Abstract: The subject of this study is the state-religion relations in Crimea during the 1922 campaign for the seizure of church valuables. The research focuses on the trial of the Orthodox clergy of Simferopol in November–December 1922. The author examines the prerequisites for organizing the trial, detailing the individuals who found themselves in the dock, their brief biographical data, and identifies the legal grounds that led to their conviction, release from punishment, and amnesty. The source base of the study consists of materials from the case of the pardon of the ruling archbishop of the Taurida Diocese Nikodim (Krotkov), and other Orthodox clergy of Simferopol, stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The discovered documents allow for a more comprehensive reconstruction of past events that had a significant impact on the history of the canonical Orthodox Church in Crimea. In writing the article, the author employed both general scientific research methods and special (historical-genetic, biographical historiography and narrative) methods. The novelty of the research lies in the author's introduction of previously unpublished archival documents into circulation. The diagrams clearly identify the entire range of participants in the trial of the Simferopol clergy, which took place in 2022, and structure their religious and social affiliations, personnel, age, and level of education. The main conclusions of the study indicate that the number of defendants in the trial makes it one of the largest after the second Moscow and Petrograd trials of 1922. The confessional affiliation of 80% of the defendants (59 out of 73 individuals) with the Russian Orthodox Church suggests that the main blow of the young Soviet power in Crimea was directed specifically against it. The removal of Archbishop Nikodim (Krotkov) from the administration of the Taurida Diocese, who represented the old church (Tikhon's or, in other words, patriarchal) orientation and was a key figure in the trial, significantly affected the weakening of his supporters' position and the subsequent rise of the renewal movement in the territory of the Crimean Peninsula.

Keywords: new martyrs and confessors, Russian Orthodox Church, Crimea, Simferopol, seizure of church valuables, trial, Nikodim Krotkov, Karaites, Jews, Catholics

Abstract: The researches of graduate students and doctoral students are analyzed. The authors reveal organizational issues and the construction process itself: sources of financing, provision of construction materials and personnel, deadlines and quality of work. The dissertations are devoted to the development of housing construction on the example of individual regions, territories and autonomous republics, regional specifics and conditions of its implementation on the ground are revealed. The researchers, relying on current methodological systems (modernization theory, the history of everyday life, new local history, etc.), reconstruct not only the dynamics of the increase in housing stock, but also the demographic prerequisites for the aggravation of the housing problem, socio-cultural factors of urban environment development, the problems of everyday life of citizens in new living conditions. The article provides a historiographical review of modern Russian dissertation researches on the history of housing construction in the RSFSR in the second half of the twentieth century. Historiographical publications are devoted to the main aspects of historical urban studies in dissertation researches or general issues of housing historiography using the example of monographs and articles. This article is based on dissertations by Russian researchers that have not previously been the subject of other articles. The advantages and disadvantages of the works, thematic gaps are revealed, and the contribution of scientists to the development of selected issues is determined. For example, the history of individual housing construction was not the subject of a separate dissertation. In the available works, the role of public organizations in solving the housing problem is poorly considered, there is almost nothing about the socialist credit system for the construction of individual housing. Despite the study of the issue on the example of many regions, the history of housing construction on the example of most subjects of the federation has not yet been considered. The topic of the history of mass housing construction has both theoretical, scientific, and practical, social and economic significance, since the housing stock in the regions is still largely provided by Soviet standard buildings, while the disadvantages of point and microdistrict buildings are reproduced in construction to this day.

Keywords: residential construction, individual housing construction, apartment housing construction, standard houses, large-panel house building, state housing policy, historiography, research digest, Candidate’s dissertation, Ph.D. thesis

Abstract: The subject of the research is Sweden's participation in the implementation of a non-intervention policy during the years of the Spanish Civil War, examined through the issue of foreign volunteers' involvement in the conflict. The aim of the work is to determine the degree and nature of Sweden's participation in the London Committee for Non-Intervention, as well as its influence on the course of political discussions and government decisions. It was the adherence to foreign policy commitments that led to the adoption of a law against the participation of Swedish citizens in foreign conflicts. At the same time, an analysis of debates in the Riksdag revealed deep divisions among various political groups regarding the criminalization of volunteer actions. The source base of the research consists of archival materials from the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, transcripts of parliamentary debates, and ego-documents from Swedish volunteers. On the methodological principles of historicism and comparative analysis, it is shown that Sweden's position within the Non-Intervention Committee was cautious and opportunistic, influenced closely by the decisions of leading European powers. The novelty of the study lies in the use of declassified materials from the internal administration of the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the late 1936 to early 1937, sourced from the National Archives in Stockholm, which have not previously been introduced into scientific circulation. The article concludes that the measures taken against volunteers were aimed at strengthening the idea of Sweden's commitment to a neutralist course in the consciousness of the international community. At the same time, the sanctions against participants in the Spanish Civil War did not reflect an internal socio-political consensus. The difficulties faced by Swedish politicians in addressing the volunteer issue vividly demonstrate how challenging it was for a small country to establish its own foreign policy line in the context of a deep crisis in international relations.

Keywords: Spanish Civil War, non-intervention policy, neutrality, Sweden, Non-Intervention Committee, volunteers, International Brigades, Rickard Sandler, Per Albin Hansson, international relations

Abstract: The subject of the research is the publishing activity of the English clergyman Richard Hakluyt. He was directly connected with the state elite, and there is evidence of his correspondence with one of the favorites of Elizabeth Tudor, Walter Raleigh. To obtain permission to publish books, he had to contact members of the Privy Council, William Cecil and Francis Walsingham, which provides grounds to consider his publishing activity as one of the means of transmitting the foreign policy ideas of the highest English bureaucracy to their subjects. The presence of specifically targeted recipients identified by the publisher himself, along with probable conscious omissions, adjustments of materials, additions, clarifications, and modifications of original travelers' reports, allows for an examination of Hakluyt's publishing activities from the perspective of communicative strategies. Communicative strategy refers to the author's actions concerning the selection of information content, its structuring, the linguistic markers used, and their application goals, as well as consideration of the audience's characteristics and the means of addressing them. The aim of this work is to identify the features of Richard Hakluyt's communicative strategy in the publication of “The Discoveries of Muscovy” to determine the specifics of the intended audience for this work. The study relies on the methodology of the Cambridge school of analyzing political languages of the early modern period. Its key method is the examination of historical sources in the broad context of the writings of the era and the search for recurring linguistic markers. The compendium “The Discoveries of Muscovy” can be viewed as part of the communicative field of the British state elite and members of trading companies sent to Muscovy on trading or diplomatic missions. Richard Hakluyt, through practical advice, presents Muscovy as a potential trading partner, while simultaneously describing the Muscovites unambiguously as "foreigners." To achieve these goals, the author selects travelogue texts differing from the usual format familiar to the English, supplements them with his comments specifically targeted at merchants, and emphasizes the otherness of the Muscovites and the superiority of civilized Englishmen over "barbaric" and "rude" peoples using various linguistic markers. In the matter of religion, in the texts selected by Hakluyt, Muscovy is depicted as a country distinct from the European Christian world. It is emphasized that the Muscovites have their own religion, which differs from the Greek one.

Keywords: Tudors, political languages, Hakluyt, geographical compendiums, Muscovy Company, Muscovy, diplomats, communication strategies, Giles Fletcher, travel diaries

Abstract: The author analyses the features of English cultural nationalism in the second half of the 18th – first half of the 20th centuries. The author analyses the discourse of cultural nationalism through its representation in the texts of Thomas Gray, Gilbert Keith Chesterton and Ivor Gurney. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the history of English cultural nationalism, which in historiography has been studied lesser than the historical, cultural and political experiences of minority nationalisms in Great Britain. Cultural history is perceived as a space for the development and actualization of nationalist ideas. Methodologically, the article is based on the achievements of modern interdisciplinary historiography, including the history of ideas and intellectual history, which allows us to expand our understanding of literary texts of the past, analyzing them not only as literary monuments, but also as moments of social and cultural history. The article shows that 1) English identity was represented and actualised mainly in literature, which turned culture into the main space for the English nationalist imagination – therefore cultural nationalism in English society was more developed than other nationalisms, including ethnic and political, 2) English poets of the 18 – the first half of the 20th centuries played a leading role in the development of nationalism, forming and reproducing narratives that became the basis of the nationalist imagination, 3) the invented cultural tradition of the absence and invisibility of the Englishmen and England as a nation and nation-state played a central role in the actualisation of English identity in the British cultural and political contexts. It is assumed that English nationalism migrated from the political sphere to cultural spaces, since its theorists were unable to realise the English political or cultural project of the nation-state.

Keywords: England, nationalism, intellectuals, poets, literature, literary history, history of nationalism, Thomas Gray, Gilbert Keith Chesterton, Ivor Gurney

Abstract: In the context of increasing environmental threats, the formation of an effective system of supervision and control over compliance with environmental legislation is of strategic importance to the state. This task is particularly relevant in the field of management and protection of water resources, the quality and safety of which directly affect the health of the nation, economic stability and environmental security of the country. The purpose of study is to conduct a historical and legal analysis of the activities of the state bodies of the Russian Empire for the protection of water objects in the XIX – early XX century to identify positive historical experience applicable in improving the work of modern law enforcement and law enforcement agencies. The article uses an extensive list of sources, including archival materials, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Research uses a set of methodological approaches (modernization, civilizational, dialectical-materialistic, challenge theory), as well as general scientific and special legal methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling, comparative law, formal law). Scientific novelty of research consists in a comprehensive study of activities of government agencies and institutions of Russian Empire that protected water resources during period under review. Positive and negative aspects of their activities aimed at maintaining environmental law and order during the period under review are identified. In addition, an assessment is given of their activities to prevent and combat pollution of country's water resources in 19th and early 20th centuries. Conducted historical and legal analysis allowed author to substantiate a promising direction for reforming system of state environmental authorities. Key conclusion of study is that the revival of Russian tradition of creating specialized authorized structures in Russian government system can become an effective tool for improving state of country's water resources and their protection.

Keywords: water resources, water objects, environmental authorities, Russian empire, environmental protection activities, protection of reservoirs, environmental protection, executive activity, law enforcement activities, river police

Abstract: The study is devoted to an important aspect of the history of Central Asia – the trade relations between the Turks and the Chinese in the VI–VIII centuries. This period was crucial for the formation of an international exchange system in the region, especially in the context of the interaction of nomadic and settled civilizations. The problem of the role of the Turkic-Chinese borderland as a catalyst for trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road is an attempt to rethink the mechanisms of interaction, as well as the importance of the main players – Turks and Chinese – in this process. Trade along the frontier zone was not just a local phenomenon, but part of a global exchange system. Chinese sources, the chronicles of the Sui and Tang dynasties, contain valuable information about the trade in silk, horses and other goods.  The work uses frontier theory, a concept that studies border zones (frontiers) as special territories where different cultures, economies, and political systems interact. Silk, as China's main export, played a key role in maintaining the economic balance between nomadic and settled peoples. The mention of Sogdians as intermediaries in the silk trade highlights their important role in the dissemination of goods and cultural influences. The Sogdians were not only merchants, but also cultural agents who facilitated interaction between East and West. Their activities contributed to the integration of Central Asia into the broader Silk Road network. The thesis of the symbiosis of China and the nomadic steppe through trade is the key to this study. China needed horses for the army and transport, and the nomads needed silk and other goods, which were used as a means of accumulating wealth and prestige. This mutually beneficial exchange contributed to the stabilization of relations between the two civilizations. The Turkic-Chinese trade relations became the center of economic and cultural activity, which contributed to the development of international relations. Trade between them stimulated not only economic growth, but also political and cultural exchange, including the spread of technology, religions, and ideas.

Keywords: turks, China, trade, The Great Silk Road, sogdians, Central Asia, nomads, silk, horse, frontier

Abstract: The article examines the development of domestic historiography in the context of post-war collectivization in the USSR, using studies from the 1980s as an example. The object of the study is the dynamics of changes in Soviet historiography and the key circumstances of the final stage of its formation. The subject is the scientific contribution of Soviet scholars to the interpretation of the processes of post-war collectivization and dekulakization in the western regions of the Soviet Union. The goal is to identify the extent of the influence of factors related to the evolution of Soviet historiography on the specifics and results of the study of these processes during the indicated period. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the themes, statistical data, and assessments made by historians of the 1980s and their colleagues from the preceding period, revealing both continuity (contradictions in the evaluations of collectivization and statistics regarding the maturation of prerequisites and the pace of collectivization) and innovations (prerequisites and difficulties of collectivization in the Kaliningrad region, deportation). Special attention is paid to the unique conditions of the formation of historiography on post-war collectivization in the 1980s, and the new statistics utilized by historians are analyzed, along with the reasons for the retention of several aspects of the topic as poorly studied or unexplored. The study was conducted using comparative-historical and problem-historical methods to identify the peculiarities of themes and assessments of various aspects of post-war collectivization, and the method of retrospective analysis to contemplate under-researched topics and the reasons for such a state of affairs in Soviet historiography. The results obtained were structured according to the principle of historicism. The scientific novelty is associated with the application of modern achievements in historical science (the experience of studying pre-war collectivization from the scientific school of V. P. Danilov). In the 1980s, the study of post-war collectivization was influenced by the concept of developed socialism, the end of L.I. Brezhnev's leadership, and perestroika. Most publications from the 1980s are summarizing works due to the introduction into scientific circulation of a wide range of documents in the mid-1960s to 1970s. In the 1980s, the opinion solidified regarding the immaturity of the prerequisites for post-war collectivization and the presence of violations during collectivization; historians began writing about the seizure of agricultural products through collective farms, campaigns as an organizational tool, and the number of deportees for the first time. The author's special contribution is a comparative analysis of the historiography of the 1980s and previous stages, allowing for the tracing of the evolution of views among Soviet historians under the influence of ideological, political, and subjective factors.

Keywords: restructuring, developed socialism, mass collectivization, historical paradigm, agrarian reform, subsidiary farms, cooperation, MTS political departments, dekulakization, deportation

Abstract: In 1926, in Moscow, in accordance with the resolution approved by the V Congress of the Comintern, the International Lenin School (ILS) was opened. In the system of communist universities, the ILS was assigned the role of the main educational center of the Comintern, intended for training the leadership of foreign communist parties. Over the twelve years of its existence, hundreds of professional revolutionaries passed through the classrooms of the school, many of whom became prominent representatives of the world communist movement: Josip Broz Tito, Erich Honecker, Vilko Cher venkov, and others. Despite the existing publications about the International Lenin School, the administrative aspects of its work have rarely been the subject of scientific research. In particular, the process of creating the ILS has not been properly covered in literature. The subject of this article is the activities of the Commission of the Organizational Bureau of the ECCI for the organization of the International Lenin School. Methodologically, the work is based on the comparison of various types of sources (office documents, party documents, personal sources) to comprehensively reconstruct the objective historical reality. A significant contribution of the author to the study of the history of the International Lenin School is the reconstruction of the main stages of the establishment of the educational institution: the discussion of the problem of communist education at the IV and V Congresses of the Comintern, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) making a positive decision on the establishment of the school in February 1925, the formation of a special Commission for organizing the ILS under the Organizational Bureau of the ECCI, the completion of the work of the Commission, and the establishment of the school's administration in the spring of 1926. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the reconstruction of poorly studied aspects of the history of the ILS and the introduction of a significant body of unpublished materials into circulation. Relying on significant archival materials (funds 495 and 531 from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History), the author examined the circumstances related to the activities of the Commission that directed and coordinated all work on the establishment of the school: the inter-agency process of coordinating activities for organizing the ILS, the personnel policy of the school, the development of the curriculum and programs, the peculiarities of conducting the admission campaign, and so on.

Keywords: International Lenin School, Organizational Bureau Commission of the ECCI, Comintern, Training of Party Cadres, Party Education, World Communist Movement, History of the USSR, Bela Kun, K.I. Kirsanova, G. Dimitrov

Abstract: The object of the study is the contracting system as an element of the reform of state-owned enterprises of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1993; the subject of the study is the introduction of the contracting system in the context of political and economic reforms in this period. The relevance of the article is due to the renewed discussion in academic and political-managerial circles about alternatives to "shock therapy" as a complex of radical socio-economic reforms resorted to by the countries of the former socialist bloc as part of the transition to a capitalist economy. The authors analyze the initial stage of economic transformations and their main mechanisms in the People's Republic of China, which followed the path of progressive transformation and preserved the foundations of the socio-political structure. The purpose of this research is to study the features of the contracting system implemented at state–owned enterprises of the People's Republic of China as a tool to improve the efficiency of enterprise management, without resorting to changing the function of the state as their owner. The objectives of this study are to consider the ideological justifications for the reform of state-owned enterprises; to analyze the normative legal acts adopted by the state authorities of the People's Republic of China in order to create a legal framework for the implementation of the contracting system; to establish the specifics of the introduction and expansion of the contracting system in state-owned enterprises, taking into account errors in the experiments; to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the contracting system. The main methods that the authors use in the research are the analysis of primary sources, the principle of historicism, and a systematic approach. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the authors analyze in a broad historical context the political process of adopting regulatory documents regulating the reform process and establish the relationship between the strategic direction of the country's development and specific decisions taken regarding the transformation of state-owned enterprises. The authors conclude that the introduction of the PRC's contracting system made possible the partial separation of ownership and management rights and, thus, made it possible to begin solving the problem of increasing the efficiency of state-owned enterprises. Combined with the introduction of a "two-tier" pricing system, the contracting system gave rise to the formation of the first market elements, which laid the foundation for the introduction of a "system of modern enterprises" at later stages of the reform and for the formation of a socialist market economy as a whole.

Keywords: state-owned enterprises, state capitalism, contracting system, reform, socialism, ownership right, right of economic management, five-year plan, state sector, corporate contract