Abstract: The establishment of ontological models of the accurate scientific knowledge is an urgent task, developed in the framework of realistic approaches. Major attention is focused on the problem of correlation between the theoretical objects and reality. Insufficient attention in this context is turned to the historical conditions of formation of the metaphysical foundations of exact sciences. At the same time, historical analysis of the primary attitudes allows identifying the initial meanings that appear to be natural. Therefore, the historical reconstruction of such process is relevant. The article presents such reconstruction, which considers the formation of ontological models of science over the period of antiquity. It is suggested that the basis of such ontologies lies in semiotic analogy that draws parallel between the communicative relations human/human and human/nature, realized in the perception of Speech or the Book of Nature. Leaning on the aforementioned statement, the reconstruction of ontological models is based on determination of the semiotic connotations of conceptual framework of the ontological models of the key philosophical doctrines. The conducted analysis allows claiming that the evolution of semiotic models in Ancient Greek philosophy during the transition from mythology to philosophy, as well as in terms of the main philosophical systems, was established on realization of the semiotic analogy. The difference between them is substantiated by the choice of science, the objects of which were taken as the ontological basis. As a result, in the context of Ancient Greek philosophy, the author identifies the three lines of development of the ontological models of science. The acquired results can be used for formulation of the questions of the ontology of science at present time.

Keywords: science, historical reconstruction, naturalization, ontological model, Book of Nature, semiotic analogy, ontology of science, subject and predicate, number and shape, atomism

Abstract:   This article is dedicated to the historical reconstruction of evolution of the ontological models of science in Western European philosophy in throughout the Medieval Times and Renaissance. Their development is examined in the philosophical context, within the framework of which the core of worldview was Christianity, while the basis of ontological perceptions with regards to exact sciences was the Book of Nature. Metaphor of the Book of Nature was based on the semiotic analogy, which pursued correlations between the communication relations of human/human and human/nature.  Such ideology  is natural and its use as the foundation for ontological constructs was justified during the preceding period in the context of Ancient Greek philosophy. Semiotic ontology acquired its development in Medieval Times and Renaissance. The historical reconstruction is based on highlighting of the key directions of the evolution of ontological perceptions about reality from the universal perspectives. It is demonstrated that the ontological models develop within the three lines, depending on the subject of which science is taken as the foundation for perceiving the reality. Naturalization became the reason of why the semiotic ontology in evolution of the scientific knowledge was abandoned, and thus, it resulted in the loss of primary meanings. Historical reconstruction allows restoring these meanings, and its results can be relevant to modern research in the field of the ontology of science.  

Keywords: mathematics, logic, science, historic reconstruction, naturalization, ontological model, Book of Nature, semiotic analogy, ontology of science, natural science

Abstract: One of the main problems of post-modernism is environmental crises. This global disaster has many factors. Before emperical and biological crises there have been crises of knowledge. Meanwhile, it is very important and necessary to take into account the role of opinions and philosophical schools in the manifestation of these crises and their philosophical solution. According to the authors, Francis Bacon's views and philosophical ideas are ones of the main factors of understanding environmental crises. On the other hand, views and philosophical views of Mulla Sadra have a high potential of solving these crises. The purpose of the present research is to explain the role of cognitive grounds in the following three spheres, scientific methodology, anthropology and epistemology of environmental crises and their philosophical solutions. Based on the authors, in order to overcome environmental crises caused by unbalanced relations between human and nature, it is necessary to perform a revolution in the three fields, methodology, anthropology and world view, so that such a revolution leads to the reconstructionof these three fields in accordance with what transcendent philosophy has to offer. From the point of view of such transcendent conceptualization, all three concepts - methodology, human and nature - are sacral. Nature is the relic, human is the connecting link between the world of dictation and the world of creation and a defender and keeper of the relic, and science and scientific methodology are the sacral instrument and a connecting link between nature and human. Only in this case nature and human interact and science with scientific methodology appear to be a sacred instrument of the healer of nature but not a sword of a crazy man. 

Keywords: environmental, Francis Bacon, Mulla Sadra, crisis, environment, philosophy, understanding, knowledge, being, existence, truth, nature

Abstract: The author of the article tries to define environmental aspects of the Ancient philosophy, Medieval philosophy and Renaissance philosophy. The author also raises the question about the essence and descent of human, relation between human and nature, between human and human, the place of human in the world and the destiny of human. In addition, the author of the article touches upon the main ideological and methodological beliefs at the Ancient Times, Middle Ages and Renaissance. The conclusion of the article is that human and nature were in harmony at the Ancient Times. Middle Ages did not ruin but changed that harmony and human already tried to be more important than nature. At the age of Renaissance human made the first attempts to conquer nature. He was believed to be God on earth and tried to change the environment and nature in accordance with his needs and abilities. On the other hand, back in those times the humankind did not have enough abilities and power to ruin the balance and harmony in relations between human and nature.

Keywords: philosophy, nature, human, unity, Middle Ages, Classical Antiquity, self-generation, fundament, chaos, being.

Abstract: The article reconstructs the project of philosophical anthroplogy by Pavel Florensky. The author considers such aspects of human nature as corporeity, sex, difference between face, image and cover as well as difference between body, conscience and organism. Analyzing Florensky’s theory of corporeity the author draws a parallel between Florensky’s theory and Gilles Deleuze’s and ‘Russian cosmists’ philosophies. Gilles Deleuze’s philosophy is shown as very similar to the revelations of the Russian philosophy

Keywords: philosophy, body, conscience, Florenksy, Deleuze, Russian cosmism, Ukhtomsky, projection of organs, body without organs, face

Abstract: Initially aiming at human prosperity, new technologies created a threat to human and created the problem of utilization of technological ‘garbage’ in near-Earth and on Earth (contamination of the land and oceans as a consequence of all kinds of experiments). The question is, what for is all that? The answer is: active ambitions of the mind and will power aimed at restraining nature, raised the topic of ‘self-destruction of living substance’ first spoken of by V.I. Vernadsky.

Keywords: philosophy, traditional culture, world perception, cosmos/nature/wholeness, environmental crisis

Abstract: The article is devoted to the two ontological paradigms, - intersubjective and transsubjective ones. Both of the paradigms are illustrated by metaphysical and natural philosophical conceptions. Intersubjectivity theory is presented by Levinas and Geizenberg and transsubjective theory is presented by Heidegger and Einstein. The article also contains the comparative analysis of the theories in the spheres of time and space.

Keywords: philosophy, space, time, inter subjectivity, trans subjectivity, metaphysics, natural philosophy, probability, infinity, whole.

Abstract: the article is interpreting the origins of bourgeois philosophy in respect to its classical authors, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) and Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). Their theories reflected the period when England, advanced European country in the 17th century, moved from feudalism to capitalism. That period in economy was the epoch of the initial capitalistic “accumulation”, very similar to the times of the “wild” capitalism in Russia back in 1990s under the government of Boris Eltsin. Eltsin’s “wild” capitalism is still remembered by Russians for its tough social consequences which are not fully overcome even now. Discussions in classical philosophy devoted to the “labour pains” of the bourgeois society will be certainly of interest to thoughtful readers.

Keywords: philosophy, natural sciences, soul, psyche, reflex, science, psychology, theory of knowledge, anthropology, world perception.