Abstract: This publication aims to analyze the economic, social, and cultural phenomena that first appeared in the "era of revolutions" that occurred in the nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. The modern European trend toward tolerance, which is the basis of current social and cultural changes, including in our country, has specific intellectual grounds. The subject of the study was the ideosphere of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including philosophical, economic, and psychological concepts that gave rise to modern trends in these areas. The result of this study was the determination of the reasons that caused the change of the ideological paradigm in Europe. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, the intellectual foundations of the formation of tolerance as an actual socio-cultural phenomenon are analyzed. This article consistently proves that among the first such grounds, it is possible to determine the emergence of machine production and, as a result, the appearance of a mass person with a culture corresponding to them, performing a compensatory and entertaining function. The most important cultural foundation is mainly the intellectual "background" created by the teachings of Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud. The ideas of Anglo-American pragmatism played a significant role in forming a new morality, which included the denial of religion and its values, giving it a utilitarian character. During the subsequent historical period and at present, these views have become the basis for the creation of the so-called "individual faith," in which religion ceases to be the guide of human life but only serves the needs of the individual. The desacralization of religion leads to the study of different aspects of sexuality, which opens up the possibility for modern thinking about gender. The concept of "natural law" should also be attributed to the intellectual factors of the formation of modern European tolerance.

Keywords: desacralization of religion, European tolerance, intellectual foundations, values, religion, individual faith, the proletariat, culture, natural law, ideosphere

Abstract: The subject of this research is defined by the following question: what allows a person to differentiate time phenomenon from all other; is inconsistency of materialistic world alone enough for encountering the time phenomenon; what are the sources of inseparable link between time with action and space; what is duration and how it differs from time; what is the substantiation for all properties assigned to time; what is the nature of qualities attributed to space? The author proposes an original approach towards solution of the problem of time: before speaking of one or another nature of time, it should be clearly realized which phenomenon is in question, what is the distinctive feature allowing its identification, and what are the form, way and conditions of its manifestation. The article determines an inseparable link of the time phenomenon with the function that people unconsciously assign in the course of their practical activity to sequence of occurrences, formed by the shift in current states of rotation of the Earth. Active role of brain of the subject in “organization” of time phenomenon is revealed alongside. The affiliation of the concept of time to the range of concept-statuses alongside general specificity of the objective concept of such concepts are determined. The conclusion is made that there was a time when time did not exist. The author provides definitions to the fundamental time concepts based on the revealed objective content of these concepts. The fact is stated on the emergence of a completely new concept of time that gives the key to unraveling all of its mysteries.  

Keywords: irreversibility of time, one-dimensional time, present, ontology of time, duration, time current, nature of time, time, relationships of appearance's sequencing, space

Abstract: The subject of this research is the category of the whole; at first sight, its popularity has faded, resembling the legacy of the “old metaphysics” alongside its other categories: substance, entity, spirit, etc. Although, being transported into the register of procedure, structures and systematicity, it did disappear from the methodological horizon; one of its modern reincarnations is time, firs and foremost, in interpretation of M. Heidegger. Multiple criticisms of universalities avoided the totality of temporal, and moving a bit forward along them, totality of the time as a form that excludes universality from the “content”. At the same time, the “game” represents a relevant horizon of ontology, exists within it in parallel to “temporality”; started obtaining its own history the game has no ontology and in no way (productively) can be correlated with “time”. The research is oriented towards filling up this lacuna; its methods are aimed at reconstruction of the question and restoration of time-game genealogy, as well as correlation of the form and content of temporality in such relation. The scientific novelty consists in outlining the dialectics that is based on the game of transitions (circulation) of the form and content of the time (category of time as circulation of the form and content).  It is established that the form of time manifested as a primary subject of prior analytics, while the contents in its universality (aphoristically expressed by the transition of challenges into answers) completely fell out of the analytic field; similar is the fate of circulation – being restored as a core category of whole-time.

Keywords: dialectic, collision, circulation, eternity, time, single, one, whole, total, totalitarian

Abstract: The author continues to study the phenomenon of accelerated flow of time at the inflation stage of the Bing Bang named as inflation futurization. Such form of futurization represents the very first process of “advanced futurization” that unfolded in the Universe and has a data component. The data component of inflation futurization is revealed from the perspective of the attributive concept of information. The Inflation state of Bing Bang at the data level kind of “simulated” at a rapid pace, as well as ahead of schedule “forecasted” what started happening in the Universe in a much slower pace in the main line of universal evolution. It is demonstrated that evolution and information are immanently interconnected, which allows forming the information (or even digital) pattern of the Universe, including as a giant quantum supercomputer. It is suggested that in a certain sense the Bing Bang can be interpreted as an information “explosion”, because the accumulation of data is possible only within the expanding in three dimensions space and formation aimed towards the future of time arrow. Time acts as a dimension with a discrete nature in form of the almost indistinguishable quantum of duration, which flow can be examined through the information methods. Thus, the temporal changes (including the “advanced futurization”) will be allowed to simulate and code as a specific “digital” process.

Keywords: informational the Universe, information, inversion-reduction approach, inflationary futurization, global evolution, future, the Big bang, quantum informatics, cosmological singularity, dark energy

Abstract: The subject of this research is logics with the linear flow of time. Currently, such system are represent interest not only from the philosophical perspective, but also have practical application in the field of informatics. For both of the indicated areas of knowledge, relevant is the question of proof of formulas in the system, in other words, presents of the decision procedure. Since the early XXI century, one of the approaches towards the problem of decidability of the temporal logics is the procedure of recursive structuring of the model for a formula, which is realizes in accordance with the mosaic principle, small fragments of large model that manifest as “construction” elements” of a supposedly infinite model. The work conducts a detailed analysis of the recent case studies dedicated to this problematic, as well as their systematization. The author is the first to perform a detailed analysis in the Russian language. The article presents not only the idea of mosaic method, but also demonstrates the key lemmas proving the effectiveness of this approach. The next step can be considered the development of calculation based on the mosaic method, proof of its consistency and completeness.

Keywords: decision procedure, linear, flow of time, defects of temporal structure, mosaics, modal logic, temporal logic, Mosaic Method, satisfability, saturated set of mosaics

Abstract: This article analyzes the specificity of use of the term of “spacetime” in physics of the XX century. The author determines the peculiarities of the “spacetime” concept associated with the need for theoretical comprehension of the properties of interconnection of the spatial-temporal relations. In epistemological sense, the “spacetime” concept is a cognitive construct that helps expressing the link between the spatial and temporal characteristics as a single continuum in the relativistic physics. The work critically analyzes the understanding of the role of “Minkowski spacetime” in relativistic gravitation theory. The author examines the status of the “spacetime” concept within the program of binary geometrophysics of Y. S. Vladimirov. The main research method is the onto-gnoseological analysis of the informative sense of the “spacetime” concept used in physics of the XX century. The main conclusion consists in the following statement: “spacetime” concept is a fundamental scientific abstraction, which development is an necessary link in cognizing the essential properties of space and time, as well as their interconnection. Physical-theoretical notion of “spacetime” cannot substitute the philosophical categories of space and time that reflect the common properties along with the specificities of the universal forms of being.

Keywords: Poincare, Minkowski, Einstein, relativistic gravitation theory, General relativity, special theory of relativity, spacetime, Logunov, Vladimirov, binary geometrophysics

Abstract: The subject of this research is the modern representations about time (XIX-XX centuries). The author examines the philosophical and religious approaches from the perspective of subjective or objective attitude to the phenomenon of time, infinity and finiteness, discreteness and continuity. The goal of this article consists in the new classification of representations about the phenomenon at hand, analysis of methodology of speaking about time in modern science, examination of the question of applicability of the language of mathematics for describing the time, determination of the contradictory aspects on this matter. The author uses the critical analysis of the existing views upon nature and essence of time, as well as discusses the forms of time in terms of the proposed classification. The main conclusion underlines the need of discreteness of time for the development and evolution of the existing world. Such position, however, does not exclude the possibility of its continuity. Because these characteristics complement each other, rather than contradict. The author poses a questions about the possibility of objective criterion for selecting the final position with regards to the main properties of time alongside the search of a new language for its description.

Keywords: eternity, finiteness, infinity, object, subject, continuity, discreteness, time, evolution, language

Abstract: The subject of this research is the transformation of time and space (transformation of time into space). Substantiation in this case is the reduction to the core, which allows restoring the contours of the phenomena, space-time in their certainty and distinction to the preceding. As the historical-logical “foundation”, the author establishes the specific state that reconciles with “eternity”, and at the same time with the typical integral sacred. It is demonstrated that the most essential side is the transformation if the “internal” and “external”, at the same time, things such as states correspond to the “space” of the external and “time” of the internal that have developed within them. The method of the research is substantiated by the analysis and reconstruction of the notions of “time” and “space” in their transformation; the most significant feature of this method is the gradual reconciliation of the anthropological and logical forms (category of own-Other, connected by the logically transgressive transition). The scientific novelty lies in formulation of the category of “transformation” that is historically preceding to attribution of dyads of reciprocal of internal/external and time/space. The author is first to review the space and time as sub specie aeternitatis of pragmatic outcome and transcendental sensibility. The latter in its unconditionality (transcendental antinomia) suggest the possibility of correlation of the dyads in form of external-spatial (antagonism forces) and internal-timely (dramatism of feelings).

Keywords: biography, practice, ritual, transport, handling, space, eternity, Time, linearity, subject

Abstract: The object of this research is the category of created eternity, which is viewed in three main aspects: as a category of ontology, by means of which the metaphysical distinctness of the created being is expressed within the framework of the Christian creationism, as well as the original intuitions are revealed in the context of the traditional for philosophy temporal problematic; as the subject of reflection in theological-philosophical tradition of the Eastern Patristic; as the subject of reflection in the modern research on history of philosophy and philosophy of science. The subject of this work is the question about the ontological and referential content of this category. The author suggest to examine this issue in the context of the problem of interpretation by the contemporary researchers of such ways of solution of the questions of temporal status of the “beginning” and nomological level of the created being, which were proposed in the Eastern Patristic. The category of created eternity is simultaneously analyzed from the two perspectives: as the subject of historical-philosophical examination, and history of ideas. The notion of the “created eternity” is viewed in the oneness of etymological, logical, and historical approaches, and for the first time it became the subject of systematic analysis. The author determines and analyzes the trend of a so-called extensive understanding of the ontological content of the created eternity, which is present is the modern research of the problem and associated with examination of the category of the created eternity primarily from the perspective of the philosophy of ideas. In the context of solution of the question about the temporal status of the beginning and nomological level of the created being, the author for the first time analyzed the opinion of the Russian philosopher and Patrologist V. I. Nesmelov associated with the interpretation of the suggested by St. Gregory of Nyssa solution to the problem of temporary sequence of the six days of creation. Based on the example of the analysis of the views of Gregory of Nyssa, it is demonstrated that such opinion cannot be considered appropriate. The conclusion is made that the extensive interpretation of the ontological content of the category of created eternity does not find its foundation in the authentic tradition of the Eastern Patristic.

Keywords: Nesmelov Victor, Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, eternity, time, Greek Patristic, the created eternity, metaphysics, ontology, the created being

Abstract: This article examines the key definitions of time and space. It is demonstrated that if time in the XX century attains the character of the ultimate ontological foundation substantiating the corresponding interpretations, then space, which within the framework of physical theories meets time, in philosophical searches, on the contrary, counterpoises time. Space is endowed with the role of “reservoir” that is close to the role of “immanent dwell”. Mainly on the example of M. Heidegger’s philosophy, the author demonstrate the incorrectness of such approach and substantiates the need for the new ontology, which interprets the space itself as an ontological condition for materialization (fulfill). The scientific novelty consists in enhancing “spatiality” with ontological importance. The author is firs to underline the specificity of the initial homogeneity of space and time, the uniting ambivalence of the “movement towards integral” (homogenous), which in space is designated as aestheticism, and in time – the “establishment” and “agonal confrontation” (heterogeneous); which in space is manifested as expansion and assignment-assimilation, while in time as the tempo and speed of the “organic” interaction.

Keywords: Transition, Rebirth, Being-towards-death, Magic, Body, Space, Strive, M. Heidegger’s philosophy, Being, Time

Abstract: The subject of this research is the objective time as one of the possible approaches towards understanding of time in philosophy and as a category of metaphysics, as well as the peculiarities of the category of objective time as a subject of cognition. The author conducts explication and complex analysis of the main difficulties that are faced by the strategy of cognition of the objective time category within the modern analytical metaphysics. Among the main difficulties are the following: inability to gradually substantiate an objective nature of knowledge within the framework of the used in analytical metaphysics model of rationality; a rather spontaneous and restricted choice of categorical apparatus for the formation of the ontology of time, as well as their internal inconsistency; absence of a satisfactory solution of the problem of criteria for determination and choice of a true ontological theory of objective time. The article suggests an alternative strategy of cognition of the objective time in metaphysics, and formulates a list of its key positions. Scientific novelty consists in a comprehensive analysis of the objective time category as a subject of metaphysics. The key positions of the alternative strategy include: the establishment of correlation between the idea of objectiveness of time and the life conceptual questions, which allows suggesting an alternative view upon the idea on “useful” and “useless” metaphysics; consideration of the logical-theoretical model of time in unity with the metaphysical models of objective reality; use of the ideas on metaphysical referents of time. The author puts forward an assumption, according to which namely the category of objective time can become essential for the rebirth and successful development of the realistic metaphysics within the modern philosophy.

Keywords: ontology of time, metaphysics referents of time, metaphysics of time, ontology, metaphysics, real time, time, realism, ultimate reality, metodology of metaphysics

Abstract: In his research Ursul describes peculiarities of the future and makes a proposal about possible researches of this phenomenon which does not yet exist. The author views the turn towards the future in different activities as the futurization process. The researcher also discusses the principle of temporal integrity that acts as some kind of the 'time conservation law' and reflects the need for taking into account the relationship and quantitative parameters of the three worlds of time (the past, the present and the future). From the point of view of the principle of temporal integrity the futurization process of human activity means improving the temporal strategy of such activity. The anticipation phenomenon is aligned with accelerated futurization including anticipatory reflection and development. It is underlined that global catastrophes can be prevented only as a result of anticipatory decisions and actions which significantly boosts up interest in researching the future. The researcher has mostly used futurological prognosis, noospheric and other methodological approaches to researching the future as well as synergetic, probabilistic, evolutionary historical and interdisciplinary approaches, principles of temporal integrity, globalism and cosmoglobalism. According to the author, there are spontaneous futurization and deliberate futurization, the latter being related to the definition of futurization as an intentional activity feature, which is illustrated by the transition towards sustainable development and noospherogenesis. Special attention is paid to the types of futurization as anticipatory activities and anticipatory development, which increases interest in futurology, prognosis, foresight and other researches of the future. The author demonstrates that the movement of time from the past to the future through the present called 'the arrow of time' is conditioned by the inflation phase of the Big Bang, the 'birth' of the Universe and further expansion thereof. It is underlined that the inflation period demonstrated the super-fast and therefore anticipatory futurization. Noteworthy that there are new arguments proving this hypothesis today.

Keywords: sustainable development, forecasting, arrow of time, worlds of time, futurization, inflationary futurization, future, temporal integrity, anticipatory reflection, research of future

Abstract: The article is devoted to the present condition, prospects and problem situations with regard to philosophical, social and humanitarian aspects of scientific research of cosmos and cosmic studies (cosmonautics). In his article Mapelman analyzes how the concept of cosmos and cosmonautics have been developing within the framework of history of science and history of philosophy. Mapelman also shares evaluations of contemporary researches of philosophical issues of cosmos and cosmonautics. The author provides a description of the philosophical issues of cosmonautics that are being solved witin the framework of the Readings devoted to the scientific heritage and development of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's ideas. To achieve the research objectives, Mapelman uses the methods of systematization, critical analysis, comparison, text reconstruction, historical explanation, etc. The author outlines the following philosophical issues that were first discovered during the Readings: whether 'cosmic philosophy' can be actually developed; Russian cosmism, branches and philosophers; improvement of the contemporary picture of the world taking into account the cosmic scale of such improvement; anthropic principle, the place and role of the principle in cosmic philosophy; global issues of the humankind in terms of the cosmic perspective of social development; cosmic civilization, features and possibilities for existence; the problem of immortality, life and death in the Universe; cosmic ethics and moral principles of cosmonautics; axiological aspect of cosmic activity and transformations; the need to explore the cosmic space; influence of the political, military, social, economic and ideological factors on the development of national cosmic programs; research of social and philosophical issues of extra-terrestrial civilizations and the future of our own civilization. 

Keywords: cosmos, cosmonautics, philosophical research, history of science, cosmic philosophy, Russian cosmism, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, socio-humanitarian issues, humanitarian expertise, futurology (futures studies)

Abstract: According to the author of the article, the main terms of the theory of civilization should be better studied analytically. In our academic literature this concept has replaced Marx’s division of history into historical periods according to the principle of social formation. However, social philosophers still haven’t reached an agreement on a single issue regarding the historical process of civilization development. For a long time civilization was understood as a transfer from savagery and barbarism to a human lifestyle. However, this opposition of barbarism to civilization raises many questions. One of them is, what barbarism is and why it managed to survive for so many years and still shows itself as the other side of civilization. Researchers haven’t clarified yet what this opposition means but start to compare different civilizations. The author bases his article o the methods of historical analysis and uses approaches of the comparative studies. When analyzing the problems under research, he appeals to the main achievements of social philosophy. He also uses the principles of philosophical understanding of human. The novelty of the article is in raising a whole number of polemic issues. The author carries out a critical evaluation of the most popular definitions of barbarism and civilization. He also tries to expand the criteria for defining particular civilizations. In this article the critics of Eurocentrism are accompanied with the analysis of the newest tends in cultural consciousness of the East. Orientalism is compared to Occidentalism. The author also analyzes the problems of the all-planet development of the humankind.

Keywords: culture, civilization, barbarism, savagery, civilization, world religions, Eurocentrism, Occidentalism, rationalism, humanism.

Abstract: The subject matter of the research presented in this article is the flow of time as the transition of events from the future to the past via the present. Time has both static and dynamic aspects. The flow of time is the dynamic side of time. Metaphorically, the flow of time can be presented as the change of events in the present and their gradual movement to the past. Philosophicalresearchofthisphenomenonmust not be limited to the description at the metaphorical level. It is highly necessary to understand the essence of the flow of time and offer an approach to the formalized description of this phenomenon. The author of the article offers an approach to studying the flow of time as a contradictory phenomenon. According to the author, many philosophers believed contrariety to be the key characteristic of the flow of time. The author emphasizes the need for researches of the dynamic aspects of the subjective time in order to understand the essence of the flow of time as well as to solve the problem of objectivity of the flow of time. The author describes the main properties of the preset (‘now’). He also concludes that the essence of the flow of time is determined by the contradictions between the two properties of the present, synchronism and duration. The author also formulates the argument of the continued presence and proves that the flow of time has a subjective meaning (it exists only in our minds and therefore the flow of time is not the element of the objective time).

Keywords: flow of time, subjective time, time and consciousness, cognitive frames, temporality, dynamic concept of time, static concept of time, mental presence, perception of time, paraconsistent logic.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problems raise by Kat in his ‘mathematical antinomies’. Analysis is carried out in original formulation of Kant’s own terms and as a part of his own philosophical argumentation. The same problems are also viewed disregarding Kant’s philosophy. Validity and evidence which make it possible to structure analysis in a form of rigorous theory as it is seen by modern mathematics, allow to categorically state that Kant’s classification lacks grounds and his reasoning regarding ‘mathematical antinomies’ can’t be considered to be a proof. On the contrary both his theses and antitheses are irrefutable. The essence of problems is not in unavoidable contradictions of mind or process of cognition of transcendental world in the course of Kantian debates of mind with itself but in non-uniqueness of conceptual representations. As for the limited prescribed to a cognizing mind, they involve, in the first place, the laws that determine the architectonics of veritable theories.

Keywords: philosophy, “mathematical antinomies”, Kant, transcendental dialectics, antitetics, space, time, infinity, architectonics of theories, mind.

Abstract: The article describes peculiarities of fundamental historical processes in Russian government. These fundamental processes include colonization, modernization and globalization. The author of the article provides definitions of the mentioned processes and reveal what they mean. The author analyzes these processes in the ‘space-time’, ‘center-periphery’, ‘extensive-intensive’, ‘vertical-horizontal’ coordinates. Special attention is paid t peculiarities of the Russian space and time and the influence of the Russian space-time continuum on fundamental historical transformations. It is stated that there are certain Russian historical (but not only geographical) conditions, circumstances and mechanisms of development of these processes. One of the defining moments here is a frequent appearance of the phenomenon of pseudomorphosis in Russian history. This makes it the method and type of development in Russia and for Russia. Besides that, the author analyzes the influence of an active historical person on how the aforesaid fundamental processes go as well as the role of violence in colonization and modernization projects and forms of opposition to emanation of violence.

Keywords: colonization, modernization, globalization, space, time, center, periphery, extensity, violence, opposition.

Abstract: The author analyzes the contents of the static concept of time and the main forms of this concept in modern philosophy. The article also studies the relation between the static concept of time and views of the Antique philosopher Parmenides of Elea. The author analyzes opinions of modern researchers who actually admit that there is such a certain relation between them. It is concluded that it is impossible to study Parmenides’ views as any form of the static concept of time. The author shows that it is important to analyze the Parmenides’ approach to being and existence in order to set out the problem of time in philosophy and to solve the problem about ontological circumstances of time objectivation. The author traces back tendencies to solve the question about the relation between time, eternity and plurality in late neo-Platonism and concludes that the solution is that the eternal but not temporal interpretation of this relation prevails. It is concluded the method of presenting time as B-series in modern philosophy (so called static concept of time) allows not only temporary, but also a-temporary and even eternal interpretation. It is pointed out that the main role of alternative interpretations is that they again raise a question about the actual difference between ontology of time and ontology of eternity.

Keywords: philosophy, time, eternity, plurality, temporality, a-temporality, ontology, Parmenides, neo- Platonism.

Abstract: Space and time in screen music theatre is viewed as the synthesis of verbal (libretto), musical and graphical presentations of space and time. In screen music theatre space and time follow the main esthetic laws. They appear as conditional, inseparable categories. Space and time continuum is oriented at emotions, however, the reality or metaphor of a chronotopos can be stressed out depending on the genre or a director’s intention. In new conditions music plays are changed and structured according to new cinematographic principles. Stressing out this or that property leads to changing another property, for instance, time stop (emotional time in music) is usually accompanied with changes in the visual imagery, in this case expansion of the emotional space is caused with the narrowing of the visual space (when the image is enlarged). Space and time continuum in music plays has a mosaic pattern and is realized through various metro-rhythmic properties. The relation between space and time creates the audio-visual counterpoint that defines the esthetic phenomenon of screen music theatre.

Keywords: philosophy, time, space, screen, music theatre, convergence of time layers, time parallelism, time stops, author’s and plot’s space, real and conditional space, inner monologue.

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the main challenges and difficulties arising before researchers during discussion of the ontological status of time. The author provides a comparative description of the main approaches to the problem in Russian and foreign philosophies. It is shown that the method of solving this problem depends on the way of perceiving the reality chosen by a researcher. The author also studies arguments for objectivation of such time factors as its flow, three modes (past, present and future) and dependence on changes described in a number of works by Russian philosophers. The author defines the main tendencies in solving the problem about the status of time in foreign philosophy: denial of objectivity of time flow, interest for the ‘block time’ concept and denial of the fundamental nature of time. The author also analyzes philosophical arguments for the block time concept and studies arguments against denial the reality of time. The author also offers methodological principles aimed at proving the relevancy of using the metaphysical terms and concepts for solving the problem of status of time in philosophy of science. The author also describes the difficulties associated with the implementation of the programs creating out-of-time metaphysics suggested by H. Price as well as ways to overcome these difficulties.

Keywords: philosophy, time, eternity, temporality, metaphysics, science, reality, realism, anti-realism, ontology.

Abstract: The author views the terms ‘tempo-world’ and ‘temporal integrity’ as a system and synergetic interaction between the past, present and future. The author studies the futurization and retrospection processes and their accelerated forms based on the example of biological and cosmological evolution. It is suggested that the process of accelerated time flow at an inflationary stage of the Big Bang should be considered the process of inflationary futurization. ‘Temporal inflation’ can be viewed as an extremely accelerated, incredibly fast advancing by the future of other tempo-worlds and even spatial expansion.

Keywords: philosophy, biogenetic law, advanced reflection, reflection, tempo-world, inflationary futurization, information, dark energy, retrospection, futurization.

Abstract: Based on the researches of a number of philosophers, the author of the article forms and develops the concept of a double understanding of time. The article also touches upon the problem of the relation between the inner (subjective) and objective (physical) time. The author studies the interaction between these two concepts and defines differences and similarities between these phenomena. The author also shares his ideas regarding a human choosing a certain attitude towards the phenomenon of time.

Keywords: philosophy, time, existential time, physical time, duration, interval, homogeneity, variability, movement, consciousness.

Abstract: Renewed superstring theory gives a mechanistic potential to travel through time.

Keywords: philosophy, antimatter, quantum web, super-string matrix, time machine, positron, spacelike dimension, superstring, electron.

Abstract: The article formulates the method of structural eschatology. The author defines its conceptual framework – eschatological paradigm and estachological and initiative homology. P. A. Florensky’s metaphysics are conceptualized as the metaphysics of space and time and structurally invariant to eschatological paradigm.

Keywords: philosophy, structuralism, eschatology, paradigm, homology, dream, fiction, initiation, antinomianism.

Abstract: It is possible nowdays to ascertain that a new situation bearing on attempts to rethink the phenomenon of time is coming up. Any similar approaches could be executed on the ground of a wide interdisciplinary synthesis for different disciplines offer incomplete notions of objective time. Proceeding from this premises, one may assume that valuable concept of time should not be formed within the limits of any separate scientifi c fi eld but could be solely inferred out of multidimensional interdisciplinary context. For this reason it is indispensable to direct basic attention to both particular features of various domains of time and methods of investigation of temporality in diverse rinds of scientifi c knowledge.

Keywords: philosophy, phenomenon of time, epistemological program, paradoxes of time, temporality, the temporal topics, irreversibility of time, measuring of time, a time scale, the alternative world

Abstract: The article suggests a probability model of time. The author of the article considered the probability nature of the occurrences of the past, present and future. According to the author, only present events can be considered statistically significant and have a probability of 1 while past and future events are only ‘possible’. In other words, there are always a few variants of the past and future at every present moment. In addition to the term ‘probability’ the author also introduces the term ‘energy’. It is assumed that probability can be directly related to energy and increase of the energy of an event can lead to a growth of its probability.

Keywords: philosophy, time, space, probability, energy, psyche, image, past, future, present

Abstract: The article is aimed at describing ontological, metaphysical and philosophical types of Old Russian philosophy through studying the Absolute Action and Motion in the ever-changing and finite continuum. In order to answer these ontological questions, it is necessary to study the correlation between various types of items (categories) exisiting in the world and absolute and relative types of relations between these items. The author of the article tried to explain certain terms used by Russian philosophers during the Middle Age in order to understand the relation between the two ontological opposites of absolute action in the changing world.

Keywords: philosophy, absolute, logos, universum, motion, movement, one whole, nature, face

Abstract: The author defined the three types of philosophical categories: temporary, untemporary and ka-temporary. The first ones are used for analysis and description of movements. The second type of categories is used to describe arise phenomenon such as development, becoming and transformation. Usage of the third type of categories allows to combine the temporal and untemporal ways of description of the phenomena studied. The author also analyzed the genesis of these three types of categories.

Keywords: philosophy, category, time, reality, culture, development, becoming, reconstruction, ka-category