Abstract: This article assesses the impact of the Austro-Turkish War of 1663–1664 on the state of the Holy Roman Empire's defense institutions and the consolidation of its estates in the face of external threats. The study focuses on the transformation of the relationship between Emperor Leopold I and the imperial estates during the war. The study analyzes the negotiations between the imperial estates and the emperor at the Reichstag regarding military assistance against the Ottoman Empire. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the strengthening of Leopold I's position as Holy Roman Emperor, the creation of a unified imperial army, and the approval of a temporary version of the imperial matricula. Particular attention is given to the legal nuances of the functioning of the imperial defense system in the second half of the 17th century. The research methodology involves working with the legal documents of the Reichstag. This corpus of documentation includes the following types of sources: the emperor's addresses to the Reichstag (Kaiserliche Proposition), the texts of imperial decrees (Reichsschlüsse), and decrees of the Imperial Commission (Kaiserliches Kommissionsdekret). Additional sources include the writings of 17th-century political journalists. The main conclusion of the study is the thesis that the outbreak of war with the Ottoman Empire in 1663 marked a qualitatively new stage in the existence of the Holy Roman Empire. An analysis of the sources shows that Emperor Leopold I succeeded in exploiting the religious underpinnings of the conflict and, acting as a defender of Christendom, united the imperial estates around himself, convincing them to send money and soldiers to fight the Turks. During the war, the imperial estates rallied around the figure of the emperor, an imperial army was created, and a temporary revision of the matricula was agreed upon. This allowed the Ottoman Empire to be militarily defeated and forced to sign a peace treaty. The study's novelty lies in its demonstration of the effectiveness of imperial institutions, which not only were not destroyed after the Peace of Westphalia but also continued to function successfully, ensuring the security of the imperial estates. Thus, the author makes a significant contribution to the historiographical debate about the viability of the Holy Roman Empire and its state structure after the end of the Thirty Years' War.

Keywords: Austro-Turkish War, Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Early Modern Period, Reichstag, Leopold I, Imperial war, Imperial circle, Austria, Ottoman Empire

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the experience of cultural diplomacy in the USSR during the 1950s and 1960s, which are relevant in the contemporary foreign policy practice of Russia. The authors explore the main tools and methods of Soviet cultural diplomacy, conducting a comparative analysis with the current principles of this direction in diplomatic activity. It is noted that in the modern foreign policy concept of Russia, significant attention is paid to the transmission of the country's cultural code and values. These steps are aimed at both forming a positive image of Russia on the world stage and intensifying humanitarian ties, as well as addressing a number of political tasks. Currently, the number of actors in cultural diplomacy is expanding, with the involvement of non-governmental organizations, public associations, etc. This trend was characteristic even during the Soviet period when, for example, contacts in the field of education and science helped to strengthen ties between individual states. The article provides examples from the Soviet experience, such as holding international festivals, exhibitions, and the creation of specialized educational institutions (for example, the Patrice Lumumba People's Friendship University), one of the goals of which was to expand humanitarian cooperation. The primary method of this research is comparative analysis, which allows for an examination of the models and tools of cultural diplomacy in the USSR and modern Russia, as well as identifying the most successful methods that contributed to forming a positive image of the country on the world stage, promoting domestic culture, achievements, and value orientations. The scientific novelty of this research is determined by the attempt to differentiate the methods of Soviet cultural diplomacy in the 1950s and 1960s and their application in contemporary diplomatic practice. The authors have focused on studying the activities of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs and certain organizations aimed at expanding cultural and, in general, humanitarian cooperation. Undoubtedly, the Soviet model of cultural diplomacy attracted researchers' attention; however, it seems quite interesting not only to reconstruct the main directions and methods of the 1950s and 1960s but also to analyze their use in the present day. The authors conclude that the Soviet experience and tools remain relevant, as well as the development of the key trends in cultural diplomacy that were established in the era when the USSR actively expanded political interaction with individual states and regions.

Keywords: cultural diplomacy, foreign policy concept, cross-cultural communication, the image of the state, propaganda, humanitarian cooperation, the policy of soft power, personnel training, public diplomacy, scientific cooperation

Abstract: This article attempts to represent the image of the teacher in the general political press of the Russian Empire during the specified period. Based on an analysis of publications in leading liberal and democratic periodicals, the study reconstructs the social portrait of the teacher and identifies key professional issues: financial dependence, administrative arbitrariness, lack of legal protection, and difficult working and living conditions. Special attention is paid to the ambivalent position of educators: on the one hand, their role in education was recognized as significant; on the other, they remained disenfranchised and dependent on the authorities and local administrators. The study examines issues of professional training, teacher overload, as well as zemstvo initiatives aimed at improving their situation. The research demonstrates how the periodical press not only recorded but also shaped public perceptions of the teaching profession, reflecting the contradictions inherent in the modernization of education in imperial Russia. The study draws on materials from the following general political publications: Vestnik Evropy, Mir Bozhiy, Russkie Vedomosti, Russkaya Mysl, and Russkoe Bogatstvo. These journals and newspapers serve as representative sources for analyzing public sentiment and state policy. The research employs the method of historical-comparative analysis, which makes it possible to compare references to educators and identify common features, differences, and patterns. The most important result of the study is the identification of a paradoxical duality in the image of the teacher: on the one hand, there was a progressive development of zemstvo initiatives aimed at the professionalization of teaching labor and the improvement of material support for public school teachers; on the other, an archaic system of administrative control persisted, significantly limiting the professional autonomy of educators. The systematization of extensive empirical material has made it possible to identify four fundamental aspects of the construction of the educator's social image in sociopolitical discourse: Sociocultural status and position within the system of estate-based hierarchy; Conditions of professional activity and everyday support; Issues of methodological and didactic training; Economic mechanisms of labor relations. The analysis convincingly demonstrates that the periodical press of the period in question acted not merely as a recorder of social processes but as an active participant in shaping value orientations in the field of education. This finding is of fundamental importance for understanding the role of the media in processes of modernization and the development of civil society in contemporary Russia.

Keywords: teaching profession, Russian Empire, zemstvo school, social status, periodical press, teacher training, education, material conditions, public opinion, professional culture

Abstract: The article considers the mechanisms, forms, and areas of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Arab Republic of Egypt in the religious sphere in the first quarter of the 21st century, taking into account the increasing role of the ethno-confessional factor in international relations, in particular, in bilateral relations of multicultural societies such as Russian and Egyptian. The relevance of the research is determined by the growing importance of the religious factor in international relations, its impact on bilateral relations between states, and the emergence of a new model of world order as a whole. The chronological framework of the study covers the first quarter of the 21st century, when the formation and development of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Arab Republic of Egypt in the religious sphere took place. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, credibility, systems analysis, and others. The systemic method allowed examining the religious dialogue between Russia and Egypt as a complex process. The use of the chronological and logical methods made it possible to examine the material in accordance with historical facts. The author studies bilateral relations within the framework of a civilizational approach. The author concludes that in the first quarter of the 21st century the importance of religious dialogue increased, as it became an active participant in the political process. Russian-Egyptian cooperation in the religious sphere has a long history and is based on centuries-old traditions. From 2000 to 2025, it developed in partnership of Russian and Egyptian religious institutions: the Russian Orthodox Church and the Coptic Church, the Russian Orthodox Church and Al-Azhar, and the Religious Board of Muslims of the Russian Federation and Al-Azhar. In this interaction, four main areas can be identified: dialogue between religious institutions, educational sphere, countering radicalism, extremism, and terrorist ideology, and religious tourism. Despite the existing difficulties (the ambiguous attitude of Egyptian institutions toward the expansion of the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church in Africa, the severance of relations with the Alexandrian Patriarchate, restrictions on the activities of the Russian community in Egypt, concerns of the Russian expert community regarding the expansion of al-Azhar's influence on the Russian ummah), the successful development of these contacts was facilitated by a number of factors: the geopolitical situation, personal contacts between the heads of religious institutions, the common interests of institutional structures, and the presence of universal values.

Keywords: Religious institutions, the Russian Orthodox Church, the Coptic Church, al-Azhar, the Religious Board of Muslims, religious dialogue, educational sphere, countering terrorist ideology, religious tourism, pilgrimage

Abstract: The subject of the study is the evolution of the concept of sovereignty in the political and legal thought of antiquity, the Roman period, and the Middle Ages, as well as the formation of classical doctrines of absolute and relative sovereignty in the works of modern thinkers. The paper analyzes the initial concepts of supreme authority, autonomy, and independence of the political community that emerged in ancient philosophy, including the categories of autarky and political freedom, as well as their subsequent transformation into legal constructs of Roman law, such as imperium and jus imperii. Special attention is given to the theological foundations of limiting power in medieval doctrine, particularly in the teachings of Thomas Aquinas, as well as the transition to a systematic legal understanding of sovereignty in the works of Jean Bodin. Additionally, the contribution of Hugo Grotius to the formation of the concept of relative sovereignty, based on the combination of the state’s supreme authority with its international legal obligations, is explored. The research is based on the use of historical-legal, comparative-legal, and formal-legal methods, which ensure the analysis of the evolution of the concept of sovereignty and the identification of the continuity of political and legal ideas. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the formation of the concepts of absolute and relative sovereignty from the perspective of their historical-legal continuity – from ancient philosophy to modern international legal doctrines. It is substantiated that the key elements of contemporary understanding of sovereignty, including the supremacy of power, state independence, and normative limitations, have deep historical roots and developed gradually. It is established that ancient thought laid the foundations of internal and external sovereignty, Roman law provided for their legal institutionalization, and medieval doctrine formed the understanding of normative limits of power. It is shown that Jean Bodin's theory, despite emphasizing absoluteness, contained elements of limitation, which contributed to the development of the concept of relative sovereignty. The key role of Hugo Grotius in justifying the combination of sovereignty with the international obligations of states is highlighted. It is concluded that contemporary international law enshrines a model of functional and limited sovereignty, in which the independence of the state is realized through a system of mutual rights and obligations.

Keywords: sovereignty, absolute sovereignty, relative sovereignty, antiquity, Middle Ages, autarky, eleutheria, Bodin, Aquinas, Grotius

Abstract: The article reconstructs the practices governing the admission of securities to official quotation on the stock market of the early twentieth-century Russian Empire, using materials from the activities of the Moscow Exchange Committee. At the center of the study is the listing procedure as a key market-regulatory mechanism through which the interests of exchange institutions, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Trade and Industry intersected. The aim of the article is to show how decisions to admit or refuse the admission of securities to quotation were made at the level of individual firms, which criteria were applied by regulators, and what consequences followed from the divergence between market-based and ministerial logics of securities valuation. The study draws on archival materials of the Moscow Exchange Committee and makes it possible to move beyond an analysis of formal regulatory prescriptions toward an examination of actual administrative and expert practice. It demonstrates that the Exchange Committee regarded quotation as an instrument for ensuring a reliable market valuation of securities, grounded in their liquidity, breadth of circulation, and the financial soundness of the issuer. In this context, the principal admission criteria included the presence of regular demand, transparent reporting, a stable asset position of the enterprise, and the absence of signs of artificial price formation. The most frequent grounds for refusal were the illiquidity of securities, the weakness of reserve capital, losses, a high dependence on short-term credit, and the questionable quality of assets. Particular attention is paid to the conflict between exchange-based and ministerial interpretations of the functions of quotation. Whereas for the Moscow Exchange Committee the inclusion of a security in the exchange bulletin was meant to confirm its marketability and to serve as a guarantee of correct price indication, for government departments quotation also had a practical function as a benchmark for bank collateral operations. As a result of the Ministry of Finance circular of 1899, commercial banks were allowed to accept predominantly quoted securities as collateral, which stimulated numerous petitions for the inclusion in quotation lists of illiquid shares issued by family-owned and closed commercial-industrial partnerships. This gave rise to a prolonged controversy between the Moscow Exchange Committee and ministerial agencies. The Exchange Committee consistently pointed out that the registration of accidental or isolated transactions in the bulletin did not reflect the real value of a security and created conditions for price manipulation aimed at artificially inflating the collateral value of assets.

Keywords: Moscow Stock Exchange, Russian Empire, securities quotation, exchange committee, liquidity, financial regulation, collateral operations, commercial banks, insider practices, economic history

Abstract: The subject of the study is the problem of the status of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) in Soviet-Chinese relations in the early 1920s. The object of the research is Soviet–Chinese diplomatic relations in the context of resolving the issue of the CER as a key economic, transport, and strategic asset in Manchuria. The article analyzes the contradiction between the officially proclaimed renunciation by the Soviet state of unequal treaties and the actual practice of maintaining control over former Russian positions in China. Particular attention is paid to the manifesto of L. M. Karakhan of July 25, 1919, which became an important instrument of Soviet diplomacy under conditions of international isolation, as well as to its subsequent transformation and revision in the early 1920s. The central research problem is to explain the reasons and mechanisms behind the transition of the Soviet state from anti-imperialist rhetoric and the declared readiness to transfer the CER to China to a policy aimed at preserving its dominant position on the railway through the agreements of 1924 concluded with the Beijing government and the government of Zhang Zuolin. The significance of this issue is reinforced by its historiographical debatability. Scholarly literature offers various interpretations of both the content of Karakhan’s manifesto and the motives of the Soviet side, ranging from the influence of the military-political situation during the Civil War to a deliberate combination of ideological and pragmatic considerations. The study employs the method of historicism, which предполагает analyzing phenomena in their development, interconnection, and conditionality within specific historical contexts. The novelty of the research lies in the use of both published sources and newly introduced archival materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AVPRF), allowing the author to examine understudied aspects of Soviet–Chinese relations related to the CER issue in 1919–1925. Special attention is given to the contradiction between official Soviet declarations on the renunciation of unequal treaties and the actual diplomatic practice aimed at preserving control over the Chinese Eastern Railway. Based on archival documents, the article analyzes the content and political significance of Karakhan’s manifesto, the negotiation process between the USSR, the Beijing government, and the authorities of Manchuria, as well as the mechanisms that enabled the Soviet side to consolidate its influence over the CER through the agreements of 1924.

Keywords: Chinese Eastern Railway, Lev Karakhan, Soviet-Chinese relations, Soviet foreign policy, Adolph Joffe, Sun Yat-sen, Zhang Zuolin, Manchuria, Soviet diplomacy, Sino-Soviet Treaty

Abstract: The article examines the organizational structure of the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) during the 1920s and 1930s. The subject of the study is the process of institutional formation of TASS, considered in conjunction with the factors that defined the agency's tasks and development directions during this period. The author discusses the agency's management system, the powers of its governing bodies, decision-making mechanisms, and the distribution of responsibilities among structural divisions. The structure of TASS's editorial offices is also analyzed: the principles of department formation, the control system, and the procedure for preparing materials for distribution. In addition, the article investigates the forms and nature of the agency's interaction with party-state authorities. Furthermore, special attention is given to the transformation of the agency compared to its predecessor, the Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA), and the identification of organizational solutions that shaped the centralized nature of the Soviet information system. This research is based on the principles of historicism and an institutional approach, combined with comparative-historical and problem-historical methods of analysis. The theoretical and methodological framework of the study allows for the reconstruction of TASS's structure formation, describes the mechanisms of its integration into the party-Soviet apparatus, compares the agency with ROSTA, and systematizes material around key issues in the agency's formation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the introduction of previously unused archival sources into scientific circulation, allowing for the restoration of a detailed picture of TASS's institutional formation. The main conclusions of the conducted research are propositions that the centralized and hierarchical structure of the agency was formed not spontaneously, but as a result of targeted state policy in the field of information. It is also shown that TASS performed not only purely informational functions but also political and managerial functions, becoming a key tool in forming a unified state information system in the USSR. At the same time, the study revealed that the degree of the agency's dependence on the party apparatus progressively increased throughout the examined period, which reflected both on the editorial policy and on the internal organizational structure of TASS. Thus, the obtained results open up perspectives for further study of the history of domestic mass media.

Keywords: TASS, ROSTA, news agencies, history of the media, information, USSR, information policy, Soviet press, institutional framework, organizational structure

Abstract: The article presents a comparative analysis of research approaches to understanding the events of the Peasant War of 1524–1525 in the German lands by W. Bloch and K. Kautsky. The works published in the scientific and educational journal "Die Neue Zeit" were written by the authors during the period of the Exceptional Law Against Socialists (from October 22, 1878, to September 30, 1890). The scholarly-journalistic narrative style of W. Bloch showed stylistic and content similarities with the tradition of W. Zimmermann, while K. Kautsky's theoretical discourse was based on the methodology of historical materialism by F. Engels. There was rivalry between the authors, two prominent social democrats, for the position of editor-in-chief of "Die Neue Zeit," primarily explained by significant differences in their ideological views. These disagreements in understanding socialism found reflection in the historical narrative of the Peasant War. The use of the historical-comparative method in this research is due to the necessity to substantiate the conceptual differences in the interpretation of the Peasant War in the German lands of 1524–1525 by representatives of two distinct ideological currents within German social democracy. The authors were interested in different aspects of the historical event, and thus their research objectives also differed. W. Bloch aimed to awaken a sense of class solidarity among the proletarian milieu, using the heroic image of Florian Geyer as a value-oriented reference. In his analysis, he primarily adhered to general democratic positions. In contrast, K. Kautsky relied on the methodological foundation of historical materialism, interpreting the events of the Peasant War strictly in terms of class struggle and socio-economic formations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the systemic analysis and introduction of the little-studied works of K. Kautsky and W. Bloch into the domestic scientific discourse, dedicated to the history of the Peasant War of the 16th century. Despite their scientific significance, they have been rarely translated into Russian and have not become the subject of comprehensive study.

Keywords: german social-democracy, social-democratic press, german labour movement, Peasant war in Germany, social-democracy, Wilhelm Blos, Florian Geyer, Black company, Karl Kautsky, Thomas Müntzer

Abstract: The subject of the research is the teaching activities of monastic teachers at the Alexander Nevsky Theological Academy at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The analysis of legislation illustrates the privileged status of the Theological Academy, characterized by a special curriculum and systematic training of seminarians for teaching positions in seminaries and academies. Information is provided about the increase in the number of monastic teachers at the Alexander Nevsky Academy and the spiritual schools attended by the monks. Special attention is given to the education of the academy's students in philosophy, history, poetics, and foreign languages. An important component of the study is the examination of the interaction between teachers and students at the academy, manifested in the teaching of sermon composition and the organization of student debates. This allows for the tracing of the formation of the academy's teaching staff. The study also addresses the teachers' attitudes toward changes in the organization of the educational process. The research is based on a historical-systems method, which highlights and analyzes the components of spiritual education at the Alexander Nevsky Academy: subjects and classes, teaching methods, the delivery of sermons, and the organization of debates. Using content analysis, the study examines the academic records of the Alexander Nevsky Theological Academy: the composition of students, the curriculum, and the academic performance of pupils. A social portrait of the monastic teachers of the Theological Academy is presented. The positions of Bishops Gavriil (Petrov) and Amvrosiy (Podobedov) regarding the formation of the teaching staff of the metropolitan academy are presented. The information about the scientific, educational, and theological works of the teachers allows for an examination of the directions of the academy’s scientific-theological school. Based on the analysis of unpublished documents from the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA), the Central State Historical Archive of Saint Petersburg (TsGIA SPb), the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library (OR RNB), and Russian legislation, the features of the curriculum of the Alexander Nevsky Theological Academy and the state's attitude toward the issues of preparing students of theological educational institutions for teaching activities are analyzed. The state's interest in training literate pastors is confirmed by a number of legislative acts dedicated to enhancing the status of theological educational institutions and regulating the educational order.

Keywords: academic monasticism, Alexander Nevsky Theological Academy, St. Petersburg Diocese, monastic teachers, educational records, curriculum, seminarians, Paul I, Metropolitan Gabriel, Metropolitan Ambrose

Abstract: The subject of the research is the genesis of constitutional and legal regimes in Russia as a multi-stage, complex process of forming legal foundations for limiting state power, democratizing approaches to regulating social relations, and transitioning from absolute monarchy to constitutionalism. The aim of the study is to determine the historical and legal moment of the establishment of the first constitutional and legal regime in Russia through conducting a systematic analysis of the evolution of domestic legislation, political institutions, and their practical implementation in various historical periods. The task consists of establishing the point at which legal norms first allowed for a significant limitation of the monarch's power, enshrined elements of representation, indicating the formation of domestic constitutionalism. The objective includes comparing different approaches to defining the essence of constitutionalism and identifying the key stage that laid the foundation for the further development of constitutional law in Russia. The methodology is based on the method of historical-legal analysis of regulatory acts (projects of constitutional reforms of the 19th century, the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, the Fundamental State Laws of 1906, and the constitutions of the RSFSR and the USSR) and the comparative study of approaches to the formation of constitutionalism. The results of the study establish that the first constitutional and legal regime in Russia was formed in 1906 with the adoption of the Fundamental State Laws, which defined elements of representative power in the State Duma and limited the monarchy, thus refuting the widely held opinion that it emerged only with the entry into force of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1918. The obtained data have practical significance for conducting further analysis of transitional regimes. The field of application of the results covers constitutional law in Russia and the history of the state and law. The novelty lies in defining 1906 as the moment of the establishment of the first constitutional and legal regime in Russia, taking into account the actual implementation of legal norms. The conclusions confirm the gradualness of the process of forming constitutional and legal regimes, recommending the use of developed criteria to evaluate early constitutionalism in other autocratic systems.

Keywords: Constitutionalism, Constitutional-legal regime, Russian Empire, Fundamental State Laws, Manifesto of 1905, State Duma, Limitation of monarchy, Historical-legal analysis, Drafts of constitutions, Federalism

Abstract: The subject of the study is the analysis of the involvement of well-known merchant and industrial dynasties of Berdyansk in the construction of its port, the development of trade, charitable and cultural affairs in the city, and the restoration of the city after its devastation during the Crimean War in the 30s-90s of the 19th century. The object of the study includes diary notes, archival materials, newspaper articles, and statistical data from that time in Berdyansk. The author focuses on the practical use of historical and cultural heritage, reflecting the formation and strengthening of the civilizational foundations and traditional spiritual and moral values of Russian society, as exemplified by the contribution of entrepreneurship to development and addressing the economic and sociocultural problems of the city. The work examines the possibilities for developing modern research tools and strengthening the civilizational foundations and traditional spiritual and moral values of Russian society. The research is based on the methods of historical analysis, philosophical hermeneutics, comparative studies, and historical analogy between the events of the examined period and the present. The main conclusions of the research assert that financial resources accumulated through prudent management, entrepreneurship, and with the assistance of foreign capital were not used for accumulation, let alone exported abroad, for luxury or fun, but were invested in the development of the port and the city, in its improvement, and in charity, which contributed to the prosperity of the city and the decent life of its citizens. This conclusion leads to the assertion that the constructive side of the activity of most merchants, their desire to invest part of their capital in the productive sphere and another significant part in public improvements and social issues, requires wide coverage and promotion among modern entrepreneurs and those preparing to become such. The novelty of the study lies in the historical parallels drawn in the article between the 30s-90s of the 19th century and the current development of Berdyansk, providing today's entrepreneurs and those training them for such important and responsible activities with clear guidelines in addressing issues of attracting private investors to the modernization of the region, which are the wonderful traditions established by the representatives of the merchant dynasties of Berdyansk.

Keywords: historical and cultural heritage, traditional spiritual and moral values, socio-cultural problems of the port city, social responsibility of business, strengthening the socio-cultural identity, civilizational foundations, merchant dynasties, charity, constructive activity, beautification

Abstract: The article is devoted to identifying the ideas about the Franco-Russian Alliance and the Russian Empire as an ally, which popular French daily newspapers formed to their readers during the visit of the Russian squadron under the command of Admiral F. K. Avellan to Toulon in October 1893. The ideas translated in the articles of the four largest French daily newspapers (Le Petit Parisien, Le Matin, Le Petit Journal and Le Journal) reflect the relationship within the Franco-Russian Alliance that developed between the signing of the consultative pact and the ratification of the military convention. In combination with the existing studies on the Franco-Russian Alliance the use of the popular French daily newspapers seems promising for further research. General scientific and special historical methods, such as historical-genetic, historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods were used in this study. The novelty of the research is the introduction of materials from popular French daily newspapers into scientific circulation. Based on the analysis of the content of Le Petit Parisien, Le Matin, Le Petit Journal and Le Journal, it is concluded that the French newspapers were not only active participants in the Toulon celebrations, but also pursued a unified political line in covering the Russian-French manifestations. The mechanisms used by popular French daily newspapers to construct the image of the Franco-Russian Alliance and Russia as an ally for their target audience were identified. Among them: the special emotionality of the narrative, the idea of the natural sympathy of peoples for each other, the presentation of the Franco-Russian Alliance as a guarantee of establishing a balance of power in Europe and achieving long-term peace, the removal of contradictions between the forms of government of Russia and France, etc.

Keywords: Franco-Russian Alliance, Alexander III, F. K. Avellan, popular daily newspapers, the naval visit, Toulon, Le Petit Parisien, Le Matin, Le Petit Journal, Le Journal

Abstract: The subject of the study is the reflection of the policy of the United States regarding the civil war in Greece in 1947 in British media publications using the example of central British newspapers: The Daily Herald (a newspaper that supported the Labor Party), The Times, The Observer (a centrist newspaper) and The Daily Mirror, the left-liberal The Manchester Guardian, The Spectator (a conservative newspaper), the right–wing The Sunday Times and regional - The Yorkshire Observer (British edition of liberal views), The Belfast News-Letter (conservative daily). The article examines how objectively the British media covered the emerging US policy towards the Greek Civil War in 1947, and what positions the British publications took in covering the US actions in Greece. The questions raised are considered in a problem-chronological plan. The article analyzes the reflection of the formation and implementation of Washington's political course in Greece, the depth of coverage of this topic. The main conclusions of the research conducted for the first time in Russian science are that in the British selected publications, when covering the problems of US policy in the Greek conflict, objectivity and impartiality were not present in all cases, and the same events received different assessments. Sometimes the ascertaining side prevailed over the analytical one. British newspapers described the Truman Doctrine in different ways, and sometimes covered the Greek conflict in the context of Anglo-American relations. The analysis of the international aspects of the Greek war in the context of the Cold War (the "promotion" of anti-communist, anti-Soviet motives) was traced. The research materials can be used in further study of the Greek civil war of 1946-1949, the propaganda aspect of the Cold War and regional conflicts of the post-war period.

Keywords: Greek Civil War 1946-1949, The Daily Herald, The Daily Mirror, The Times, The Manchester Guardian, information war, cold war, regional conflicts, propaganda war, information space

Abstract: Since the time of Solon there was a rule in Athens that allowed every citizen to act as an accuser on behalf of those wronged in court. However it was not until the only in the 420s BC did people begin to use this right frequently for personal gain. From then on litigants called sycophants attracted attention from Athenian authors for another century. This study is relevant because there is no comprehensive analysis of sycophants in Russian or foreign historiography. Its goal is to identify factors that led to their emergence and to examine this phenomenon in Athens during the late 5th and 4th centuries BC. The study is based on general scientific and general historical methods, which are based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity, as well as special methods like problem-chronological and comparative-historical approaches. The study's novelty lies in proposing an original hypothesis about why professional prosecutors proliferated in Athens. The article also presents a new interpretation of changes in the structure of private wealth in Athens through the prism of the concept of "portfolio capitalism". As a result of the study the authors conclude that the economic crisis after the Peloponnesian War's outbreak increased litigators by the late 5th century BC. During this time much of the wealth of Athens' wealthy became "invisible property" easily hidden to avoid performing liturgies. Combined with the collapse of Athens' maritime power and lost foros income, this caused more confiscations of wealth, creating favorable conditions for sycophants' activities. The activity of professional prosecutors in the next century was primarily related to the internal political struggle against the background of Macedonian expansion.

Keywords: sycophant, Athens, judicial speeches, Demosthenes, Xenophon, invisible property, Peloponnesian War, athenian orators, phoros, Athenian Empire

Abstract: The subject of the research is the content, forms, and methods of activity of the Krasnoyarsk city organization of the Komsomol and the subordinate All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin in the communist upbringing of the younger generation in the first post-war decades. The object of the research is the youth communist organizations of the city of Krasnoyarsk as socio-political institutions that functioned during the late Stalinist and early post-Stalinist periods. The author examines in detail the dynamics of the size and socio-demographic composition of the Komsomol organization, including the growth in the number of students and the decline in the share of workers. Special attention is paid to the gender predominance of girls in the city Komsomol and pioneer organizations, while leadership positions remained in the hands of the male minority, the organization of the political education system, organizational problems in the functioning of youth organizations, and their participation in production campaigns. The research methodology is based on the theories of historical materialism, Antonio Gramsci's cultural hegemony, and N.M. Churinov's dual typology of society. The author used general scientific and special historical methods, as well as statistical data analysis methods. The researcher comes to the following conclusions. The decline in the share of workers in the Komsomol (from 46% to 27%) was a delayed consequence of the 1938 cadre revolution, which led to an increase in the share of students and employees. During these years, persistent gender imbalances were observed: women made up to 66.5%, but men held leadership positions. The Komsomol and pioneers were female in composition, but the male community controlled governance. This organizational imbalance was eliminated by 1950 thanks to directives from the Krasnoyarsk city Komsomol committee. A notable phenomenon in the intra-union life of the city Komsomol organization was the change in the paradigm of work at the junction of eras. If in 1946–1952 the main task was education in the spirit of Soviet patriotism, then from 1953 the inclusion of youth in solving production tasks came to the fore. This caused cadre purges, as the governing bodies were unable to restructure in a timely manner. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that all these processes have been identified for the first time using regional material characterizing the activities of the Krasnoyarsk city Komsomol organization.

Keywords: All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union, Pioneer organization, Krasnoyarsk, Collectivist society, Cadre revolution, Gender imbalances, Cadre purges, Political education, Post-war reconstruction, Socialist competition