constitutions establishing counter-majoritarian mechanisms, ensure stability and due development of the new statehood and legal system more reliably. These institutions, among other matters, also contribute to sustainability of the modern political systems, characterized with more profound segmentation, as well as support of the political inclusion of minorities.  

Abstract: This article demonstrates the results of study of the relevant experience of Netherlands with regards to management of scientific development. The subject of analysis is the valuable practices applicable for transfer. It appears that the search of effective balance of the instruments of national scientific policy can and should take into account experience of the countries, which have undergone such stages that are currently getting adapted by the Russian Federation, since the mistakes of others help to avoid the irrational use of resources. In particular, there has established the idea of counterproductivity of managerialistic approaches, when the main criterion of management efficiency becomes the maximum reduction in response time of the managed system. It is underlined that the experience of Netherlands may be useful for the Russian Federation as an example of successful involvement of the entire society and the key stakeholders into determination of the priorities of “scientific agenda” alongside the priorities of scientific and technological development. Special attention is given to the Dutch principles for assessing the efficiency of scientific research that suggest shifting the emphasis from the formal scientometric indicators to consideration of social importance of the acquired results.

Abstract: The article discusses the problems associated with the search for effective models and strategies of State-building for post-crisis societies. As is well known, the international community supports the processes of democratic transformation in various countries, as well as provides assistance in resolving conflicts. It is assumed that the efforts of such international assistance should result in a stable State. However, the history of the late XX early XXI centuries showed that the use of a democratic (Western) model for non-Western cultural context does not guarantee successful state-building. The phenomena of the 'failed state' and the 'fragile state' have become widely known.
The paper proposes some theoretical approaches to be taken into account when choosing a model of State for post-crisis societies in order to avoid the risks of statehood failure.
The author analyzes the successful Russian experience in the late 1990’s – early 2000’s of implementing 'tailor-made' models of State at the regional level, taking into account the diversity of the political, cultural, and socio-economical context of post-crisis societies. The higher efficiency of specialized models in comparison with universal models is demonstrated.

Abstract: Based on the analysis of a vast massif of multi-lingual scientific literature in the broad context, the author examines development of the perception of the phenomenon of digital transformation of society as a whole and science in particular. Since digital transformation takes place “here and now”, objectively leading the process of scientific cognition in its essence and results, any current results of comprehension of this scale of multi-level process objectively carry private, intermediary character. However, clarification of the content of this concept and formation of analytical constructs that would unambiguously describe the specificity of the new social reality are necessary for the theory and management practice. It is noted that academic concept of digital transformation of science did not completely form and is dynamically changing in accord with the development of reality. Analysis of the scope of ideas pertaining to digital transformation and various accompanying concepts allows formulating perceptions on the essence of this phenomenon in the sphere of science. This work demonstrates the dual character of the impact of digitalization upon the scientific sphere and functionality of knowledge.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the manifestations of digital inequality, neglect of which can lead to distortion of feedback between the state and society in the process of rapid digitalization of various mechanism of their interaction. Particularly, the structure of offline and online society in Russia, as in the rest of the world, differs by many parameters. It is demonstrated that even though the phenomenon of digital inequality is well known and actively researched throughout the world, de facto its impact is not considered in government projects aimed at stimulating political participation on the basis of platform relations. For the first time, the author raises the question on the need for better study of the phenomenon of digital inequality in Russia in the context of the impact of its effects upon the quality of establishment of e-democracy and mechanisms of feedback between the government and society. Neglecting this factor in the conditions of rapid digitalization of public policy increases the risks of discrimination of interests of various social groups, development of digital ochlocracy, as well as other negative phenomena.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the manifestations of digital inequality, neglect of which can lead to distortion of feedback between the state and society in the process of rapid digitalization of various mechanism of their interaction. Particularly, the structure of offline and online society in Russia, as in the rest of the world, differs by many parameters. It is demonstrated that even though the phenomenon of digital inequality is well known and actively researched throughout the world, de facto its impact is not considered in government projects aimed at stimulating political participation on the basis of platform relations. For the first time, the author raises the question on the need for better study of the phenomenon of digital inequality in Russia in the context of the impact of its effects upon the quality of establishment of e-democracy and mechanisms of feedback between the government and society. Neglecting this factor in the conditions of rapid digitalization of public policy increases the risks of discrimination of interests of various social groups, development of digital ochlocracy, as well as other negative phenomena.

Abstract: This article presents the results obtained within the framework of the research program for novelties of modern space law that arise in connection with the needs of the space economy development. Based on the analysis of the effects of the Luxembourg initiative SpaceResources.lu (February 2016 to December 2019), the author investigates possible consequences for the system of international space law. There is a growing global interest in replicating the experience of Luxembourg for creating "legal offshore" to stimulate new types of space activities. The facts demonstrate that implementation of the initiative SpaceResources.lu, supported by the tools of "soft power," "soft law", investments, and other technologies, helps expand the "window of discourse" in matters of space resources private use. This process can cause a sudden change in the rules of the competitive game in the global space market. It is necessary to monitor this kind of "disruptive" political and legal innovations, since rapid changes in the global space economy and international law directly affect the interests of the Russian Federation.

Abstract: This publication is dedicated to the analysis of discussions and results of the First United Nations Conference on Space Law and Policy, which was held in Moscow on September 11-13, 2018 under the aegis of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs – UNOOSA and the Government of the Russian Federation. The agenda consisted of the most topical questions that require the elaboration of agreed solutions for ensuring the reliable, safe and peaceful use of outer space at the benefit of entire humanity. The author analyzes the expert positions on such questions as ensuring security of space activities and outer space; prevention of the emergence of “space trash” and elimination of its consequences; exploration and development of space resources; management of space traffic. It is demonstrated that the forum held in Moscow gave incentives and instruments for further development of international cooperation for the speedy settlement of topical issues on space activities, as well as defined the key trends of continuous development of the international and national space law and policy. The author underlines the transition from the theoretical legal disputes regarding the fundamental admissibility of commercial extraction of extraterrestrial resources towards the practical search for potential model of the corresponding political legal regime, which would meet the interests of all UN member-states.

Abstract: The article analyzes the key approaches to the model of space resource activities regulations proposed by the Hague Space Resources Governance Working Group in view to encouraging States to engage in negotiations for an international agreement or non-legally binding instrument. Particular attention is paid to the instrumental, political and legal nature of the document under analysis, which is designed to stimulate the pace of international law-making and to create legal certainty for potential participants in the space resource activities within a reasonable period.

Abstract: The co-authors present their ideas to contribute to the UNOOSA discussions on a possible legal model of regulating the space resources exploration, exploitation, and utilization.
It is shown that finding modalities to regulate the field of space resources mining properly is not a purely legal problem. It is a problem of seeking the international consensus for choosing an operating model the Space resources mining activities will develop within. The analysis of current discussions marks that the legal philosophy cannot be able to propose the legal model which would be endorsed by all UN countries. In today’s context, it would be more useful to start with the search for workable solutions which most of UN countries will consider as politically fair and economically efficient ones.
The authors note the practical benefit of analysis the issues of space resources regulations from different perspectives and give some modalities for a consensus to find as well as proposals for action. In particular, the authors suggest for discussion the proposal to balance the potential permission to perform the freedom of economic activity in Outer Space by the legally binding norms requiring bodies involved in the space resources mining to allocate a certain share of the profits from this activity to develop space exploration opportunities for the non-space countries.

Abstract: The research object is national legislation, regulating space activities. The research subject is the changes, testifying the emergence of new trends in space law development. Based on the comparative analysis of statutory instruments of different countries, international organizations (particularly, the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, etc.) and the positions of the world expert community, the author studies the fundamental approaches to the regulation of the regime of foreign companies, involved in space activities within national jurisdiction of other states. To accomplish the research tasks, the author applies the formal-logical, comparative (comparative-historical, comparative-legal) and other research methods. The author notes that the growth of the “space sector” of the economy objectively leads to the increase of the general level of innovative development of the country; it encourages other countries to attract foreign companies, involved in space activities, to their national jurisdiction. The author defines three ways to solve this problem; concludes about the emergence of a new trend in space law, aimed at the creation of “favourable jurisdictions” for space activities; describes the factors, influencing the formation of this trend, and the related challenges to the global space law system.  

Abstract:  
This article is dedicated to the analysis of the situation that emerged in the international space law due to the U. S. November 2015 legislation on commercial space launch competitiveness. This work analytically generalizes the key expert opinions and legal positions of the lawyers from various countries, formulated into an answer to the new law passed by American legislators, in order to assess the possible impact of this national bill upon the status and prospects of modernization of the current system of international space law and its basic principles. The author concludes that due to its historical nature the basic principles of international space law, established between 1960’s-1980’s, cannot always give an unambiguous answer to the new questions and challenges that emerge in regards to the drastic changes in the world as a whole, and the global space activity in particular. This is indirectly confirmed by the abundance of legal discussions pertaining to interpretation of various general principles for the purpose of implementing them in the new historical context. The increase of technological capabilities in space exploration and growth in the number of competitive players of the “space race” leads to the need to reform the international legal regulation in this sphere.
 

Abstract: Researches of Russian history of the 'epoch of changes' are rather difficult as a result of insufficient theory and methodology as well as paradoxical features of the database which is insufficient, having many gaps and at the same time excessive. Taking into account that the breakdown of the USSR and development of a new Russian state were the key processes of that period, one of the most important sources of information about those events are official documents of state authorities. The subject of the present research is the analysis and evaluation of Russian and foreign official Internet archive resources as a source for studying history of the Russian statehood of the late XXth - early XXIst centuries. To achieve the research objectives the author has applied the systems, comparative-historical, comparative-legal, structural-functional approaches and methods of induction, formalisation, systematisation and other analytical methods. The author has analyzed the largest Russian Internet archives as well as a number of foreign resources containing original digital documents on history of the USSR and Russia of the late XXth - early XXIst centuries and concludes that these digital resources have a great potential and high scientific value as a source of original historical information. 

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the contemporary Russian and foreign experience in the development of the digital research infrastructure in the field of social studies and humanities including history. Internet Revolution and the transfer to the 'information society' have drastically changed not only the place and role of information and communication technologies in science and everyday life but even our image of possible forms of scientific researches. Special attention is paid to the encouragement of creation of sustainable scientific 'ecosystems' based on digital research infrastructures and deliberate support of the processes of self-organization of the research community. To achieve the objectives of the research the author has applied the methods of analysis, synthesis, data systematisation, comparative-historical, systems, structural and other scientific methods. The author makes a conclusion that the digital infrastructure of socio-humanitarian researches in the Russian Federation is quite behind such infrastructures of the global and European levels. One of the reasons for that is the opinion that the research infrastructure should be represented only by the centers of collectively used scientific equipment and unique researches in the field of natural sciences. In addition, a serious obstacle for the development of the digital research infrastructure in our country in social humanities is that digital technologies are usually excluded from the priorities of the state science advancement policy. The author provides a review of the Russian Internet resources (2000 - 2014) that can be important elements of the Russian digital infrastructure in the field of history. 

Abstract: The subject of research is the change of a place and role of system of communications of science and society in the modern world. The domestic and foreign experience connected with searches of methods of increase of mutual understanding of science and society, increase of system effectiveness of scientific communications is analyzed. The special attention is paid to the questions connected with changes concerning public opinion to science in general and to the budgetary expenses on scientific researches in particular. New problems of scientific journalism as one of instruments of development of ability of people to perceive new, to find advantage in changes, to create steady demand for innovations are considered. For the solution of research problems are used system, formal and logical, structurally functional, comparative-historical, comparative and legal and other methods. The conclusion that creation of uniform digital infrastructure of interaction of science, mass media and societies is need for conditions of the information world is drawn, and ideas of a place and role of system of scientific communications have to be reconsidered. It is noted that the modern system of scientific communications can't be limited to the sphere of scientific journalism and promoting of achievements of science. The speech has to go about formation of mechanisms which provide openness and the accountability of science to society, promote formation of demand for innovations and scientific knowledge, give the chance objectively to estimate a science contribution to the solution of problems of social development.