Abstract: The article examines the evolution of the views of the German poet and playwright Friedrich Schiller on the concept of a "beautiful soul" as a harmonious combination of mind (form) and sensuality (matter). The idea of this evolution is formed on the basis of the poet's artistic works. The main objects of research are six of Schiller's dramas ("The Robbers", "The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa", "Don Carlos, Infante of Spain", "Mary Stuart", "The Maid of Orleans" and "William Tell"), which most vividly depict the poet's attempts to resolve the conflict between form and matter. A number of Schiller's theoretical works are considered as additional sources: on physiology, history and aesthetics. In turn, additional sources allow us to form an idea of the socio-political significance that Schiller attached to his vision of a "beautiful soul." The research is based on the following methods: descriptive, comparative and biographical methods of analyzing works of art. The author of the article proceeds from the premise that the poet, who began under the strong influence of the literary movement "Storm and Onslaught", quickly became disillusioned with Sturmer's individualist hero, whose goal was to maximize his own potential, albeit to the detriment of society. At the same time, it is noted that Schiller did not have confidence in the state and its laws, which seek to simplify the diversity of life by subordinating it to ideal forms. It is concluded that the existence of a "beautiful soul" acting at will and not limited by the law is possible only in a society in which the state has disappeared as an independent institution, merging with the people; in which there is no class stratification and a gap between ordinary citizens and rulers. The contribution of the author of the article is to develop the idea of Schiller as a kind of "ideologue" of a stateless society. The results obtained are planned to be developed in a series of articles devoted to the consideration of Schiller's philosophical views.

Keywords: play drive, reason, form, sensuality, matter, freedom, state, beautiful soul, drama, Friedrich Schiller

Abstract: The subject of this research is the problem of ontological status of the freedom of will. Major attention is given to the question of the existence of metaphysical freedom of will. The author examines the impact upon solving the issue of the existence of metaphysical freedom of will produced by the gained currency in modern philosophy method of substantiation of the freedom of will, associated with understanding of the freedom of will as freedom essential for moral responsibility. An attempt is made to clarify is such method is capable of affecting the solution of the problem of ontological status of the freedom of will. It is suggested to use the strategy of the burden of proof in the context and with consideration of peculiarities inherent to the category of metaphysical freedom of will. The author formulates the basic principles and criteria that the coherent in theoretical-methodological aspect solution of this problem must correspond with. The article introduces the concepts of the objective realism, objective perspective of consideration of human, postponed in time perceptive from the first person perspective, and postponed in time facts. The significance of such characteristic of human as death is determined as peculiar for solution of the question of metaphysical freedom of will in theoretical-methodological regard. The author demonstrates the heuristic meaning of representation on the postponed in time facts for solution of the issue on the existence of soul and possible ways of understanding the moral responsibility; as well as indicates the possibility of using of the ontology of singular things as the alternative to physicalist ontology in solving this question. A conclusion is made that the perception of the existence of metaphysical freedom of will should not be considered as one that has lost its theoretical significance.

Keywords: ontology, concrete particulars, naturalism, realism, consciousness, responsibility, metaphysical free will, free will, metaphysics, physicalism

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of human freedom that defines his essence. In social sphere, the ontological freedom manifests paradoxically: firstly, informatively, as a self-determination and independence and of an acting subject from the external forms that becomes a substantial factor, which destabilize the system balance of social space; secondly, functionally – in practice of social competition, and in sociocultural meaning – in disruption of the impediment for a human social rules a traditions. The result of competition lies in the conflicts of interpersonal character; the outcome of breaking the traditions – social revolutions. Complex approach, which integrates the various spheres of creative activity of a man, defines the cross-disciplinary system of research, focusing on application of the axiological method. The scientific novelty consist in determination of the guarantors of stability of the social sphere of existence, among which are the system of traditional values formed in the process of cultural and historical evolution of the society, and the level of development of the moral grounds in person’s consciousness. Based on the aforesaid, it is concluded that the social evolution is the most preferable way of social transformation.

Keywords: social revolutions, conflict, system balance, competition, social sphere, ontology of consciousness , phenomenon of freedom, values, conservative system, morality

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the questions of methodology of humanitarian knowledge specifies in the problem of interpretation of the beginning of philosophy. The latter is viewed in its relation to the material and practical activity, which does not imply the reduction of metaphysics to the exceptionally material reality. As an aspect of the claimed topic, the author examines the interrelation between a myth and rationality. Any philosophical topic requires a substantiated and obligatory clarification of the essential methodological approaches towards it within a current individual case, as well as from the perspective of realization of the ultimate conceptualization overall. Specificity of genesis of the philosophy consists in the detecting a metaphysical events allocated outside the timeframe in its historicity. Thus, the subject of this article is the problem of freedom, as well as foundations and framework of its achievement. The Hegelian methodological principle of concretization of a notion is being applied. Successfulness of the conceptually conducted concretization is defined by attention towards the bases of reasoning, and therefore, the following aspect of methodology can be indicated as deductive-hypothetical. Another essential element of methodology is the principle of connectivity of the forms of reflexive activity. Importance of the question about genesis lies in its consideration not as a formerly accomplished event that once and for all is given in its archaeo-cultural consistency and permanence, but rather possessing the quality of recurrence. The specificity of such recurrence does not carry a mathematically abstract regulative-iterative character, but is described as a state of auto-process. In such way, it appears as semantically recursive event. As a result of such peculiarity, the beginning of philosophy laid not only the foundation for theoretical and abstract constructs about the world and man, but also actualized the process of its personal-historical liberation, initially in consciousness and daily life, and in long view – in social existence as well.

Keywords: ahistoric retrospective, myth, theorization, necessity, freedom, tradition, genesis, event in metaphysics, fundamental question of philosophy, auto-process

Abstract: The subject of this research is the ideas of N. A. Berdyaev, S. L. Frank, P. B. Struve, P. I. Novgorodtsev, I. A. Ilyin; all of these philosophers were typical representatives of so-called current conservative liberalism in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the development of the idea of freedom in the conservative liberalism, since it is the conservative thinkers who turned their attention to the important issue of the relationship between politics and culture, which was not adequately covered  in the liberal political philosophy. The main conclusion of the study consists in the fact that the development of the concepts of realization of individual freedom in the state was in a constant dialogue between the liberal and conservative ideologies within the Russian political philosophy.At the same time, liberalism and conservatism are not opposed to each other and the idea of freedom was developing within the framework of the so-called "conservative liberalism". In history of political thought, the idea of realization of individual freedom in the state was not opposed by conservatism, but rather radicalism, while conservative and liberal movements in Russia complemented each other for the most part.

Keywords: West, Russia, liberalism, culture, society, human, philosophy, conservatism, freedom, state

Abstract: The subject of this research is a detailed analysis of the correlation between such fundamental philosophical categories as freedom and spirituality with regards to the situation of post-modernity. The author carefully examines the understanding of spirituality as a dynamic and multi-vector process of sense-making. The article suggest considering freedom in the mode of its authenticity, namely as a spiritual being, cognized in light of the highest meanings and values. The author simultaneously conducted an analysis of the manifesting in the present sociocultural situation tendency of descending sense-making, which leads to a crisis of spirituality, and therefore, culture. The result of these processes consists in deformation of the free choice that leads to decline in the freedom and spirituality. As a resource for escaping the state of unbalance between the freedom and spirituality, the author consider the potential of philosophizing that can predict the results of a negative free choice, as well as detect a possibility of human’s sense maturation. The author’s contribution into the research of the topic of correlation between freedom and spirituality became the extrapolation of conclusions on dramatic effect of a free sense-making upon the modern sociocultural situation, often described in the terms of crisis. The author explains that the outbursts of antiquity in the modern society are justified by inauthentic mode of human self-substantiation or self-understanding as a foreign to this world being. This is evident in the project of modernity and inherited by post-modernity. The main conclusion consists in the attempts to find possible ways of neutralizing the seductions by the semantic transgression in its path of establishment of a new model of interpersonal and intercultural communications.

Keywords: Culture, Alienation, Values, Communication, Post-modernity, Consciousness, Antiquity, Modernity, Freedom of choice, Meaning

Abstract: This is the final article in a serious of articles including the last two articles (Parkhomenko, R. N.. The Concept of Freedom in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy // Philosophy and Culture. – 2013. – № 5. - P. 701 - 708; and Parkhomenko, P. N.. The Idea of Freedom at the Age of Renaissance and Modern Times // Philosophy and Culture. – 2014. – № 2. - P. 227 - 238) devoted to the genesis of the idea of freedom and liberalism in Western philosophy. In the present article Parkhomenko discusses associated concepts in the philosophy of the contemporary period. The research methodology includes both Russian and foreign sources as well as data collected by the author during scientific trainings at different German universities. The brief review of the origin and development of the idea of freedom in West European philosophy provided by the author in all his three articles demonstrates that the thoughts on human freedom permeates all periods of human spiritual history being the consequence and reflection of the actual historical situation in the society. The researcher also makes an attempt to systematize different branches of contemporary Western liberalism including utilitarianism, liberal equality and libertarianism. 

Keywords: idea of freedom, human, politics, West, law, society, libertarianism, liberalism, utilitarianism, liberal equality

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the problem of freedom in the information society. The space of freedom that is being formed under the conditions of global information constructs has a number of peculiar features that change the traditional philosophical concept of freedom. In her article Omarova analyzes the problems of existential and social freedom in the network society. According to the author, the concept of freedom is dehumanized and replaced with the terms 'efficiency' and performance results in the network (information) society. The key problem of the modern society is the globalization of information systems and associated fragmentation of human mind taking human away from real freedom. The present article provides the analysis of information society and the problem of the narrowing space of freedom from the point of view of philosophy. The target of the article is to analyze existential and social 'shifts' in the space of freedom of a modern human. The author of the present article makes an attempt to show the relation between the objective and subjective in the problem of human freedom unde the conditions of information society. The information (network) structure of a new civiliztion narows the subjective space of freedom up to the 'escape from the reality' as a result of digital technologies constraining intellectual and emotional dominants of human activity. 

Keywords: globalization, technosphere, virtual world, freedom, network, society, information, computerisation, sociality, value

Abstract: In this review the author would like to continue to analyze the genesis of the idea of freedom in the West European philosophy. After touching upon the initial concepts of freedom created at the Ancient Times and Middle Ages as discussed in the article ‘The Concept of the Idea of Freedom in Ancient and Medieval philosophy’ published in the Philosophy and Culture Journal in 2013, the author of the article appeals to the philosophers of the Renaissance and Modern Times. The most important achievement of the Modern Times was the creation of the new concept in metaphysics. That concept viewed freedom and free will as one of the fundamental features of the individual’s life. For the first time in history the man himself determined the rules and his behavior. Later the principle of autonomic activity of a person was developed in the New European philosophy within the framework of the activity of a person who is free in what he thinks and what he says. Therefore, philosophy turned into ‘metaphysics of practical reason’ where the self-sufficient human activity appeared to be the experience of new freedom. Progressive transference of focus from the external world to the internal world created grounds for Freud’s theory of unconsciousness. Fichte and Schelling interpreted freedom in terms of the relation between the consciousness and unconsciousness which was the fundamental difference between romantic philosophy and ‘standard’ philosophy of the age of Enlightenment. At the age of Enlightenment freedom and human reasoning were identical terms. Back in those times the concept of freedom was mostly viewed from the point of view of the relation between an individual and his surroundings.

Keywords: philosophy, freedom, Renaissance, Modern Times, human, free will, society, absolute, choice, action.

Abstract: The author of the article traces back the formation and development of the concept of freedom in Antique and Medieval European philosophy. Based on his research, the author clearly states that the modern understanding of the concept of freedom have their roots in Ancient and Medieval philosophy. Following philosophical and political ideas only developed further such theoretical categories as ‘applied’ aspects of this concept and created the basis for modern democratic states.

Keywords: philosophy, concept of freedom, ancient world, Middle Ages, free will, human, society, blessing, God, choice.

Abstract: The author of the article relies upon a famous philosophical concept saying that the commencement of the modern world, unlike the traditional one, is closely connected with rationalization of both social institutions and humans’ behavior. The purpose of the article is to show how European left became the critics of the rational world and have been having this tendency up to now. The author proves her theory based by analyzing views of the French left and makes a conclusion that the political left refuses from the idea of progress and protests against all social rationalizations while setting forth the freedom ideal as an activity driven by impulses and goals lying beyond their borders.

Keywords: philosophy, supremacy, society, organization, rationalization, production, science, progress, autonomy, freedom.

Abstract: Philosophy is a special intellectual and spiritual activity aimed at determination of conditions, forms and meaning of human freedom. In this regard, any philosophy is a philosophy of freedom. No matter what a philosopher talks about, he thinks about human and therefore, culture first of all. The culture is based on a complex structure of values and freedom is one of these values. All other cultural values correlate with freedom this way or another, gaining their own ‘ontological status’ by doing so.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, freedom, subject, personality, self-identification, cogitation, value, history, rationality.

Abstract: Developing the thought of the role of human in modern world, Hannah Arendt analyzes the ‘conflict of the human in human’. On one hand, human cannot live in the society because he is a contemplator by his nature and on the other hand, human cannot live beyond the society. This conflict conditions the transformation of the ‘living action’ and ‘lifeless word’ into a deed. We can say that human is the one who always comes back to his origins

Keywords: philosophy, mechanics of law, private, public, nomos rule, police, political, pre political relations, property, active life

Abstract: The author of the article traced the way of genesis of Ananke from her mythological image of a rude force to her image in natural philosophy which views it as the inner nature of the material things developing in accordance to the natural laws. Finally, in philosophy Ananke is viewed as a logical category explaining the cause-and-effect relationships of Cosmos

Keywords: philosophy, Ananke, fate, virtue, cosmos, wise man, Dike, justice, Moira, need, knowledge

Abstract: the article is devoted to one of the most important themes in philosophical anthropology, — the freedom researched by Raymond Aron. According to Aron, the human can achieve his personal freedom only through the “political freedom” which gives us the right to participate in social activities and makes us feel that we somehow influence the social decisions. Such political freedom destroys the despotism. Democracy is viewed as the main condition for the political freedom to be settled.

Keywords: philosophy, freedom, social laws, system of values, individuality, society, politics, information civilization.