Abstract: The relevance of this research is determined by the dualistic nature of the implementation of artificial intelligence systems in criminal proceedings. On the one hand, automated collection and analysis of big data creates new risks for information privacy and individual rights. On the other hand, artificial intelligence technologies themselves possess significant potential for enhancing data protection through predictive threat analysis, access control, and transparency. This paradox requires careful scientific understanding. The subject of this research is the legal, organizational, and technical mechanisms for ensuring data security when using artificial intelligence systems in criminal proceedings. The aim of the study is to demonstrate, through a comparative analysis of international experience (Germany and China), that appropriate legal regulation can transform the use of artificial intelligence systems from a source of threats into an effective tool for ensuring data security in criminal proceedings. The article employs a combination of general scientific and specialized methods. The basis for this research is a comparative legal analysis of criminal procedural regulation and AI application practices in Germany and China. The formal legal method was also used to analyze regulatory acts, and the system analysis method was used to study the architecture of AI systems as an element of procedural safeguards. The scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of the thesis that data security is ensured not by prohibiting or limiting the use of modern technologies, but by their procedural integration. Using the German model as an example, it is demonstrated that consistent legal regulation (the principle of targeted restriction, access gradation, and encryption requirements) creates the basis for the legitimate use of specialized artificial intelligence systems. The Chinese model of legal regulation also ensures data security, but not through strict prohibitions and restrictions, but through the centralized architecture of the AI system used in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that many risks associated with the use of AI systems are transitional in nature and can be overcome through legal regulation and technological development. Proposals have been formulated to improve current legislation: establishing the status of electronic data, “technologically neutral” encryption requirements, establishing criteria for admitting non-governmental developers, and obligations to ensure the interpretability of artificial intelligence solutions.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, criminal procedure, prosecutor, personal data, data protection, confidentiality, information security, criminal proceedings in Germany, automated data processing, Chinese experience

Abstract: The article examines the issue of systematizing the characteristics that differentiate responsibility for crimes against the freedom, honor, and dignity of individuals, as specified in Chapter 17 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. These crimes affect fundamental intangible values of the individual, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as the highest value. The subject of analysis is the normative constructions that reflect differences in the degree of public danger of encroachments on these values, as well as the structural features of qualifying and especially qualifying signs. Special attention is given to identifying gaps, disproportions, and internal contradictions in criminal law regulation, which hinder the uniform application of the law and violate the principles of justice and legality. The study covers both the general structure of the elements of crimes and the specifics of particular differentiating features distributed across the elements of the offense: the object, the objective side, the subjective side, and the subject. The work employs a combination of general scientific and special legal methods, including analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, a systematic-structural method, a formal-legal method, and comparative legal analysis. The author substantiates the need for classification of differentiating features by elements of the crime (the object, the objective side, the subjective side, and the subject) as the most adequate methodological approach, allowing for the identification of structural features and gaps in criminal law protection of the indicated intangible values. A systemic analysis of disproportions in the normative fixation of qualifying features within Chapter 17 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is conducted for the first time, including asymmetry in accounting for the threat of violence, ignoring the specifics of the digital environment when committing crimes, inconsistency in the wording of consequences resulting from negligence, as well as gaps in the protection of vulnerable categories of victims. Based on the conducted research, a set of proposals has been formulated for improving criminal legislation. The results of the study have theoretical significance for the development of criminal law doctrine and possess practical importance for ensuring uniform and fair qualification of crimes against the freedom, honor, and dignity of the individual.

Keywords: personal freedom, honor, dignity, elements of a crime, differentiation of responsibility, distinguishing features, qualifying characteristics, systematization, criminal law, intangible goods

Abstract: The relevance of the research is determined by the uncertainty of the legal status of the phenomenon of "online courses" within the legal system of the Russian Federation, which, in the absence of regulatory requirements for the quality and content of such products, creates conditions for the formally legal implementation of unfair business practices and the extraction of profit from the dissemination of poor-quality information. Moreover, the negative consequences of such activities are not limited to the risk of causing property damage to consumers, as the application of knowledge obtained from poor-quality online courses in certain areas can pose a threat to the life and health of an indefinite circle of individuals. These circumstances give the entrepreneurial activity of selling online courses on the Internet a contradictory and socially dangerous character, which necessitates a comprehensive scientific understanding of it and the development of justified proposals for improving legal regulation. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the contractual structure of a public offer used in the sale of online courses, and the legal mechanisms of regulating the relationships regarding access to informational materials that are conditioned by it. The basis of the research is a formal-legal method used to analyze the contractual structure of the public offer and the related legal mechanisms of regulation and evaluation of the implementation of online courses, combined with a systemic-structural approach that allows for the examination of these legal relationships in an intersectoral context. The main conclusion of the research is the statement that criminal law counteraction to unfair business practices in the field of online course sales cannot be carried out in isolation from civil law regulation, as it is civil law that forms the objective criteria for quality and acceptable behavior. It has been established that the content of online courses is a necessary criterion for their quality and safety, but due to the dual legal nature of their circulation and the use of the "provision of access to information" structure, it is excluded from legally significant assessment. As a result, the content of online courses is not taken into account either in consumer protection or in the criminal law qualification of fraud and the provision of services that do not meet safety requirements. Based on the results of the research, proposals have been formulated for improving the legal regulation of online courses, aimed at eliminating identified gaps and contributing to effective criminal law counteraction to unfair practices.

Keywords: online-course, blogger, marketing, Social network, fraud, information product, contract, consumer deception, provision of services, unsafe service

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the study of the legal framework for countering acts of illegal interference at fuel and energy facilities using unmanned aerial vehicles. The relevance of the topic is due to the increase in the number of attacks on energy infrastructure facilities carried out with the use of unmanned systems, which poses significant threats to the energy and national security of the state (individuals, society, and the state). The author analyzed the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the area of ensuring anti-terrorist protection of the energy facilities, including the provisions of Federal Law No. 256-FZ of July 21, 2011, "On the Security of the Fuel and Energy Complex Facilities," regulatory legal acts governing the use of airspace, as well as certain aspects of criminal and administrative liability for violations of the safety requirements of fuel and energy complex facilities. Special attention is paid to the problems of legal regulation of countering unmanned aerial vehicles, including issues related to the delimitation of responsibility among security provision entities, the effectiveness of state control mechanisms, and the features of public-private partnerships in this area. The article also addresses the economic and legal aspect of ensuring the safety of energy facilities, related to the impact of insurance mechanisms on the level of investments in anti-terrorist protection systems. Based on the research conducted, proposals have been formulated for improving the legislation of the Russian Federation aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of countering acts of illegal interference at fuel and energy facilities. The methodological foundation of the research includes analytical, hermeneutic, formal-legal, and comparative-legal methods of legal analysis. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive analysis of the legal mechanism for countering illegal acts against the fuel and energy facilities using unmanned aerial vehicles. The research identifies gaps in the regulatory framework for anti-terrorist protection of facilities related to the definition of criteria for the effectiveness of protection, the delimitation of responsibility among security provision entities, and the application of state control mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the economic and legal aspect of ensuring the safety of energy infrastructure facilities, including the influence of insurance mechanisms on the level of investments in systems for countering attacks using UAVs. Based on the analysis conducted, proposals have been formulated for improving the legislation of the Russian Federation aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of legal regulation in countering acts of illegal interference using UAVs at fuel and energy facilities.

Keywords: anti-terrorist security, fuel and energy complex facilities, UAVS, national security, countering terrorism, public safety, prevention, energy industry, energy security, atomic facilities

Abstract: The lack of a reasoned system of conceptual and categorical apparatus in security theory creates numerous problems both in defining the semantic spaces of the terms used and in establishing fundamental sovereign areas of research. The numerous new directions of developing security issues that have emerged are far from ambiguous and do not exclude elements of constructive criticism. Therefore, the main subject of the presented work is the interpretation of the concept of "threat" as the initial category of the theory under consideration, the analysis of the features of its interpretation and the designation of its own independent semantic space. Taking into account the results obtained, it is proposed to analyze the approaches to solving the issue under consideration by foreign authors. The efforts made in the work and the results obtained will make it possible to further adjust existing approaches to the remaining components of the conceptual framework of security theory, and, above all, to clearly and reasonably distinguish their semantic content. The achievement of these goals was carried out through the use of the deductive method of logical reasoning, which made it possible to designate the category of "threat" as the initial one among other concepts, system analysis, which determined the features of the substantive basis of the concept of "threat" and the method of meaningful comparison, which made it possible to identify and analyze the shortcomings of existing approaches to the concept of "threat" in foreign scientific content. The use of these methods made it possible to designate the category of "threat" as the initial one in the conceptual framework of security theory. The scheme of its semantic space is given, the main forms are highlighted – the real one, which is divided into explicit and hidden, and potential. Differences in its interpretation have been revealed depending on the type of impact source – living and inanimate nature (technosphere). In general, two elements are identified as determining the essence of the "threat" – the universality of the "possibility" of action and the presence of harmful effects as a result of the action. It is shown that the most common inaccuracy in foreign publications is the representation of a "threat" in the form of some phenomenon, process, factor, event that can cause negative changes somewhere. t is emphasized that everything that can cause possible negative consequences should be considered not the threat itself, but its source.

Keywords: category, security, interpretation, threat, adjustment, semantic space, analysis, disadvantages, foreign, authors

Abstract: The subject of the study is the phenomenon of autoaggressive behavior, manifested in actions aimed at causing harm to one's own health and life. This phenomenon is examined from the perspectives of various sciences, including philosophy, sociology, medicine, psychology, and criminal law. The concepts of "autoaggression" and "autodestruction" are investigated in detail, along with their differences and relationships. The motivation for autoaggressive behavior is analyzed, highlighting the causes and criminological determinants that lead to such actions. A significant focus is placed on examining criminal offenses related to the formation and maintenance of a person's desire to harm themselves. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to develop a comprehensive program for the prevention and counteraction of autoaggressive behavior based on an interdisciplinary approach. It concludes that the existing criminal law framework not only establishes responsibility for already committed crimes but also serves an important preventive function aimed at reducing the level of suicidal and autoaggressive behavior in society, thereby increasing an individual's personal safety. The methodology of the research includes an analysis of scientific approaches and the conceptualization of different disciplines (philosophy, psychology, sociology, medicine, criminology) that use common terms ("autoaggression," "autodestruction"). Semantic-logical analysis is applied to reveal the relationship between these categories and clarify their meanings. A method of comparing scientific definitions is used. Crimes associated with autoaggressive behavior are characterized by their indirect impact on the victim, fostering a desire to inflict harm upon themselves. Their specificity lies in creating conditions that facilitate the development of autoaggressive tendencies, whether it be a suicide attempt, physical harm, or other destructive actions. Such crimes are often carried out through digital technologies, complicating their timely detection and prevention. A comprehensive approach that combines the efforts of lawyers, psychologists, educational institutions, and IT companies is necessary for effectively countering such crimes. Criminal legal measures to combat such offenses in Russia are based on a number of specialized articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The system of existing laws helps to minimize the risks of autoaggressive behavior and establish effective prevention of such violations. Improved law enforcement practices, online content monitoring, and increased public awareness play a crucial role in reducing the level of such crimes and enhancing the overall safety of citizens.

Keywords: autoaggressive acts, suicidal behavior, human safety, self-destructive behavior, autoaggressive behavior, psychological pressure, damage, crimes, suicides, prevention

Abstract: The subject of the study is social relations in the field of information technology, computer systems, and their impact on the rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens, as well as the security of society and the state. The object of the research consists of the provisions of international law, Russian legislation in the examined area, norms of Russian and international law regarding the criminal legal protection of social relations that may be threatened by the use of computer technologies and information networks, including the Internet. The author points out that the existing criminal legislation of the CIS countries has both common features and differences. Based on the study of the legislation of post-Soviet countries, the author proposes a classification of offenses in the field of information technology, identifying both positive experiences and existing shortcomings in the legal regulation of the examined area. The results of the research are based on formal-logical and general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, as well as a systematic approach. Additionally, private scientific methods are employed: formal-legal, comparative-legal, and legal interpretation methods. The main conclusions of the conducted research are as follows. Overall, the criminal legislation of CIS countries has common approaches to understanding computer crimes, the use of information and telecommunication networks and technologies in the commission of socially dangerous acts. There is positive experience in both Russia and other countries that needs to be studied and implemented. This pertains to the detailed regulation of crimes involving information technology in the field of economic activity, the qualification of fraud using information systems, and bringing to criminal responsibility for illegal operations with crypto-assets and mining. There is a need to supplement the criminal laws of CIS countries regarding criminal liability for the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the commission of crimes. It requires working on issues of criminal liability for creating and violating the operation of programs that use artificial intelligence technologies, which have caused serious consequences. According to the author, liability should be placed on developers or individuals who violate the rules of their operation. The novelty of the research lies in identifying current and potential risks that pose a serious threat not only to individuals but also to society as a whole. Legal solutions for their elimination are proposed.

Keywords: criminal law, information systems, Internet, criminal liability, artificial intelligence, computer crimes, Commonwealth of Independent States, information Technology, fraud, mining

Abstract: In modern conditions, when the protection of the rights and lawful interests of participants in criminal proceedings becomes particularly relevant, the issue of ensuring their safety stands out as one of the fundamental principles of procedural activity. The prosecutor, as the key guarantor of legality and effectiveness of criminal prosecution, is called upon to play a central role in the implementation of this principle. This article, based on a systemic analysis of the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (CPC RF) and special legislation on state protection, reveals a clear conflict: the declared procedural law provision allowing the prosecutor to apply security measures does not find adequate reflection in the specific norms regulating his procedural powers. Moreover, the current provisions defining the legal status of the prosecutor in the field of state protection reveal insufficient elaboration of mechanisms for his participation in ensuring the safety of participants in criminal proceedings. The subject of this study is the theoretical aspects, current procedural norms, and special legislation on state protection regulating the powers of the prosecutor in ensuring the safety of participants in criminal proceedings. The work employs systemic-structural, formal-legal, comparative-legal methods, as well as a dialectical approach to the analysis of existing legal norms, which allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the current legal situation. The scientific novelty lies in the theoretical justification of the need to develop new, practically oriented proposals for the legislative expansion and clarification of the prosecutor's competence in the mechanism for applying security measures. In this regard, the article proposes a set of specific steps to optimize the existing legislation aimed at endowing the prosecutor with effective legal tools for decision-making and implementation of security measures. The proposed solutions are aimed at eliminating identified gaps and forming a coherent system that ensures proper protection of the participants in proceedings at all stages of the criminal process. The introduction of the proposed changes will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of criminal prosecution, realizing the fundamental principles of procedural activity, strengthening trust in justice, and ultimately guaranteeing the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens.

Keywords: prosecutor, security, criminal procedure, procedural powers, security measures, participants in criminal proceedings, state protection, improvement of legislation, legal gaps, powers of the prosecutor

Abstract: In the context of increasing global threats and the formation of a systematic state policy in the Russian Federation aimed at preserving historical memory, the article analyzes the criminal law mechanisms for protection against encroachments on historical memory with an emphasis on the introduced norms of criminal legislation. The object of the study is historical memory as a complex sociocultural phenomenon. Without entering into a discussion about the substantive content of the definition of "historical memory," the authors generally note its most significant characteristics and start from the premise that in the Russian Federation, historical memory has received doctrinal and regulatory-legal consolidation as an object of state protection. The subject of the study is reflected in the title of the article. The protection of historical memory through criminal law and criminalistic means is a reasonable and integral part of state policy aimed at ensuring sovereignty and countering informational and ideological threats. The methodological basis of the research was the principles of objectivity, systematicity, and dialectical consideration of the object. Comparative-legal and historical-genetic methods were used, and the statistical method was employed in analyzing judicial practice and compiling criminalistic characteristics. Directions of state policy and the role of criminal law protection have been identified. Special attention is paid to the historical-legal context of the criminalization of genocide. The compositions of crimes related to the rehabilitation of Nazism and encroachments on ritualized symbolic objects of historical and cultural heritage have been analyzed. As a result of analyzing law enforcement practice, a criminalistic characteristic of crimes has been compiled, including the socio-demographic portrait of those convicted of crimes against historical memory. The criminalization of acts provided for in Articles 243.4, 354.1, and 357 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has not only legal but also socio-cultural significance. The authors believe that criminal law measures for protection are necessary and relevant, but are insufficient and must be organically integrated into a broader state system of enlightenment, educational, and scientific measures aimed at fostering a stable historical consciousness.

Keywords: historical memory, criminal law, genocide, forensic characteristics, criminal law protection, The Nuremberg Trials, protection of historical truth, The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, criminalization, rehabilitation of nazism

Abstract: The subject of the research is the patterns of the mechanism of crime and the emergence of evidential information in cases of murder associated with staging. Special attention is paid to the forensic diagnosis of staging as a means of concealing the crime, including the analysis of signs that allow distinguishing staging from genuine accidents, suicides, or deaths from natural causes. The article discusses modern investigative techniques, including search tactics, psychological profiling, and the development of hypotheses regarding the commissioned nature of murder. Both domestic forensic approaches and foreign experiences in identifying behavior related to crime concealment in cases of intimate partner violence are analyzed. The research also explores the problems of proving that arise during the investigation of this category of crimes and ways to overcome them using modern scientific and technical tools and tactical techniques. The methodological foundation consists of the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization), and specific scientific methods: formal-legal, comparative-legal, statistical, as well as forensic modeling methods and retrospective analysis of investigative situations. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the forensic diagnosis of staging in murders based on the integration of domestic and foreign approaches from recent years. The work systematizes modern determinants of behavior related to the concealment of crimes, including gender and situational features of staging in cases of intimate partner violence. It is justified that the effectiveness of investigating murders associated with staging is ensured by applying an interdisciplinary approach that combines traditional forensic techniques, psychological profiling, and the analysis of digital traces. The conclusions of the research confirm the necessity of improving the tactics of initial investigative actions, especially the examination of the crime scene, as a key stage in identifying signs of staging. It has been established that timely recognition of elements of crime concealment helps to avoid investigative errors and acquittals. The further development of murder investigation techniques should take into account both classical forensic developments and modern foreign research, which will contribute to enhancing the resolution rate of this category of crimes.

Keywords: homicide, staging, investigation, forensic diagnostics, crime concealment, detection avoidance behavior, crime scene examination, psychological profiling, investigative versions, contract killing

Abstract: The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the operational-search characteristics of thefts of expensive premium-class cars committed by organized groups. The author examines the controversial issues surrounding the definition of the concept of "operational-search characteristics" (OSC) in modern science, the correlation of OSC with forensic characteristics, and justifies an authorial approach to understanding OSC as a system of information significant for solving crimes. Special attention is paid to the structural elements of the OSC of vehicle thefts: the subject of criminal encroachment (with an emphasis on the technical equipment of modern cars and the demand for specific brands in the criminal market), regional specifics (differences in "theft ratings" between Western and Eastern regions of Russia), typology of crime locations, criminological characteristics of organized group participants (age structure, level of education, social connections), victimological features of victims, temporal patterns, and methods of committing crimes. The methodological basis consists of a combination of general scientific and specific scientific methods: General scientific methods: dialectical (consideration of phenomena in development), analysis and synthesis (study of OSC elements and their generalization), induction and deduction (formulation of conclusions from empirical data), systemic-structural (construction of a holistic characteristic). Specific scientific methods: formal-legal, comparative-legal, concrete-sociological, forensic, and modeling methods. The scientific novelty lies in the development of an updated operational-search characteristic (OSC) of premium-class car thefts committed by organized groups, taking into account technological realities from 2019 to 2025. For the first time, criminalistically significant features of these crimes are systematized through the prism of OSC: a correlation is established between anti-theft systems and methods of theft (retransmitters, programmers), regional specifics of the subject of encroachment are identified (European brands in Western Russia, Japanese brands in Siberia and the Far East), the social portrait of criminals is detailed (technically literate perpetrators aged 19-30, acting based on friendly connections), and the necessity of victimological analysis for identifying staged thefts is justified. Based on the above, we conclude that effective detection of these crimes is impossible without a detailed OSC, the key elements of which are: the subject of encroachment (technical equipment and liquidity), method of commission (determining the types of traces), and the personality of the criminal. The main problems of counteraction are: high latency of preparatory actions, use of coded messengers, and the complexity of proving the organized nature of the group.

Keywords: operational and investigative characteristics, operational and investigative activities, car theft, vehicle theft, premium class, expensive cars, organized criminal group, methods of theft, signal repeater, case law