Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the nature of consciousness within the framework of the information concept. The paper proposes a definition of consciousness as an informational environment in which an extended model of reality is realized. The process of realization of this extended model is defined as thinking. The result of thinking is information objects that form a system in the form of information environment. Information objects are reflections of the real world properties, not directly, but by means of translation through a special object – a carrier of consciousness. In the case of human consciousness, such a carrier is a human being (represented in the form of his nervous system). As a result, consciousness can be qualified as a simulacrum of reality, i.e., a model of a model: an information model of the carrier of consciousness, which in turn is a means of physical modeling of the real "big" world. Possible mechanisms mediating thinking are considered. For this purpose, two new concepts are introduced: neural circuit and neurophysical pattern. An approach to the study of self-consciousness based on the localization of the consciousness carrier in the multidimensional space of states of initial real objects, as well as their reflections in the form of information objects is proposed. This localization is ensured by the presence of feedbacks. Summarizing the results of the study, the article states the following connection between consciousness, self-consciousness and subjectness: under certain conditions (when consciousness is localized in the state space of the carrier of consciousness), consciousness acquires the property of self-consciousness, a special case of which (when the initiator of changes determining localization is the carrier of consciousness) is self-consciousness endowed with subjectness.

Keywords: self-consciousness, localization, pattern, circuit, neuron, nervous system, consciousness carrier, information medium, consciousness, subjectness

Abstract: The subject of research in this article is the question of the possibility of formalizing the general theory of systems, that is, turning it into a language for describing systems of any nature with unambiguously defined lexical units and rules. To answer this question, the author considers the phenomenon of semantic indeterminacy of languages, which ensures the flexibility of formed lexical constructions due to the multivalence of lexical units. Also the subject of the research is the practice of quoting out of context – a phenomenon, the admissibility of which is conditioned by the isomorphism of lexical constructions, as well as by the creative nature of the cognitive process, in which the result of cognition is unknown in advance, and thus the change of interpretation of the used concepts is inevitable. The conducted research allows us to state that the general theory of systems cannot be exclusively an applied theory, but should be supplemented with an ontological component. In this case, it becomes a philosophical theory, for which full formalization is impossible without loss of functionality. As a result, general systems theory must inevitably retain a certain semantic uncertainty. This uncertainty, however, can be reduced by translation into universality and generalization of concepts. Besides, it is possible and in some cases necessary to formalize separate components of the general theory of systems, in particular, its ontological component - the metaphysics of material existence.

Keywords: interpretation of concepts, isomorphism, context, citation, semantic uncertainty, language, formalization, lexical units, general systems theory, ontology

Abstract: The subject of the study is the epistemological specificity of art through the «prism» of the Paleolithic and modern eras. The focus of the research is aimed at analyzing the phenomenon of «eidetism», which is a link between modern and primitive art. The purpose of the article is to comprehend the epistemological specifics of art, which began with the «psychophysiology» of the primitive world and developed into forms of «practical philosophizing» of the modern era. The research methodology includes a review of literary sources, a dialectical approach to historical and art historical reconstruction, analysis of paleopsychological data, comparative analysis, elements of systems psychology and sociology. An element of novelty is the author's position that already in the lower, early layers of its evolution, the status of art «as one of the most ancient forms of human activity» is enriched by the status of «a form of practical philosophizing». The generalization is made that the art of the XX-XXI centuries, on the one hand, abandoned both mimesis and humanism, on the other – it continued the path of «practical philosophizing» begun in ancient times, based on the perceptual-empirical method of cognition of reality. The evolution of art from its primitive origins through archaic, classical to its modern state is, at the same time, the transformation of human consciousness, and the comprehension through artistic and creative activity of one's being and place in the universe, etc. - the development of its «depth» (the content of art). This is the development of art «in breadth» (the development of artistic form): the proliferation of its types and genres, the growth of stylistic and technological polyphony, etc. As a result, «art has come a long way from its purely psychophysiological hypostasis to «practical philosophizing». Artistic and creative activity itself as a whole continues to be the most important component of the global «mechanism» of mastering reality.

Keywords: psychophysiology, epistemological specificity, paleolithic image, eidetic memory, syncretism, knowledge, art, development, evolution, practical philosophizing

Abstract: The subject of the study is the connection between the absurd and phenomenology.The texts of representatives of the absurdist trend in literature and philosophy (Camus, Kafka, Musil), as well as the works of academic philosophers of the phenomenological direction (Husserl, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Fink) are considered. The commonality of phenomenological interpretations of reality for some texts of the absurdist genre is proved. As a hypothesis, the existence of an epistemological dimension of meaning in the works of the absurd is put forward, interpreted by the author as a reception of the views of phenomenologists, problematized in the inconsistent reduction of phenomena. The methodological basis was the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the critical analysis of the text.   The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to present phenomenology as a precursor of absurdism, connected with it through the sphere of axiology. The main contribution of the author is the actualization of the epistemological layer of such a multifaceted phenomenon as the absurd, namely, the elaboration of the hypothesis that in many works of absurdists, the metamorphoses of the characters' consciousness are in fact an inconsistent reduction consisting in explicit metamorphoses of the Ego, as well as violating subject-object relations but not actually bracketing the idea of the world. Many literary contemporaries of Husserl devote their thoughts to the problems of phenomenology to one degree or another, which makes the connection between absurd literature and the key theses of early phenomenology logical.

Keywords: Musil, Camus, absurdist fiction, intersubjectivity, phenomenological reduction, phenomenology, existentialism, absurd, epoché, theory of knowledge

Abstract: The subject of this study is the problem of the failure of attempts by the scientific community to come to a common understanding of what exactly information can be as something encoded into material structures and moved along with them. At the same time, the following aspects of this problem are considered in detail: what is the immediate cause of the information problem; what are the objective and subjective prerequisites for its appearance; why the unresolved nature of this problem does not interfere with the creation and development of communication systems, control and other "smart" devices; is there any general guideline for finding solutions to such problems, and what is it; what role did the philosophy of information play in turning the problem of information from a private scientific problem into a problem of the ideological level. The main results of the conducted research are as follows: the immediate cause of the information problem has been identified and a comprehensively substantiated solution to this problem has been given; it has been revealed that the incompleteness of the materialistic theory of cognition has become a fertile ground for the appearance of this problem; the circumstances that prevented its completion have been identified; the natural mechanism of control and cognition has been revealed, as a result of which the materialistic theory of cognition has been further developed the source of the ideal in the material world is revealed; it is shown that the mechanistic idea of information coding made the concept of information incompatible with the presence of any objective content; it is revealed what is actually hidden behind the words about information coding and its measurement; the nature of signals and signs is revealed; a kind of bias of the philosophy of information and a general error is revealed all known concepts of information.

Keywords: philosophy of information, concepts of information, the brain of self-managed systems, informational vision of the world, control mechanism, self-managed material systems, encoding of information, management systems, the problem of information, information

Abstract: This article attempt to clarify whether the accusations brought by modern physics and probabilistic thinking against unambiguous determinism are justified. Is it incompatible with the existence of various possibilities, coincidences, free will, and certain laws of microcosm? Does it really lead to absolute predetermination? Is the perception of universality and fundamentality of unambiguous causation really outdated? Can the dynamic laws  be limited in their manifestation? Can they be replaced with probabilistic laws? At the same time, the logic of research is founded on determination of the essence of all the phenomena that are supposedly incompatible with the unambiguous determinism. In the course of research, the author adheres to gradual implementation of the principle of materialistic monism. The conclusion is made that the classical representation of universality and fundamentality of unambiguous causality remains relevant and is fully compatible with the presence of various possibilities, coincidences, free will, and probability. The author reveals the nature of possibilities and coincidences, as well as indicated inseparability of these phenomena from the predictive activity of a human. The article also determines inextricable link between the dynamic laws and the materiality of  the cognizable world, which testifies to their unlimited fundamentality. The nature of probabilistic laws and their inseparability from dynamic laws is underlined. The author provides arguments that unambiguous causality does not lead to absolute predomination of events, emphasizes the importance of the worldview criterion of validity of scientific representations; and clarifies the definition of matter.

Keywords: probabilistic patterns, dynamic patterns, probability, randomness, opportunity, causality, unambiguous determinism, freedom, free will, absolute predetermination

Abstract: This work reasonably substitutes the literary and aesthetic understanding of metaphor as a poetic technique of expressiveness with the epistemological understanding of metaphor as an instrument for expanding the semantic possibilities of perception. Ontological dimension of a metaphor is reconstructed in accordance with the concept of “inertia” of nature. Nature repeatedly reproduces the previously acquired in some area of the phenomenal, while appearance of a human proliferated such reproduction to the area of the noumenal. Repetition of such reproductions of the acquired testifies to the fractality of being. Metaphor turns the linear evolution of semantics into a complex nonlinear process through topological transformations. It becomes most efficient in the cataphatic operation of “composition”. Unlike apophaticism, metaphor not only takes to a new level of cognition, but also arranges all these levels in accordance with the fractal nature of being. Therefore, metaphor is the primary means for transforming fractality into an epistemological tool in the area of the noumenal. If analytical reasoning fractionize the idea, by increasing the entropy of semantics, the metaphorical assertions reduce it, focusing the thought and synthesizing new semantic patterns. Such a focus fractalizes semantics, which should ultimately result in a semantic explosion and, most likely, bring a man closer to God.

Keywords: metaphorical statements, cognition, poetic device, topology, katafatika, apophatic, logics, fractal, metaphor, semantic patterns

Abstract: This article is dedicated to methodological questions in ethical regulation of neuroresearch. Neuroethics has emerged recently within the framework of the neuro-trend in modern technoscience; its regulatory capabilities are yet to be discovered. Sciences that study human brain and behavior orient towards existing institutions of ethical regulation, which do not consider the complexity and specificity of the emerging threats and risks. The author examines the circumstances for formation of the research ethics and points of intersection with neuroethics. Research ethics is viewed as a part of bioethics, which not only assessed the potential harm for the examinees, but also the social and anthropological consequences of scientific and technological development. The author provides a “narrow” understanding of research ethics as a system of rules within the framework of particular disciplines, and as a clinical research practice. Based on the historically established ethical regulation of clinical research and the forming beneath our eyes rules of modification of human genome and artificial intelligence, the author demonstrates contradictions and trends of the separate regulatory systems, which should be taken into account to prevent risks in neuroresearch and prediction of social implications of the spread of neurotechnologies. Ethical examination became a part of a complex system of international control of clinical research, which leads to fading of the value component aimed at protection of research subjects. The author underlines two factors that form the types of harm peculiar to neuroresearch: orientation towards technological realization and vulnerability of mental sphere as a subject of research. The conclusion is made on inefficiency of application of the calculation of harm/advantage in ethical assessment of neuroresearch. Leaning on the experience of bioethics, neuroethics requires development of the own systems of rules that would become the institutions of neuroethical regulation. For preventing formalization of ethical control, it is essential to advance extensive socio-humanistic assessment of new achievements in neuroscience, as well as neuroethical education for the scientists.

Keywords: Declaration of Helsinki, ethics of artificial intelligence, human genome editing, clinical researches, research ethics, ethical review, bioethics, neuroethics, Good Clinical Practise, neuroscience

Abstract: This article examines the formation of representations on rationality from the perspective of political and administerial views the philosophers of Antiquity. The author describes the conception of rational thinking back in the Ancient Greece, analyzes the factors and prerequisites, cites fundamental terms and concepts, as well as explicates rationalistic views of ancient philosophers who addressed political and administerial topics in their works. Rationality is viewed as a phenomenon. The existing types of rationality are listed. Attention is given to description of the environment that affected the formation of rationalistic approach due to its strong impact upon further development of thinking. The author notes the influence of education in Antiquity as a cultural phenomenon on the development of language, definitions, concepts, and scientific-theoretical thinking as a conceptual activity. The conclusion is made that having emerged in Antiquity, rationality is still the most adequate means of cognizing the world, including the questions of power and administration. Philosophical grounds of rationality, rooted in Antiquity, became a solid foundation for European rationalism. Awarding reason with a “title” of most adequate instrument of cognition allowed the philosophers to formulate categories and concepts for objective understanding of the world, translate thinking into the platitude of abstract concepts. Rational thinking received due development within political philosophy by making the ability to sound reasoning and reasonable decisions the core virtue of a politician. Rationality still holds an important place within political philosophy and philosophy of management, being of the most discussed and relevant topics.

Keywords: competence, society, power, antiquity, politics, reflection, thinking, rationality, management, democracy

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the determination of grounds of doxology of Mats Rosengren – Swedish philosophy, who tries to restore doxa in the theory of cognition, and considers the possibility of structuring the “Protagorean gnoseology”. Doxology is the version of naturalizes constructivist theory of cognition developing on the basis of rhetorical form of philosophical anthropology, which formulates the realistic version of the subject of cognitive activity. From the doxological perspective, cognition is the transformation by human collectives of the world and themselves; the prerequisite for such transformation is the mastery of objectified results of its prior activity. It is demonstrated that the expression of doxological position and doxological line of thought is the neo-sophistic interpretation of Protagoras’ thesis – “Man is the measure of all things”. According to this interpretation, man is the humanity, rather than an individual; the measure common to all people is logos that forms the nature of man and world as a whole. The scheme of the functional circle of logos and doxa underlies the doxological interpretation of cognitive activity. The conceptual prerequisites of Mats Rosengren’s doxological line of thought are reflected in the works of P. Bourdieu, L. Fleck, E. Cassirer and C. Castoriadis that demonstrate that in fact the ways of perception, thinking and action alongside the methods of production, objectification and mastery of the experience of human collectives can interdependently frame each other.

Keywords: homo mensura principle, descriptive epistemology, epistemological constructivism, naturalizing epistemology, doxology, social epistemology, rhetorical philosophy, immanentism, coherentism, Swedish philosophy

Abstract: Modern Age rejected the representation about God as an embodiment of Light. The Mind has become its carrier, which taking the form of Enlightenment and Progress, gave humanity great good. And brought threats. In the criticism of mind, the continued importance belongs to the work of Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno “Dialectic of Enlightenment”. Even after the 70 years period their ideas remain relevant, and the instrumental rationality translated into the technologization of all spheres of life. The author analyzes the attempts of J. Habermas to reconcile the rationality of modernism and communicativeness of postmodernism. Using the method of creative thinking, which besides the logical abstractions includes intuition and graphic analogies, is criticized the identification of communication with generalization, when the ontologized communication dominates even the rationality. Having become a substance, the communication transforms into commutation and leads to the suppression of material being as a “dark form” of human reality. The victory of communicationism will imply the “end of light” (ours), its replacement by the information and virtual (trans=ultra=hyper=light) form of otherness. The slowly impeding Apocalypses of the world as a process of its technological globalization is most adequately expressed in the concept – the Judgment Day.

Keywords: intersubjectivity, communication, rationality, Habermas, Education, Mind, Shadow, Light, virtualism, being

Abstract: The concept of intellectual virtue after prolonged neglect has regained popularity within the modern epistemology of the virtues (E. Sosa, L. Zagzebski). Unlike the traditional theory of cognition with its focus on the epistemic characteristics of reasoning (persuasions, propositions), epistemology of the virtues places emphasis on the intellectual arête (perfections, virtues) of a cognizing subject. At the same time, the question of according to which principle certain qualities must be included into the list of intellectual virtues, continuous to remain relevant. The goal of this article consists in demonstrating of the ability of various optics, through which can be examined such phenomenon as the intellectual virtues. As methodology, the author selected the concept of G. G. Mayorov regarding the three types of philosophizing that lean on the Greek notions indicating the intellectual arête that form their original teachings on the intellectual virtues: technē (technemology), episteme (epistemology), sophia (sophiology). Sophiology of the virtues implies intellectual contemplation, practical wisdom; epistemology of the virtues implies two groups of qualities: the virtues of reliability (excellent vision, memory, etc.) and the virtues of responsibility (intellectual humbleness, intellectual autonomy, etc.); technemology of the virtues implies intellectual equilibristic, intellectual adroitness, intellectual acrobatics.

Keywords: virtue epistemology, epistemology, techne, episteme, sophia, arête, intellectual virtues, virtues, aretaic epistemology, wisdom

Abstract: This article examines the main approaches towards the understanding of wisdom. The first approach consists in identifying wisdom as a knowledge about your ignorance (Socrates’ “The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing”). The author analyzes the key formulation of this approach:  theory of intellectual humility and theory of epistemic accuracy. Practical approach consists in determining wisdom as the knowledge of how to live properly, and realization of this knowledge in practice. Hybrid concept is the theory of profound rationality, because it includes the instance of knowledge and instance of moral life. The theory of universal wisdom views wisdom as a holistic concept, which combines theoretical and practical. The methodology contains conceptual analysis, method of ascension from abstract to concrete, comparison, and synthesis. It is demonstrated that against all of these theories, there is always an objection that, perhaps a number of criteria that must be met by a sage, is not exhaustive or is excessive. As an alternative, the author suggests the disjunctive definition of wisdom that perceives wisdom as a mild disjunction of the theoretical and practical wisdom.  

Keywords: Sharon Ryan, theory of profound rationality, intellectual accuracy, intellectual humility, practical wisdom, theoretical wisdom, wisdom, theory of knowledge, Dennis Whitcomb, Jason Baehr

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the problem of theoretical apprehension of the open systems, which first and foremost contain those that essentially cannot be locked in their content without detriment to their true interpretation. These are the historical cultural systems and the associated with them existential personal worlds of human being. If the questions of natural cognition are being successfully resolved using the formalized mathematical modelling, and suggest the natural constraint of the examined field, the socio-historical cognition is unable to develop based on simple transfer of the natural scientific methodology onto the area of historical studies. This results in the problem not even of methodological character or certain “improvement” of the existing methodology, but a more complicated set of questions regarding the character of theorization in the sphere of human existence. The author suggests that it is possible to structure the true rational conceptuality, realized in compliance with the requirements of concreteness and critically logical expansion of the content. The author determines the three stages of theoretical approximation necessary for a particular apprehension: first is a preparatory, which blocks the mythopoeia; second forms the origin of rationalization; and third carries out the conceptual work. The article analyzes the two examples of theorization, the composing poles of, correspondingly, negative and true apprehension.

Keywords: historicity, non-rational, mythopoeia, logical expansion, criticism, rationality, theorization, idea, universality, human existence

Abstract: This article examines the problem of the value of knowledge and certain approaches towards its resolution, particularly the classical point of view of Plato, approaches of Duncan Pritchard, Timothy Williamson, and Ernest Sosa. The proposed by D. Pritchard difference between the primary, secondary, and tertiary problems of the value of knowledge is being analyzed. Accent is made on the special value of knowledge. The author reviews Pritchard’s argument aimed against the thesis on the final value of knowledge, protected by epistemology of capabilities/advantages of Sosa and claiming the special value of understanding, as well as the position of Carter and Gordon that special value belongs to the objective understanding. Comparative analysis of the various positions allows identifying their strong and weak sides. If the special value of knowledge does exist, it must be universal for all types of knowledge, including such, which according to John Greco, comply with the diverse (more or less strong) epistemic norms. The author rejects the positions of Pritchard, Carter, and Gordon that favor the special value of knowledge, and adopt the externalist point of view of Timothy Williamson, suggesting the special value of knowledge consists in its factivity. The author also supposes that Williamson’s positions is compatible with the position of Wittgenstein.

Keywords: objectual understanding, cognitive achievement, understanding, final value of knowledge, practical value of knowledge, value of knowledge, common knowledge, knowledge, factivity of knowledge, special value of knowledge

Abstract: This article suggest the analysis of the selected chapters of G. G. Shpet’s work “Wisdom or Reason”, which goal lies in demarcation of the three groups of arguments that the Russian thinker proposed as a substantiation of the ability of philosophy as a “clear knowledge”, as well as their assessment from the perspective of the modern perceptions about the specificity of philosophical knowledge. The first two groups associated with Shpet’s proximity to the phenomenological movements and his ideas about the place of philosophy in the world culture, can be considered “subjective”, certainly personal preferences of the author. The conclusion on the consistency of Shpet’s concept stands on the evaluation of the arguments that are addressed in the article as “universal”, independent from the circumstances of time and choice of the author. The article highlights the closeness the shared by Shpet concept of phenomenological philosophy with the principles of Hegelian “Phenomenology of Spirit”, which in the era of accomplishment of the classical European philosophy, manifested as the foundation for philosophy as a “clear knowledge” (“System of sciences”). The author also reveals the differences of the two concepts of phenomenology, which make it impossible for Shpet to return to the initial ideal of philosophy and encourage admitting the important role of the extratheoretical components of the philosophy (“wisdom”).

Keywords: history of European culture, wisdom, hermeneutics, phenomenology, nature of philosophy, Shpet, Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, consciousness, subject

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the questions of reflection over the historical aspects of the study of socialization. The discussion is focused on the search of such event from the history of research though, which can signify the conception of the group of knowledge on the corresponding phenomenon. Due to the fact that the present literature substitutely names several facts that can claim to the status of the initial, the author attempts to conclude the alternative metatheoretical hypotheses under the unified logic, within the framework of which the mentioned in each case events represent rather stages, than the origins of the study of socialization. Thanks to the general scientific methods of comparison and classification, the observed metatheoretical theses can be integrated into the six mutually complementing groups. The following conclusions are made during the course of this work: firstly, the author claims the need for a particular consideration of the conceptual load of criticism, which result in the reflection over the knowledge on socialization; secondly, it is suggested to problematize the use of the metaphor of emergence in realization of this reflection, as well as attracts other metaphors in the context of reference to the regularities of evolution of the authentic data on socialization, which would not directly refer to the idea of the beginning.

Keywords: Metatheorizing, Idea of the beginning, Metaphors in reflection, Problems of reflection, Reflection over knowledge, History of the research thought, History of cognition, Evolution of knowledge, Conception of knowledge, Knowledge on socialization

Abstract: The most complete and explicit expression of the S. L. Frank’s epistemological views is the concept of “antinomic monodualism”. The subject of this research is the examination of the logical-philosophical aspect of this concept, while the object is the works of S. L. Frank: “The Subject of Knowledge. On the Foundations and Limits of Abstract Knowledge” and “Incomprehensible. Ontological Introduction into the Philosophy of Religion”. If viewed from the logical-philosophical perspective, Frank starts his concept with the “Subject of Knowledge” in a form of “law of continuity”, and finishes with the “Incomprehensible” in a form of “antinomic monodualism”. The author conducts the analysis of the classified position of Frank’s concept; for the first time the philosophical system of Frank is examined in the logical-philosophical aspect, and as a result, his logical-philosophical system is being explicated. In this regard the antinomic monodualism represents a underdeveloped form of neo-classical modal multivalent logical-philosophical system. Due to this fact, the formulation of the question on the comparative analysis of antinomic monodualism and other modal logical-philosophical systems, can be considered justified.

Keywords: modal logic, multivalent logic, non-classical logic, logically-philosophical system, S. L. Frank, philosophical logic, history of Russian philosophy, Russian philosophy, antinomic monodualism, antinomism

Abstract: A Special attention in this article is given to the study of the Ancient Greek sophistry established by the XIX-XX century. The author underlines that there is a consensus of indifference and neglect within the historical-philosophical science with regards to the sophists. The two different ways of reconstruction of the “systems” and outlooks, existed at that time in philosophy, are being proposed. The first way consists in the reconstruction of the teacher “system” through the follower; and the second way consists in the in-depth interpretation of the present fragments, which tries to leave the vulgar interpretations, emerging from the initial orientation on the primitivism of the Greeks, outside the framework. Thus, we can build a genealogical tree of the early Greek philosophers. The main conclusion lies in the fact that over the last decades the attempts were made in rehabilitation of the sophists. In particular, such attempt was made by Barbara Cassin, but her post-modernist approach cannot be fully recognized as satisfactory, because she rejects the ontology of the sophists in favor of the rhetoric. The author comes to an understanding that the sophists give us a so-called “ontology of imagination”, a more initial ontology, than the ontology of traditional metaphysics with its millenary separation into “visible and invisible”, into the “world of senses and world of ideas”.

Keywords: philosophical thought, interpretation, history of philosophy, metaphysics, sophistry, Ancient Greek philosophers, founders of Sciences, irreligiousness, Greek world, criticism

Abstract: This article makes an attempt to reviews the scientific revolution in physics of the XVII century in the context of ideas, proposed and substantiated in the book of the Western philosopher Thomas Kuhn “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”; main attention is focused on the process of creation of Newton’s mechanics as an antipode to the mechanics of Aristotle, and the world system of Ptolemy. The author illustrates such theses of T. Kuhn as the “change of paradigm and anomaly”, “duration of the change of paradigm”, “constructiveness of the scientific crisis”, and others. Philosophical concepts of Galilei, Copernicus, and Newton are being analyzed as a methodological system. As testified by the history of mathematical and physical sciences, natural scientific knowledge during the process of its rapid development often experiences crises, which are accompanied by the reconsideration of the main fundamental positions and approaches towards the description and research of the basic concept of the universe, paradigm bases, role of one or another prerequisite constructs of the new discoveries, correlation between separate fragments of knowledge associated with the reframing of the earlier determined and established in the conscience of the scientific society logical-conceptual links.  

Keywords: krizis aristotelevskoi paradigmy, nauchnaya revolyutsiya, metodologicheskaya refleksiya, krizis estestvoznaniya, nauchnaya paradigma, smena paradigmy, anomalii, T. Kun

Abstract: In this article Loreti analyzse the concept of verificationism as it was presented by neopositivists and Ludwig Wittgenstein. The author of the article examines the versions of the verification principle in Carnap's and Schlick's works. The author notes that the main purpose of the Vienna Circle philosophers was to develop a criterion for demarking between sensible and senseless sentences, science and metaphysics. According to the author of the article, in the mid-period of his academic career Wittgenstein followed another version of verificationism according to which the meaning of a sentence was to be found empirically. The author of the article views Einstein's relativity theory and Brouwer's intuitionism as the sources for verificationism in middle Wittgenstein's researches. The author has applied the principle of objective textual analysis and tried to describe Wittgenstein's views and opinions through direct quotations of Wittgenstein. The author also provides quotations from works of such academicians as Schlick, Carnap, Russell and Hacker. Verificationism played an important role in Wittgenstein's philosophy, particularly in the mid-period of his philosophical writing. Wittgenstein's version of verificationism differs from the neopositivist formula. However, the teaching of verificationism brings us to even a greater philosophical issue. If we apply the veritification principle to all researches, historicans and scientists will have to only describe mere facts and data while non-application of verificationism will lead to empty and senseless statements taking into account that we have no criteria for using most of known terms both in our scientific and everyday language. That was the problem late Wittgenstein encountered and solved. 

Keywords: Carnap, proposition, intuitionism, mathematics, verificationism, Einstein, Wittgenstein, Schlick, Neopositivism, Brouwer

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of epistemological features of the concept of communicative rationality, the content of which is relevant to modern philosophy. The overview of concepts on the problem presented in the article demonstrates that communicative rationality relates to the theory of knowledge, theories of communicative action, of complicated self-developing systems, synergetics, and self-organization associated with constant variability and dynamism in relations between people. Modern concepts of communicative rationality is presented in comparison to the research in "human dimension" and interdisciplinary areas. The author emphasizes the need for the application of communicative rationality to special subject areas. The research process is based on the methodology of comparative philosophical analysis aimed at acquiring new scientific knowledge. The author of the article proposes the thesis about the ability of epistemology that explores the content and meaning of communicative rationality in the field of knowledge to comprehensively take into account the diversity of situations of human communication. The author shows the relationship of the research problems with social and cultural processes taking place in public life and practical requests for opening perspectives and implementation of procedures, discussions, and making rational, agreed decisions. 

Keywords: communicative rationality, theory of knowledge, network space, epistemological approach, interdisciplinarity, self-organization, information and communication processes, synergetics, axiological orientation

Abstract: The present article is devoted to skepticism as the kind and style of philosophical thinking in comparison to naive realism as the natural attitude of mind and scientific realism as a belief that theoretical thinking lying in the basis of science may understand the true reality. As a philosophical realism skepticism is the third and highest level of realism (as a discourse) after native realism and scientific realism. Skepticism is the most consistent type and style of philosophical reflection. The research is based on the following: the principle of the unity of etymological, logical and historical approaches, the consistency principle and some hermeneutic methods (in particular, interpretation and understanding), the method of historical and philosophical reconstruction that includes the methods of the primary research (analysis of sources) and secondary research (analysis of general literary sources on the matter) and the method of synthesis. Skepticism is a philosophical realism and a certain type of a discourse. The skeptical ‘picture of the world’ is mobile and flexible and, as a consequence, skeptical philosophical statements usually do not lead to any particular results, at the same time they may accept any point of view and therefore they are alien to the provisions that are assumed in the last analysis. Skepticism is a search for truth but not denial of an opportunity to achieve this truth as skeptical philosophy is often interpreted. As a philosophical realism, skepticism can be defined as a self-doubting doubt which, being a rather non-traditional philosophical solution, represents an always searching and never satisfied philosophical thinking.

Keywords: naive realism, scientific realism, philosophical realism, skepticism, doubt, theoretical thinking, paradigm, philosophical thinking, truth, isostheneia.

Abstract: The subject of research is the new concepts of truth that view truth not only as a characteristic of knowledge but also as a form of human existence, object of existence, meaning and a supreme value. Koptseva examines the ontological aspect of the philosophical definition of truth and associated axiological and teleological aspects. In terms of these aspects, truth is defined as a modeling of the integrity of human existence at both individual and social levels. In her article Koptseva analyzes particular points related to the philosophical modeling of truth at the level of individual existence or self-existence. The philosophical modeling of the integrity at the level of individual existence is compared to the religious modeling. The main method used by Koptseva in her research is a method of the philosophical definition of a concept. The researcher has also used the methods of the comparative historical definition of ‘truth’. The research is based on the meta-philosophical conceptual approach when philosophical intellectual techniques come under review themselves. The scientific novelty of research is caused by the fact that traditionally truth is defined in terms of the theory of knowledge while Russian and sometimes foreign traditional researches view truth in terms of ontology and gnoseology. In Russian national picture of the world truth has always been not only a characteristic of knowledge but also the purpose and meaning of human existence.

Keywords: philosophy, truth, modeling, religious experience, cognitive process, consciousness, individual, self-concept, integrity, world.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the subject-object cognitive relations that are viewed based on the example of the artistic image of the window. The metaphor analysis carried out by the researcher allows to describe the main ideas of the Cartesian dualistic paradigm that were further developed during the period of the development of social and humanitarian studies in the first half of the 20th century. Therefore, on one hand, the author reveals the initial problem of the new European subject of knowledge and, on the other hand, outlines the metaphysical aspect of such subjectivity which allows to speak of certain succession in the development of philosophy from classical philosophy to modern problems of rationality. In this regard, the researcher believes the ‘anthropological shift’ in the philosophy of the 20th century to be caused by the ‘epistemological shift’ of the 17th century.

Keywords: metaphysical grounds of knowledge, non-classical type of rationality, rational validity, contemplative intuition, Cartesian dualism, the window image, metaphor of knowledge, anxiety intuition, subject-centralism, prereflexive reality.

Abstract: Emphasis on theory in Wittgenstein’s philosophy in terms of natural practices (language-games and life forms) places it in close relations with Heidegger’s normative pragmatism. In particular, Heidegger focuses on the term «use», too. However, a French philosopher Jocelyn Benoist disputes that the analogy between Wittgenstein’s and Heidegger’s definitions of «use» has such a close nature. The author of the present article comes back to the question about this analogy and tries to clarify whether theorization of Wittgenstein’s term «use» is actually possible. The research was carried out based on the synthesis of hermeneutic and analytical methods in analyzing Heidegger’s and Wittengstein’s texts from the point of view of modern analytical philosophy and, in particular, analytical pragmatism. The author of the article tries to outline a closer relation between Wittengstein’s and Heidegger’s philosophies within the framework of normative pragmatism and naturalism. The author also offers analytical interpretation of certain Wittengstein’s terms such as rules, use, family resemblance, aspect and others). The author of the article establishes that Wittengstein’s philosophy contains implicit metaphysics that is turned into explicit metaphysics by Heidegger.

Keywords: use, meaning, language-game, Dasein, Wittgenstein, Heidegger, pragmatism, naturalism, aspect, rule.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the constitution of the phenomenon in Kant’s philosophy as it is given in his Critique of Pure Reason. The author of the article views two ‘polarizable’ syntheses as Husserl says: synthesis of Self and synthesis of Subject. The constitution of the phenomenon is defined by these two opposites.

Keywords: philosophy, constitution, phenomenon, synthesis, polarization, Kant, Post-Modernism, intersubjectivity, Self, subject.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of Lev Tolstoy’s philosophical thoughts and diary notes on philosophy of art as well as his critics of interpretation of art as a mere recognition of beauty. The author of the article proves that Lev Tolstoy’s definition of art as a mean of communication and exchange of feelings is still quite topical and demanded nowadays for a modern understanding of the relations between philosophy, religion, art and science as well as development of particular methods of humanitarian science and philosophy of culture.

Keywords: philosophy, epistemology, constructivism, radicalism, realism, art, Lev Tolstoy, beauty, feeling, communication.

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes one of rarely studied problems in philosophy — time perception — from the point of view of evolutional epistemiology and cognitive science. Analysis shows great diversity of the world and unlimited variety of time forms and reveals the contents of such phenomenonon of human life activity as creativity. Based on the most recent researches and experimental findings of modern cognitive scientists, the author of the article shows the close connection between creativity and time perception as well as special states of consciousness arising in the process of creative self-realization of human. In particular, from the point of view of evolutional epistemiology and cognitive science, the author of the article defines creativity as some kind of innovative difficulty created by human through perceiving events of the surrounding world and various cognitive states of consciousness in the course of solving a task or problem within a very short period of time.

Keywords: philosophy, time, creative work, tempoworld, perception, autism, temporality, creativity, synergism.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of French pragmatism at the turn of the 19th – 20th century which was centered on the problems of subjective reality and relative knowledge. The author’s purpose was to show how French pragmatists (E. Leroy, G. Milo, J. Villebois) solve the above mentioned issues and come to a new rational understanding of scientific objectivity. The article is of historical and philosophical nature and epistemological nature at the same time because it provides non-trivial perspectives of pragmatism philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, new spiritualism, objectivity, pragmatism, psychology of knowledge, rationalism, relativism, symbolism, phenomenism, epistemology.

Abstract: The purpose of his article is to cast light on the most significant conceptions of the ritual in modern foreign science. The author of the article views Stael’s conception about ‘meaningless’ of the ritual, epistemology of the ritual in Bell’s works, ethological theory of the ritual suggested by Rappaport, Grimes’ conception about the social role of the ritual. The study is based on original monographs of the above mentioned scientists. Summarizing the experience of ritual researches, the author of the article makes the following conclusion. Works by famous modern theorists in the sphere of rituals have something in common — all of these scientists understand that rituality, being taken as the element of everyday reality, is one of the most powerful mechanisms of coping with the shock and catastrophes of both social, political and economic origins. The conclusions and data provided in the article can be used as the basis for further researches of the theory of ritual and history of modern social and philosophical thought.

Keywords: philosophy, ritual, theory of the ritual, ethology, semiotics of the ritual, anthropology, traditions, modernity, foreign science, research of rituals.

Abstract: The article studies the role and meaning of P. D. Jurkiewics’ philosophy in analysis of the idea as a conceptual level of knowledge in philosophy based on comparison of approaches to idea in Plato’s, Aristotle’s, Kant’s and Hegel’s philosophies. The author of the article also describes Jurkiewics’ understanding of the idea in distinction from ‘concept’ and ‘conception’ as a universal human consciousness and world view. The article also describes Jurkiewics’ views on a relationship between philosophical and scientific world views.

Keywords: philosophy, P.D. Jurkiewics, conception, concept, idea, science, mechanical world view, idea as a form of universal philosophical consciousness and perception of the world, rationalism, empirism.

Abstract: The author of the article investigates the analysis of the notion of cause by Hume and Kant. Such analysis was connected with the necessity of philosophical foundation of scientifi c knowledge. The impossibility of experimental foundation of the notion of cause gave birth of Hume skepticism and Kant apriorism.

Keywords: philosophy, cause, scientifi c knowledge, experience, empiricism, perception, ideas, habit, skepticism, a priori

Abstract: The article proves the idea of conscience not existing without a body. When losing connection with the body, the conscience loses its essence and the basic ‘me-and-the world’ relation disappears. Artifi cial intellect (or ‘digital prosthesis’ of conscience) only imitates the mentioned above relation because it is not conditioned by any vital or adaptive necessity. This is why improvement of artifi cial intellect must unavoidably lead to acquiring ‘corporeity’ in its anthropological meaning. It will allow the artifi cial intellect to autonomously exist in an environment.

Keywords: philosophy, epistemology, phenomenology, conscience, cognition, corporeity, intellect, perception, subject, autopoiesis

Abstract: The phylosophical situation of the last century was defined as an «anthropological Renaissance”. There was much interest to the problem of an individual, the rebirth of the anthropocentric scientific research paradigms, new ways to understand human nature… Was it really the anthropological boom, which became the basis for the current philosophical situation?