Abstract: The subject of this research is the perception of death in public consciousness and its interpretation through the prism of religious and atheistic views. The latter imply the more general social ideas, which manifest as a complex of views, feelings, opportunities for objectification, and suggested ways of interaction, associated with death and caused by the instance of death, or corresponding discourse. The reflection of death in people’s consciousness, in other words the product of social perceptions, is defined by the concept of death. The author uses the phenomenological methodology (phenomenological project of E. Husserl) and hermeneutic methods of analyzing the religious and philosophical aspects applicable to the thanatological problematic. Based on the comparative analysis of the perceptions of death, the author underlines the specificity of each of them, as well as the affiliation to eschatology of a certain type. The religious perceptions are characterized by understanding death as a surmountable quasi-obstacle that opens up a genuine being of spirit. Religious eschatology substantiates the possibility afterlife existence. Within the framework of atheistic perceptions, death designates a return into the state of pre-existence. Special importance is given to the social being and establishment of social eschatology within it. The conclusion is made on the synthesis of religious and atheistic perceptions of death in modernity, which creates platform for the interesting further research in the field of social thanatology.

Keywords: fear of death, conception of death, reincarnation, immortality, atheism, religion, death, social perceptions, instance of death, eschatology

Abstract: This article makes an attempt to cleanse the notion of time from the naturalistic associations, which across the centuries connect it with the natural cycles on one hand, and the familiar markers of sequence (before, now, after) on the other. The “perception” of time, in the interpretations of which all the way until today, dominate the methods on introspection, is subjected to the similar criticism. The focus of examination is the conditions of origin of time and its cultural functions, which are defined first and foremost by the task of institutionalization of “reality”. The article reviews “time” in its genesis; in addition to that, it subjects to reconstruction the “historicism”’; “reduction to foundations” is carried out based on the attraction of various anthropological material. Scientific novelty consists in the reframing of the formed ideas that interpret time as a natural given. Time and its institutionalizing realities are compared with their origin – a sovereign being on one hand, and various institutions of reality (fear of death, body, ephemera, etc.) on the other. As a result, time appears as the most universal form of sublimation of the self-preservation instinct and the axis of structuring of the “real”.

Keywords: Continuum, Sovereignty, Naturalism, Metaphysics, Time, Being-to-death, Sublimation of fear, Procedurality, Realism, Reality

Abstract: The article provides a brief research on the problem of death in the fi rst Bunuel’s fi lms (“Un chien andalou”, 1929, “L’Вge d’or”, 1930, “Las Hurdes. Tierra sin pan”, 1932). The author concludes that the director’s preoccupation by the problem of death, expressed with naturalistic and sexual images and aggressively built narration, results not just from French model of surrealism, but has its own deep grounds in Spanish culture, surrealistic by itself.

Keywords: philosophy, death, Spanish culture, surrealism, cinema, Eros, de Sade, Bunuel

Abstract: This paper highlights the historical formation of one of the most influential images of fate in ancient culture - Geymarmene. Arising from the Greeks at an early stage of the mythological perception of the world, it has undergone significant changes in its value. At first, it symbolized the clan revenge, returning the punishment for the crimes of ancestors to descendants, then later - becomes an independent element of space, through which the stoic sage "polishing" their virtues. Because of the "executioner" punishing their victims it is transformed into ecumenical "educator".

Keywords: fate, destiny, tribal morality, Geymarmene, Moira, retribution, space, justice, fate, philosophy, virtue