Abstract: The article considers urban road infrastructure as one of the factors of socio-economic everyday life of a person. Based on the materials of Leningrad in the 1950s – 1960s, it is studied how the city's transport system was influenced by the settlement of the city center, the reform of working hours and population growth, the problems faced by the city's transport network and the mechanisms for their solution are demonstrated. The degree of effectiveness of overcoming the existing problems in the road and logistics infrastructure of the city is being clarified. Historical-genetic, historical-comparative and retrospective methods are used to solve the tasks set in the article. The analysis carried out in the article demonstrated that despite the considerable efforts of the city authorities, they failed to create an efficient road transport network. The desire of the federal and municipal authorities of Russia to resolve this issue, quite often in cities with a million population does not lead to the desired result. Conducted on the materials of Leningrad 1950 – 1960s, historical analysis shows that, in solving this problem, it is necessary to take into account many factors, both demographic and social. But even under these conditions, as the historical experience of Leningrad showed, when the city authorities made significant efforts to create an extensive road and transport network, logistical problems were not overcome. Therefore, historical experience and modern realities indicate the need to develop new, more effective theoretical models for organizing the movement of the city's population.

Keywords: road, leningradets, citizen, city, urban space, transport problem, settlement policy, free time, road infrastructure, Leningrad

Abstract: In the article are considered on example of the one of the Russian regions (the Kola North), the prerequisites and conditions for the formation and subsequent development of tourism in the Western Arctic at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. The author reveals the specifics of the region, which influences on the formation of a tourist destination on this territory, analyzes the state of the service and hospitality infrastructure that existed during the specified period, as well as the available communication routes connecting the Kola North with the regions of Russia and other states. Overview of factors, objects and phenomena that are attractive to tourists and are used to promote visiting the Arctic territories is also provides. Particular attention is paid to the development of steamship communications, which ensured the greatest transport accessibility of the region in these conditions. The main result of the study is the identification of the features of Russian Arctic tourism in the period of its inception (second half of the XIX – early XX centuries). In the article is analyzed the activity of the Association of the Arkhangelsk-Murmansk Express Shipping Company as one of the main initiators and stakeholders in the development of tourism in the Russian Arctic, and also reviews the publications of that time, specially prepared to facilitate travel to the North. Based on the results of the study, it was determined that in Russia by the beginning of the XX century was formed the Arctic tourism direction, which had the potential for scaling and high-quality development, but these processes were interrupted by the First World War and subsequent revolutionary events.

Keywords: The Arkhangelsk-Murmansk Express Shipping Company, steamship service, tourism infrastructure, objects of visit, historical and cultural heritage, tourist attraction, arctic tourism, Western Arctic, The Kola North, tourist guides

Abstract: The article deals with issues related to the development of the possessions of the Crimean Khanate of the XV-XVIII centuries. Located outside the Crimean Peninsula, which, unfortunately, with the exception of a few researches, have not received proper coverage in historical literature. Among them are the processes of expanding territorial borders, the emergence of settlements and issues of administrative management. To cover this topic, materials from written and cartographic sources were involved, as well as the achievements of historians who touched on issues of historical geography were used. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that, unlike the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, where an agricultural culture was formed, contributing to the development of an administrative system with clear delineations into districts, the mainland possessions of the Khans were inhabited by nomads, in which the traditional order of governance was preserved. Nevertheless, we cannot say that the vast territory from the Dniester to the Don was considered by the Tatars exclusively as a place of nomadic grazing. Analysis of the sources showed the presence of stationary settlements and fortifications on the banks of the Dnieper River, which indicates the cultural development of these lands. For the Crimean Khans, the preservation and expansion of dominance in the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe was extremely important, since it strengthened the security of the interior of the country and expanded the military capabilities of the state due to the migration of nomads to these territories. In addition, the Khanate controlled overland trade routes leading to the Black Sea ports on the peninsula.

Keywords: Black Sea steppes, administrative structure, Nogai Horde, Crimea, Edichkul, Edisan, Budjak, historical geography, borderlands, Crimean khanate

Abstract: The authors pay special attention to the problem of inclusion and identification of the colonization potential of the peasantry, the Cossacks and the indigenous population of Asian Russia in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. in the views of the Siberian oblasts. The object of the work is the socio-political thought of Russia in the post-reform period. The subject of the research is the representation of the actors of agrarian colonization of Asian Russia in the scientific and journalistic discourse of the Siberian oblastnichestvo. The purpose of this article is to reveal the content of the ideas of Siberian oblasts about the status and opportunities of social groups and ethnic communities in the colonization of the eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire. In the context of this article, it is important to understand how the community of Siberian oblasts "imagined" the actors of agrarian colonization, developing the foundations of the ideology of the movement and constructing, on this basis, projects for the incorporation of Asian territories into the national space.    Methodologically, the course and results of the research are provided by research practices and approaches developed in the field of new cultural and intellectual history, appealing to the special role of language and narrative in the reflection of any forms of mental activity. The article makes a conclusion, according to which, in the representations of the texts of the Siberian oblasts, the specifics of the lifestyle, economic and cultural interests of the Cossacks, indigenous peoples and Russian settlers in the colonization process were taken into account. In general, representatives of the Siberian oblastnichestvo came to the conclusion about the gradual decline in the potential and socio-cultural role of the Cossacks in the colonization process and the decisive importance of joint farming practices of Russian settlers and settled representatives of indigenous peoples.

Keywords: the peasantry, indigenous population, agrarian colonization, socio-political discourse, siberian oblastnichestvo, representations, scientific and journalistic texts, Cossacks, empire, Asian Russia

Abstract: The relevance of this research is substantiated by the currently growing role of financial relations in the formation and execution of budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The formation and implementation of budgetary policy of the Russian Federation determines the economic and financial framework for functionality of the region and life of the society as a whole. The goal is to assess the factors contributing to the formation of regional budget of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The subject of this research is the revenues and expenditures of the budget of Khanty -Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. Practical importance of the conducted research lies in the obtained results that allow the regional budgets to choose the way for improving budget security. The information base is comprised of the scientific works of Russian and foreign authors, educational-methodological publications, materials of the scientific conferences dedicated to the formation of regional budgets, legislative and normative acts of the Russian Federation,, reference materials of the Federal State Statistics Service Of the Russian Federation. The main conclusion consists in determination of the factors influencing the regional budget of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The author's special contribution lies in evaluation of the specificity of formation of budget of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, as well as the methods aimed at minimization of budget risks for solution of the regional budgetary problems. The formulated recommendations for increasing budget security would promote the innovative development and improvement of budgetary and tax relations of the regional budgets. The theoretical significance consists in advancement of the theory of regional economy. The acquired results can be applied in theoretical substantiation of the strategic tasks of managing regional budgets.

Keywords: borderology, border, fortress, city, limology, Western Siberia, Ural, urbanism, urban framework, frontier

Abstract: The XV – XVII centuries mark the intensification of trade, political and cultural contacts between the European countries and the Russian State. The large territory of the country, geographical peculiarities, road network, trade and political interests required long winter travels from the Europeans. The final data array, which describes the experience of European travelers is comprised of 27 essays and  reflects 32 visits or stay in the territory of the Russian State. From the representative range of sources, the author determines the characteristics of winters, assessments of the quality of winter roads, descriptions of clothes and road equipment, main methods of transportation, stories about the peculiarities of winter indoor and outdoor night lodging, common and uncommon methods against cold weather, and methods of treating freeze burns. The subjectivity or objectivity of “winter” testimonies of the foreigners was established in accordance with the climatic characteristics of simultaneous regional winter seasons in the texts of the Russian chronicles. The results of analysis of the natural and climatic conditions in Europe and the Russian State against the background of changes in heliophysical parameters allow asserting that European travelers of the so-called period of “Little Ice Age” came from the region with longer or colder winters. In the European part of the Russian State, abnormal freezing temperatures were marked later and not so longstanding. Over the three centuries of winter travels to Muscovy and trips to the domains of the tsar, the Europeans have adopted the experience and technologies of the local population, as well as developed the original recommendations for foreigners, who desired to live and work in the conditions of the “Russian winter”. A new stage in adaptation of economic activity and everyday life of the population to the impact of cold climate would become possible after the emergence of new types of transport and improvement of communication system in Modern Age.

Keywords: notes of foreigners, cold weather, winter, everyday life of a traveler, traveling, perception of the road, road, Tsardom of Russia, Little Ice Age, road infrastructure

Abstract: This article examines the position of Armenia in the conditions of Byzantine–Sasanian War of 571-591. On the example of activity of Armenian dukes, the author trace the stance of Armenians on the developed conflicts, defines the role and degree of participation of Armenians in military expeditions on the side of belligerent powers. The subject of this research is activity of the representatives of Armenian ducal families in the conditions of Byzantine–Sasanian conflict. The object is the records of the Syriac historian of the VI century John of Ephesus, Armenian historical of the VII century Sebeos, and Byzantine historical of the late VIII century Theophanes the Confessor. The main conclusion of the conducted research consists in inability of Armenian Nakharar to create an independent Armenian Kingdom. Despite the favorable external conditions, caused by the Byzantine–Sasanian War, there were multiple contradictions between the Nakharar that impeded the achievement of common goal. Byzantine emperors and Persian monarchs use the lack of unity between the Armenian dukes for reaching the own goals and retention of leading positions in the region. The scientific novelty consist in comprehensive analysis of the activity of Nakharars in Western and Eastern Armenia based on the Byzantine and Armenian sources.

Keywords: medieval Armenia, middle Ages, Chalcedon Cathedral, national struggle, Iran-Byzantine wars, Armenian princes, Sassanian Iran, Byzantine Empire, Armenia, Armenian marzpanism

Abstract: The object of this research is the Old Believer (Semeiskie) local communities of Zavaykalsky Krai. The subject of this research is the historical-geographical prerequisites of the formation of Old Believer communities in Zabaykalsky Krai. The comparative analysis of economic management in the different historical regions inhabited by Old Believers is carried out. The Semeiskie resided in the basins of Chikoy, Khilok and Selenga Rivers, and are a part of buffer zone of the Baikal natural site. The natural-geographical and ethno-social environment of Zabaykalsky Krai significantly differed from habitual to the Old Believer population circumstances and encouraged the emergence of the new strategies of natural resource management, life sustenance and communication with the social world. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the traditional natural resource management of the Semeiskie for the first time is viewed as the historically established, long-term and ecologically balanced use of resources suggesting the possibility of their restoration. It determines preservation of cultural image of the Semeiskie and their uniqueness. Alongside the development of the traditional economic management in the Semeiskie local communities, has evolved the ethics of natural resource management, which encompasses valuing natural resources and religious-cultural specificity. Since the Old Believers settled down in the western part of Zabaykalsky Krai, the two types of live sustaining systems have been formed; they differ in the transport-geographical position, landscape and resource base. The first type is agricultural, while the second is agricultural taiga-hunting.

Keywords: environmental resources, Semeyskye, ethno-cultural environment, life-support, nature management, natural environment, adaptation, old belief, different ethnicity environment, economic activity

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the establishment of precise chronology of the second quarter of the V century in the history of Ancient Japan, as back in the XIX century it was founded out that the reign time of the first Yamato emperors was excessively extended. The researchers were able to determine the proper chronology of the second half of the IV – beginning of the V century; but the precise chronology of the first half of the V century until the middle of the V century, when Japan borrowed the Chinese calendar Yuan Xi Lie, which gave the more precise chronology. The comparison of records of the Chinese dynasty stories about five wangs of Japan in the V century with the records about the Yamato emperors of the same period in Japanese sources, allowed ascertaining time of the reign of the aforementioned monarchs. The author determines the reason of distortion of the Yamato chronology of the second quarter of the V century in “Nihon Shoki”, founded on the cyclic indication of the Korean sources “Baekje Shinchan” that applied the inaccurate cycle, which is 26 years behind times. In restoring the authentic cyclic indicators, considering its shift back to 26 years, the author attempts to reconstruct the chronology of the second quarter of the V century within the accuracy of the year of reign, lunar month and day of event.

Keywords: Nihon-shoki, Kojiki, reconstructed chronology, revision of ancient Japanese chronology, chronology of ancient Japan, Yamato, ancient Japan, Shinsen-shoji-roku, Samguk-sagi, Chinese dynastic histories

Abstract: This publication is dedicated to the events related to the course of circumnavigation of Francis Drake. Special attention is given to the reports on nature and geography made by the participants of expedition. The remarkable natural phenomena, new specimen of animals and plants, aboriginal lifestyle in the remote countries aroused genuine interest among the explorers. They describe the flying fish, astonishing bids that cannot fly, and meticulously analyze the expedition route, weather conditions and geographical peculiarities of the visited places. The research leans on the historical-genetic method that allows tracing the formation of perception of the circumnavigation participants on nature and geography; the comparative method helps to determine the common features and specifics of the New World and other foreign territories formed in the mind of Drake’s companions. The Age of Discovery opened an unfamiliar world for the representatives of the Old Continent, which they were eager to cognize and explore in the XV-XVII centuries. The discoveries made in Francis Drake’s circumnavigation helped to describe the previously unexplored by the Europeans parts of the globe, unusual natural phenomena, and little-known specimen of plants and animals. Testimonies of the participants can be rightfully considered an important source on the history of geographical discoveries of the XVI century.

Keywords: nature, Strait of Magellan, Nuno da Silva, Edward Cliff, John Cook, Francis Pretty, Francis Fletcher, Francis Drake, Circumnavigation, geography

Abstract:   The subject of this research is the initial stage of French colonization of the Antilles. The author examine the role of African captives in the economic development of Guadeloupe. Particular attention is given to the questions of specificity of purchasing slaves on the west coast of Dark Continent, the role of African tribal elites and French slave traders in seizing of black captives and their transporting through the Atlantic Ocean. The article explores the question regarding the scales and profitability of the so-called system of triangular trade, its role in the process of initial accumulation of capital in France. Using the method of historical reconstruction alongside attracting various historical sources (testimonies of the contemporaries, memoirs of French navigators, and statistical information), the authors were able to objectively assess the meaning of slave trade in economic development of the Antillean Colony and metropole in the XVII-XIX centuries. The role of transatlantic slave trade in development of the Antilles and the scales of using the slave labor on the Guadeloupian plantations are yet to be examines within the Russian historical science.  

Keywords: triangular trade, slavery, slave trade, Antilles, Africa, France, Guadeloupe, colony, metropole, captive

Abstract: The subject of this study is the crisis of the French colonial empire, caused by the global geopolitical changes that occurred after the end of the World War II. The author considers such aspects of the problem, as the clash of interests of the largest actors of international relations on the Indochina Peninsula, as well as policy of the world powers with regards to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Particular attention is paid to the reasons for the failure of the attempt to implement In Vietnam the doctrine of French neocolonialism, and identification of factors that substantiated the loss of the Fourth Republic in the First Indochina War. In the course of the research, the author used the method of historical reconstruction, which, along with the attraction of new historical sources (materials of the post-war mass media and memoirs) has allowed considering the problem in the context of clashes among mindsets, values structure of French aggressors and Vietnamese patriots. This aspect of the problem has not yet attracted serious attention of the Russian researchers, while it was viewed tendentiously within the French historiography. Conclusion is made that in this war the French individualism, a special relation to individual and values of human life (which in itself is worthy of respect!) was set against a centuries-old tradition of peasant community, in other words, the willingness to sacrifice itself for the common goal.

Keywords: Ho Chi Minh, patriotism, neo-colonialism, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, France, Indochina, Wu Nguyen Zap, Charles de Gaulle

Abstract: The history of realization of Peter the Great’s reform, particularly, modernization of social lifestyle, is directly connected with the emergence of beard tax – first testimony to the legislative measures of Peter the Great on elimination of the ancient Russian tradition of wearing the beard. A number of sequential order forced the subjects to wear the old-fashioned Moscow dress wear, as well as shave the beard and moustache. In accordance with these laws, those who desired to leave the beard and had to pay annual fees. The article analyzes a large circle of numismatic and historical sources pertaining to the phenomenon of emergence and distribution of beard tax of 1698, 1705, 1724, and 1725, using the comparative and typological methods, which allowed critically regard the existing sources, as well as making conclusions based on the combination of gathered facts. The author were able to clarify certain details of the beard token and turnover of the beard tax, how they were issued, as well as their typology and circulation. The article attracted the fullest empirical base – all of the known varieties of the originals and replicas from the collections of the State Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg), State Historical Museum (Moscow), National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC), French National Library (Paris), and others.

Keywords: Counter token, Beard tax, Peter the Great, Europeanization, Reforms of Peter the Great, Beard persecution, Numismatics, Mint, Replica, Beard token

Abstract: In this article materials about chronology of reigns of empress Okinaga-tarashi-hime (Jingu) and emperor Homuda-wake (Ojin) are analyzed. At the end of the XIX century researchers realized that time of reigns of the first sovereigns of Yamato are excessively extended. The reasons of it were found out by the Japanese scientist of Naka Michiyo. After that attempts of revision of chronology began. The most significant results are analysed in this article. Histori-ans, having compared materials of Japanese chronicles with the Korean and Chinese sources, found out that the second half of the Jingu’s regency and the most part of Ojin’s reign fell on the second half of IV – the beginning of the V centuries. Unresolved was a problem of time of the beginning of Jingu’s regency and a problem of the end of Ojin’s reign. In article results of the solution of these problems on the basis of comparison of materials of Japanese, Korean and Chinese sources are yielded. It is found out that reign of emperor Chuai came to the end in a year of the Korean campaign of empress Jingu which in the Korean sources is dated 346 AD. The period of the regency of empress Jingu falls on 347-389 AD, and reign of Ojin – on 390 – the end of 414 / beginning 415 AD.

Keywords: ancient Japan, Yamato, chronology of ancient Japan, revision of the ancient Japanese chronology, the reconstructed chronology, the regency of empress Jingu, Jingu, reign of emperor Ojin, Ojin, Chinese sources

Abstract: The First World War radically changed not only the political map of Europe, but also social relations, will largely determine the development of the XX century. Balkan Peninsula was at the epicenter of events: that's where the war took place first Slavic countries with the Ottoman Empire and then the conflict between the former allies. Sarajevo assassination, it is not without the knowledge of the Serbian military officers, led to a Europe-wide disaster. Part of the world wars in the Balkans were the defense of Serbia in 1914-1915, The Dardanelles operation, Thessaloniki and Romanian companies. The article uses the historical-genetic, historical, comparative, historical and typological method. Considerable attention is paid to the diplomatic documents, recreate the atmosphere of the era. The Balkans appeared region where not only started, but actually determined the victory of the Entente in 1918. Through narrowcasting personal policy of the leading world powers have contributed to the same tendency in the Balkan states. This led to a radical revision of the borders after the war, that does not take into account, and could not take into account the interests of all countries and peoples. Currently, the unresolved issue of the Balkans continues to aggravate the situation in Europe.

Keywords: First world war, historical memory, Balkan Peninsula, Sarajevo assassination, Serbia, Bulgaria, Thessaloniki front, Romanian campaign, rush to the East, Russia

Abstract: In this article, data of Japanese sources on East campaign the sovereign Jimmu and the establishing of a Yamato dynasty and state in the Central Japan in comparison to results of archaeological researches of the ancient Japanese monuments of material culture of the late yayoi period and the early kofun period for the purpose of definition of chronology of the establishing of Yamato are analyzed. Also materials of the Korean chronicles for the purpose of detection of the indirect evidences allowing to date the time of foundation of Yamato state of are analyzed. Besides materials of Chinese dynastic histories about the establishing of the state in the Central Japan are provided.Results of archaeological researches allow to correct chronology of ancient Japan, and, on the basis of cyclic designations of a 60-year cycle from the ancient Japanese written sources, give the chance to offer the corrected datings of time of East campaign to Jimmu and his reigns as the first sovereign of Yamato.The main result of this research is the conclusion that, on the basis of results of archaeological researches and indirect evidences of the Korean sources, East campaign of Jimmu was carried out at the end of the III century AD (294-300), and foundation of Yamato dynasty and state occurred at the beginning of the IV century (in 301 AD). Sovereign Jimmu ruled during 16 years (301-316 AD).

Keywords: 60-year cycle, chronology, Yamatai, foundation of the state, East campaign of Jimmu, Yamato, kofun, yayoi, ancient Japan, correction of chronology

Abstract: In article it is analyzed the system of political control over the Komsomol organizations of the first half of the 1930th. It is considered such elements as political enlightenment, the party leadership, control of social contingent, struggle with right and left opposition. It is detail considered the Problems of political education of youth. It is investigated Participation of Komsomol in economic and political campaigns (collectivization, dispossession of kulaks, grain-collections). It is involved the subject of resistance of Komsomol members to policy of communist party. The special attention is paid to studying of the mechanism of political cleanings in the Komsomol organizations.A geographical framework of research includes the territory of Kozlowski and Tambov districts. After elimination of districts in the summer of 1930 it were considered the materials of the areas which were located in the territory of the modern Tambov region. Research is based on the principles of dialectics, historicism and objectivity. It used general scientific methods: complex analysis, synthesis, description.Scientific novelty of work consists in complex research of system of political control over Komsomol. Previously these tasks for this period of time the scientists were not stated. As a result of research, we came to the conclusion that political control covers all areas of Komsomol life. The main task of political control was to develop young people need the power behaviors . The system of political education in rural conditions were not perfect . The Using of Komsomol was in the various economic campaigns contrary to the educational function of the state.

Keywords: collectivization, dispossession of kulaks, grain-collections, cleaning, right bias, Komsomol, political control, history, political education, party management

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the Tambov Regional Body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 - 1991. The object of the research is the social and political activity of Tambov regional strutures of the Communist Party during the above mentioned period. The author examines the social structure and changes in the number of communists of that region. Smoleev describes the main reasons of the crisis of the party and why its influence and positions were weakened at the final stage of perestroika. The author also provides an analysis of confrontations between the regional party government and local informal organizations and later - regional departments of opposing parties. The situation with the regional organization of the Communist Party is viewed in terms of the social and economic situation in the Tambov Region. The research is based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and critical interpreation of sources. The author tries to stay objective when studying the topic. Such a scientific analysis of the activity of Tambov Regional Body of the Communist Party is performed for the first time in the academic literature. The main conclusion of the research is that the crisis of the party was a result of many factors including difficult economic and social situation in the region, contradictions inside the party, growing political reforms eliminating the status of the Communist Party as a ruling party and movement towards parliamentary system and multiplicity of parties. Members of informal social organizations and opposing parties also made a great contribution to that. 

Keywords: crisis of the party, All-Union Leninist Young Communist League , Memorial Society, Tambov Regional Body, Tambov Region, Perestroika, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the So, inner-party democracy, the 19th Conference of the Communist Party of the

Abstract: The object of the author of the article is to arrange for the research of religiousness of the population in the USSR for the purpose of scientific justification of process of an ateization of the Soviet people; level of religiousness of the population of the USSR in the 1960-1980th (commission of various ceremonies, social and demographic characteristics of believers, a national identity, etc.) on the basis of sociological researches of inhabitants of the Penza region. The Penza region was typical regional formation of the Central Russia. The main tendencies of religiousness of the population, activity of believers, foldings and developments of the relations of the state and religious formations in scales of all country are rather accurately traced on the example of the Penza region, having thus the specifics. As a teoretiko-methodological basis of research the principles of objectivity were chosen; historicism; the systemacities, the full account social and subjective in an object of research and the greatest possible neutralization of the prejudiced relation of the scientist at interpretation and an assessment of the facts. The principles of social and psychological approach and the principle of a correctness and tactfulness in an assessment of the actual material were as far as possible applied. Novelty of research is that religiousness of the population in the USSR in the 1960-1980th is for the first time studied. on the example of inhabitants of the Penza region; - in a scientific turn the layer of specific archival sources which wasn't demanded earlier owing to various reasons is introduced for the first time.Conclusions:- from the point of view of religiousness of the population the Penza edge represented obviously unsuccessful region: the area surpassed all in level of religious ceremonialism the others of Central Volga Area;- religiousness of the population of the Penza region continued to remain stable and rather high for the 1960-1980th.

Keywords: USSR, religion, opinion surveys, atheisation, religious beliefs, believers, socio-demographic characteristics, ritualism , faith-based policy, Penza Region

Abstract: The article discusses peculiarities of the strategy of information provision and the role of national and regional periodical editions in the process of provision of information about foreign life to Soviet citizens in the 1920 - 1930s. The authors of the article give a brief review of scientific researches devoted to the relations between the Soviet mass media and governmental authorities during that period. The authors also describe the main directions of mass media activities in provision of information about foreign events. The authors describe how information about the life in Russia and abroad was presented in the 1920 - 1930s. Special emphasis is made on certain contradictions in Soviet publications and press with regard to external political processes and actual achievements of foreign science and technology. In conclusion the authors make an assumption that the system of Soviet press was fully controlled by the government and was an efficient instrument of government even despite all contraditions in the process of information provision. 

Keywords: history, provision of information, strategy, editions, press, Soviet, power, news, foreign, politics

Abstract: In this article conceptual views of theorists of Marxism-Leninism of a policy and right ratio are considered. The author of the article analyzes interrelation of the political doctrine of the Bolshevism with system of punishments, concrete manifestations of class policy in the system of punishments existing in the Soviet Russia in the 1920th years are shown. It is proved that in the Soviet Russia the politized right defined also class approach to definition of the principles of system of punishments. At class approach motivational action of punishment significantly decreased that inevitably influenced crime increase among "the classes". Steady templates of legal behavior, the relation to the law, generally nigilistic character were formed. The impunity and permissiveness atmosphere that conducted to the conflict of social behavior and a class association was created. It is claimed that the criminal and legal reform which is given out as revolutionary change of all criminal orientation of the Soviet right and law-enforcement system, embodied in UK RSFSR of 1926, didn't change essence of legal policy, having kept in it lines of the repressive character which has amplified to signs of legitimate terror in the late twenties. And emergency criminal measures of punishment came true various socially – the political significant reasons for a justification of ill treatment of own citizens.It is noted that the institute of legal responsibility in the Soviet Russia had unambiguously class character. It was considered to be the basis of legal responsibility not only an offense, but also socially dangerous condition of the personality. The nature of punishment in many respects was defined not by the principle of justice, and political purposefulness. 

Keywords: politics, right, law, political doctrine, revolutionary purposefulness, proletarian dictatorship , legal nihilism , classes, system of punishment, revolution

Abstract: The author of the artile studies the history and adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1937. The author underlines some of peculiarities of these processes and compares them to the preparation of Stalin Constitution in 1936. The emphasis is made on the fact that development and adoption of new republican constitutions was a part of ongoing Constitional Reform in the USSR during the second half of the 1930's. The author of the article concludes that Politburo and the Central Committee of the Comunist Party of the Soviet Union played an important role and controlled the entire process of creation and adoption of new republican Constitutions. By studying materials of the brief peoples discussion of the Draft Constitution of the RSFSR in 1937 the author has defined the most important problems that worried the population of the Russian republic.  Those problems included national relations, status of national republics, economic and social rights of rural and urban population, education and repressions. 

Keywords: history, Constitutional Reform, committee, Politburo, project, RSFSR, All-Russian Central Executive Committee, peoples discussion, special conference