Abstract: The article examines the process of the origin and development of literary associations of writers of Chuvashia in the period of the 1920s-1930s. The object of research is the literary associations of writers of Chuvashia in the period under consideration. The subject of the study is the formation of creative literary associations of Chuvash writers in the 1920s-1930s. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made up of comparative historical, logical methods, as well as a chronological approach. Their application made it possible to reveal the literary and unifying processes in the development and in the context of phenomena occurring both in the whole country and in individual regions. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the origin and development of literary associations of Chuvash writers as an emerging whole, including some structural elements. In modern Russia, in conditions of spiritual crisis, when interest in the literary works of national writers is declining, it is necessary to use the experience accumulated in the 1920s and 1930s. Over two decades, a galaxy of professional writers has formed in Chuvashia, largely due to the cultural and educational activities of literary associations. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of the specifics and conditions for the creation of literary associations in Chuvashia. Thus, we come to the conclusion that the peculiarities of the origin and development of literary associations of Chuvash writers acted as a becoming whole, which includes moments and stages of formation: 1) groups of Chuvash writers, 2) Chuvash journalism, 3) Chuvash literature with a variety of literary genres.

Keywords: socialist realism, cultural institutions, writers' union, writers' association, creative intelligentsia, national literature, culture of Chuvashia, writers, literary associations, Chuvashia

Abstract: The subject of the research of the article is the development during the Great Patriotic War of the medical and sanitary service of the main directorate of the Civil Air Fleet, as well as the versatile activities carried out by it to preserve the health of passengers and civil aviation workers. The article is based on statistical reports of the Medical and sanitary Administration of the Civil Air Fleet, stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE). The study allows us to form a comprehensive picture of the dynamics of various types of medical institutions of the medical and sanitary service of civil aviation, the state of their staffing, the contribution of departmental public health of civil aviation to the preservation of life and health of citizens of the Soviet Union in difficult wartime. The main conclusion of the study is that during the war there was a serious development of the medical system of the Civil Air Fleet before the war, which was essentially in its infancy. The design of its structure was accompanied by the struggle of various ideas, sometimes the medical network began to copy the development of the civil health network, creating an extensive network of hospitals, sometimes it went to risky experiments, such as the transformation of all outpatient clinics into polyclinics. Nevertheless, by the end of the war, the concept of providing basic medical care in urgent cases was established through medical inpatient facilities, health centers and medical units of airports, and the concentration of assistance, primarily to the personnel of the GVF, in a system of sufficiently powerful outpatient clinics.

Keywords: departmental healthcare, Great Patriotic War, Soviet Union, medical care, doctors, medicine, Civil Air Fleet, healthcare, Aviation, health

Abstract: The subject of the study is a cultural code that gives the key to deciphering the cultural text of technical design. The object of the study is the language of technical design. The research uses methods of analyzing visual symbols used in technical design, the method of analyzing previous studies, the method of synthesis in conclusions regarding the concept of cultural code. The authors consider the following aspects of the topic: semiotic approach to the theory of culture and the definition of cultural code in visual semiosis; morphology and semantics of technical symbols in engineering design; syntax and pragmatics of cultural text in engineering design. Special attention is paid to the theory of complex analysis of a technical scheme as an example of a holistic cultural text.   The main conclusions of the study are: 1. The semiotic approach to the definition of culture involves considering the sign system from the point of view of the diversity of meanings of its elements (symbols), and identifying three categories of symbols: semantics, pragmatics and syntax. The cultural text of technical design (device diagrams) is (in comparison with the text of art) a stricter, invariant system; however, as in any language, the genesis associated with changes in syntactics can be traced in it. 2. The syntax of the cultural text of technical design can be analyzed only if there is a cultural code of this technical language. This code includes the "alphabet" of symbol elements, their semantics (variety of meanings), pragmatics (scope of application) and syntax (relationships that form a unique schema text). A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the systematization of the morphology of pictorial symbols in engineering design from the point of view of cultural studies. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the culturological reading of the technical text.

Keywords: electrical circuit, invariant language of technology, electrical diagram, technical text, engineering design, cultural text, cultural code, technical sciences, culture, electric motor

Abstract: The subject of the study was the genealogy of the Qajar dynasty, which ruled Iran in 1795-1925. Documentary sources indicate Gara Piri bey Qajar (XV century – 1513), the first beglyarbek of Karabakh with the center in Ganja (now Azerbaijan) as the earliest ancestor of the dynasty. At the end of the XVI century, the great–grandson of Gar Piri bey was appointed Shah Abbas I beglyarbek of Astrabad (now Gorgan, Iran), from whose descendant - Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar (1741-1797), the shah dynasty began. Agha-Mohammed Khan himself traced his family back to a legendary ancestor named Qajar, the son of Sartak-noyon from the Mongolian Jalai tribe, the mentor of Genghisid Argun Khan (1284-1291). According to other sources, the Qajars are a Turkoman tribe that settled in Transcaucasia during the Mongol period. These data on the early history point to the Qajar dynasty as having originally Central Asian origin.   In 2007, a study of the Y-DNA of two modern representatives of different lines of the Qajar dynasty was conducted. Tests have shown that both lines really originate from a recent common paternal ancestor and belong to haplogroup J1-M267, widespread in the Middle East. However, apart from the genetic confirmation of the common paternal origin of these two lines and the declaration of the marginality of the ancestral legend, there is virtually no analysis in the work that gives a definitive answer to the question of the origin of the dynasty itself. In the development of this work, a more in-depth study of Y-DNA by new generation sequencing methods was carried out. The paternal origin of the Qajar dynasty from the indigenous population of the northern regions of Azerbaijan has been revealed.

Keywords: lineage, dynasty, Y-DNA, Qajar, Azerbaijanis, origin, Iran, Qabala, subclade, Y-SNP

Abstract: The article is devoted to the review of the material and technical condition of secondary schools in the Khakass Autonomous Region in the mid-1940s - mid–1960s. The author traces the dynamics of the development of such elements of the material base of schools as school grounds, buildings and classrooms, equipment of classrooms, educational and methodological literature, visual teaching aids, as well as educational equipment and educational supplies. In addition, the living conditions of school boarding schools in the region are considered in dynamics. Considerable attention is paid in the article to the equipment of specialized classrooms (chemical, home economics, labor training and industrial training), taking into account the 1958 reform.   The author introduced into scientific circulation the results of the analysis and processing of materials of archival funds. It is noted that the problem of low economic and household provision of boarding schools by the mid-1960s was not solved, which in conditions of a large radius of school service was one of the reasons for the failure of the universal education plan. It is concluded that the level of the material and technical base of schools did not correspond to the objectives of the Law on strengthening the connection of schools with life and on the further development of the public education system in the USSR. At the same time, the author points out that the provision of textbooks and teaching aids, stationery, was achieved before the end of the fifth five-year plan.

Keywords: training and experimental sites, educational literature, boarding schools, polytechnic education, industrial training, Khakass Autonomous Region, regional history, technical means, school education, material and technical base

Abstract: Family relations are the basic "structures of everyday life" and therefore act as part of the macro-context of the life of the past. In addition, it is within the framework of the institution of the family that the gender roles of a certain society, its economic and cultural traditions and norms are most clearly manifested. Therefore, by studying family relations in the multi-ethnic military community of the Roman Empire, we have the opportunity to eventually get information about various layers of culture of the Roman civilization. Nevertheless, the versatility of such a subject of research requires a special approach and new methods in the study. The article uses the example of three disciplines — gender archaeology, historical demography and the history of emotions — to prove the need for an interdisciplinary approach in the study of the ancient Roman family. The object of the research is significant scientific works for these disciplines. The subject of the study is the methodology of these works. The author considers the fundamental works (p. Alison, T. Parkin, K. Kreineker) of the named directions, examples of studies are given in which the methods developed in key works were successfully used, shortcomings and possible limitations of each direction are identified separately and ways to overcome them with the help of interdisciplinary synthesis are proposed. The novelty of the research lies in the appeal exclusively to modern foreign historiography and new directions of historical science. The author comes to the conclusion that the interdisciplinary approach allows overcoming the limitations set by the source base, building new hypotheses and generally contributes to the increment of historical knowledge in the field of the study of the ancient Roman family.

Keywords: New approches, The Roman Empire, Foreign historiography, History of emotions, Interdisciplinarity, Historical demographics, Gender archaeology, Ancient Roman family, Family history, Social history

Abstract: The subject of the study is the origin of the first experimental laboratories and their interaction with the pedagogical community. The emphasis is placed on the prerequisites and controversial points of this cooperation, which will become the basis for pedological experiments in the 20s, and the legal functioning of the new, at that time, research space is also taken into account. The object of the study is pedology as a new scientific direction. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as socio-economic prerequisites, formation and scientific potential of pedological experiments. Particular attention is paid to specific representatives, their professional activities, and the assessment of a new direction in the pre-revolutionary space of the Russian Empire. The main conclusions of the study are: identification of the "artificiality" of the new trend, generalization of the experience gained, analysis of the assessment of the first successes of the laboratories, the significance of the work of the first pedological laboratory of A. P. Nechaev in St. Petersburg, comparison of the general course of development of the experimental science of pedology with European analogues. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the reconstruction of the mental space of interaction between teachers and leading specialists in the field of pedological experiments, involving archival documents of the Central State Administration of St. Petersburg regarding the history of the first pedological studio in St. Petersburg. The study attempts to trace the scientific path of the dissemination of pedagogical ideas of the new paradigm. The novelty of the study is to identify real changes in the pedagogical community of the early 20th century.

Keywords: pre-revolutionary education, educational policy, school reform, social engineering, teacher congresses, pedology, pedological studio, pedagogical community, Nechaev 's laboratory, experimental psychology

Abstract: The purpose of the study of this article is to establish, through DNA analysis, the Y-chromosome haplogroup of an ancient burial found within the location of the famous Nikultsinsky burial ground (Fatyanovo culture) in the Gavrilov-Yamsky district of the Yaroslavl region on the right-bank plateau of the Vondel river. The article describes the archaeological context and the history of the site discovery. The predicted belonging of the individual to the Y-haplogroup R1a and the observed borderline position of the haplotype between the variants R1a-Z280 and R1a-Z93 does not allow rejecting the hypothesis that the described remains belong to the Fatyanovo culture of the Bronze Age III-II thousand BC. At the moment, Y-haplotypes of carriers of the Fatyanovo culture have not yet been cited in scientific articles. Only one work is known in which SNPs of a "high level" were given, which is not enough to identify the genesis and connections of the Fatyanovo culture. In addition, the task of dating and archaeological attribution of the described burial found within the Nikultsinsky burial ground in the zone of its destruction is important. This is due to the fact that the Fatyanovo burials are rare and of high scientific value. The resulting data on the Y-STR haplotype does not contradict the results obtained earlier, and does not allow us rejecting the hypothesis about the Fatyanovo character of this burial.

Keywords: R1a-Z280, R1a-Z93, R1a, haplotype, archaeology, fatyanovo culture, sequencing, haplogroup, STR markers, paleo DNA

Abstract: This article provides the results of research of the territorial arrangement of the largest volost of Udomlya, which belonged to the Novgorod Archbishop prior to Novgorod land was annexed by Moscow. The author conducts localization of the toponymy of volost in accordance to the cadastre of 1498/99, which contained the characteristics of pogosts and dozens volosts. The article leans on the geoinformation technologies. For localization of settlements, the author linked the borders of land dachas and toponymy of the Economic Notes of the late XVIII century. This described the territory of the volost compactly located in northwestern Tver Region of Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the Novgorod land. This article is first to localize the territory of the volost of Udomlya located in northwestern Tver Region of Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the Novgorod land. Characteristic is given to the territories of pogost districts and dozens the volost was divided. The author clarifies the location of the centers of pogosts; most densely populated areas were in the basin of lakes Udomlya and Pesvo and the rivers Sezha and Volchina. It is established that volost included two pogosts – Spassky and Ilyinsky, which ceased to exist as pogost districts by the mid XVI century. The settlement pattern of dozens testifies to the gradual disintegration of the decimar system in volost by the late XV – early XVI centuries.

Keywords: landowning, settlement, volost', parish, Novgorod land, Middle Ages, historical geography, archbishop, GIS, decimal system

Abstract: The subject of this research is the woodworking tools of the Bashkirs in in the XVII– XVIII centuries. The goal lies in examination of the tools used by the Bashkirs for wood processing during the XVII – XVIII centuries leaning on the archaeological materials obtained in the course of exploration of Aznayevo settlement and Berekovo rural localities. The article also involves the written record of the authors of the late XVIII sources and the data of historical-ethnographic researcher of later periods. The research relies in the comprehensive approach of the available archaeological, written and ethnographic materials; as well as descriptive, historical-comparative methods, and analysis of real sources. This article is first to examine the woodworking tools used by the Bashkirs in XVII – XVIII centuries. The archaeological collections allows establishing that the Bashkirs used axes, knives, scraper, graver and drill for wood processing. For basket weaving from bast and birch bark was used the curved awl. According to the written sources, the woodworking tools also included adzes and chisels. The explored archaeological and written materials allow concluding that the woodworking tools of the XVII – XVIII centuries continued to exist among the Bashkir population until the XIX – early XXI centuries, which is proven by the results of historical-ethnographic research.

Keywords: written sources, archaeological collections, Pallas, Berekovskoe settlement, Aznaevskoe settlement, woodworking tools, Bashkirs, Archeology of the Modern Times, ethnographic materials, an integrated approach

Abstract: The subject of this research is the period of human radiation experiments within the framework of the Manhattan Project and the Cold War. This phenomenon took place in 1945–1974.and contradicts all known standards of the United Nations that protect human rights in the United States and worldwide. Medical radiation research were conducted in stringent secrecy of the undertaken experiments and their outcome. This article employs the problem-analytical approach for analyzing the phenomenon of human radiation experiments. The research leans on the principle of historicism, according to which human radiation experiments are traced from 1930 to the emergence of the Manhattan Project, the Cold War years, until the records were declassified in 1990s. The novelty of this work is defined by the fact that the problem of antihuman radiation tests of the Manhattan Project is poorly studied in the Russian historiography. The US archival documents and literature that ensure the objectivity of this study comprise majority of the sources. The following conclusions were made:1) on the one hand, human radiation experiments were essentially directed against the population of pro-Soviet countries, but in fact carried out on the civilians of the United States of America with discriminatory orientation towards racial minorities, economically disadvantaged, seriously ill and incurable clinic patients, disabled people, mothers and children; 2) on the other hand, these experiments contributed to the development of radiation therapy for treating cancer patients, although having undermined the health of hundreds and generating incurable forms of diseases. From the scientific perspective, human radiation experiments have enriched medical science with new knowledge on various influence of radioactive elements on the human body.

Keywords: Met Laboratory, radiation, Geiger counter, Rad Laboratory, Manhattan project, human radiation, experiments, uranium-235, plutonium-239, vasectomy

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the study of activity of the saints in the area of justice during the Late Antiquity, and is structured upon the examination of theirs hagiographical works. The period of Late Antiquity, with its peculiar attitude towards the questions of crime and punishment and their social meaning is virtually out of the field of regards of modern historians. This article places emphasis no so much on the legal issues as on the social aspects of the practice of saints. The object of this research is the phenomenon of the saint, which emerged on the East of the Late Roman in the early IV century with the advent of the Christian monasticism and asceticism. The subject of this research is the practical activity of the saints associated with dispute settlement, conflict resolution, and crime prevention. The conclusion is made that the judicial activity of the saint reflects the perspective on justice that differs from the traditional systems. The saint uses an informal mechanism of mediation for reconcilement of adversaries and bringing them to a compromise. It is based on the need for a new outlook upon the problem of aggression that existed in society of the Late Antiquity, as key source of criminality. The actions of the saint are aimed at alleviation of human aggressiveness and rejection of violence and policy of frightening that were typical at that time, thereby preventing the offender from committing an offence. The main instrument in activity of the saint is the ability to accomplish a miracle, which reflects the power of the saint to overcome the traditional principles of justice.

Keywords: monasticism, asceticism, hagiography, miracles, Late Roman Empire, Holiness, judicial practice, holy man, late antiquity, early christianity

Abstract: In this article, the author dwells on the problems of environmental protection in Germany during the historical development in the period of the XIX-XX centuries. The process of formation of the environmental concept in this state is considered. The issue of ideological and ethical approach in relation to man to nature is touched upon. The problems of environmental damage during extensive resource consumption during the industrial revolution and military operations are mentioned. Attention is paid to the role of innovators in the field of environmental protection in Germany, the founders of environmental movements and defenders of specially protected natural objects. The first environmental regulations and the first environmental organizations in Germany are considered. A special contribution of the author to the study of environmental history issues is the use as an object of research of the experience of Germany, as a state that for several decades has managed not only to overcome the crisis state of the environment, but also to reach a leading position in Europe and the world in a number of environmental indicators. It is concluded that Germany can be assessed as a state that has invaluable practical and legal experience in protecting the natural environment with a centuries-old history, which many countries in need of the world can apply at the moment. The author predicts that with the strengthening of the ecocentric approach, it is still possible to rationalize and optimize the process of nature management with regulated anthropogenic intervention.

Keywords: Protected areas, natural monument, pollution of the natural environment, ecology, environmental protection, eco-orientation, the concept of ecocentrism, Germany, climate, environmental history

Abstract: The subject of this research is the current state of the system of traditional medical system in China, Mongolia and Russia. The object of this research is the role of a doctor in development of the traditional medicine (Tibetan) in China, Mongolia and Russia. The authors conduct comparative analysis between the degree of integratedness of the doctor of traditional medicine into the general medical and scientific-educational environment of one or another country, and degree of their demand in practical health care. Special attention is given to the sources of biographical records on the doctors of Tibetan medicine in Old Mongolian and Chinese languages, as well as to the problem of the impact of sociocultural and normative legal environment upon personal becoming of the doctor of traditional medicine. The main conclusions consist in determination of commonality of religious beliefs and the method of acquisition of knowledge on Tibetan medicine in the context of Buddhist philosophy, as well as the fact that traditional Tibetan medicine is interrelated with Buddhism, in which the system of the so-called “direct transfer” of knowledge from the teacher to a student has sacred and fundamental meaning in becoming of the healer monk. The authors' special contribution to the research is defined by introduction into the scientific discourse of previously unpublished records on the doctors of Tibetan medicine in China, Mongolia and Russia. The novelty consists in conducting the analysis of factors that unite the doctors of Tibetan medicine in China, Mongolia and Russia, as well as in reveling the commonality of religious beliefs and method of acquisition of knowledge of Tibetan medicine in the context of Buddhist philosophy.

Keywords: healer, doctor, traditional medicine, mongolian medicine, тibetan medicine, worldview, ethics, Russia, China, Mongolia

Abstract: Although the term “life strategy” was introduced into the scientific circulation relatively recently, it immediately caught attention of psychologists and sociologists. “Life strategy” is also relevant to culturologists, as it touches upon the historical and social experience of the people, norms, values and ideals, driving motives in people's behavior with consideration of regional specificity. However, there is yet no comprehensive culturological research on the topic. The goal of this article the author’s attempt to summarize the existing dedicated to “life strategy” within the Russian and foreign humanities, as well as draw attention to this problematic. The research leans on the works of thinkers and philosophers of the past, as well as on the materials obtained by modern researchers. The selected chronological framework allows structuring the history of studying this topic, tracing the change of outlook upon it over time, as well as demonstrating the importance of studying the topic of “life strategy”. The conducted research indicates that initially the study of the concept of “life strategy” pertained to determination of the meaning of life of the entire civilizations, and only with the course of time, separate individuals became the objects of research.  In examination of the topic in question, the researchers dealing with the problems of culturology, first and foremost focus on the historical, ethnic, topographical and time aspects, evolution of life strategy among different ethnic groups, as well as gender component, gradually shifting away from the abstract and generalized analysis.

Keywords: gender studies, sociocultural approach, gender aspect, life scenario, goal setting, cultural studies, life strategy, epoch, historical and cultural approach, topography

Abstract: The subject of the research in this article are the toponyms Essentuk, Essentuchok and Essentuki. The purpose of the work is to determine their origin. The author relies on the data of studies of the remains of the Golden Horde mausoleums of the XIV century, carried out in the second half of the XX and the beginning of the XXI century. on the outskirts and in the vicinity of the city of Essentuki, Stavropol Territory. The article takes into account the previously revealed connection between the mausoleums of the XIV century. the valley of the Podkumok River and the Kabardian-Abaza tombstones of the 18th century Cheshane located here. It is also important that during the construction of the Essentuki redoubt at the end of the XVIII century. the main population of the surrounding area were Kabardins and Abazins. In the work, the author applied an integrated approach and used various methods of historical and philological sciences. This allowed not only to speak more definitely about the origin of the toponyms Essentuk, Essentuchok and Essentuki, but also to approach the possibility of further reconstructions of the history of the Central Caucasus of the pre-Russian and Russian eras.As a result of the study, it was concluded that the name Essentuk (in later versions - Essentuchok and Essentuki) comes from the Kabardian phrase Esen tIygu - the edge (region or border) of Esen or Esen. The personal name Esen has a Turkic-Mongolian origin and is only occasionally found in the anthroponymy of the Adygs and neighboring peoples.The scope of application of the results is the history of the North Caucasus, research in the field of toponymy, museum and exhibition and excursion work, the creation of popular science and educational films.

Keywords: buildings-cheshane, mausoleums, the rate of the Golden Horde khans, written sources, archaeological data, Essentuki, Essentuk, origin of toponyms, North Caucasus, Essentuki Redoubt

Abstract: This article analyzes the astronomic gravure of 1553 regarding determination of the link between peculiarities of the trajectory of comets among constellations and medieval legends, Hellenistic moods of Renaissance Era, and ancient Greek mythologemes. The author clarifies the influence of some astronomic events upon formation of the details of ancient Greek myth on Dioscuri, as well as creation of medieval legends. The article reveals the factors that allowed Giotto in the early XIV century to select Halley’s Comet as Star of Bethlehem, which coincided with the modern perspective of some scholars. Comparative analysis is conducted on the trajectory of a single comet in its five various occurrences spread throughout 2,800 years and its correlation with repetition of a single myth. The likelihood of such coincidence is being estimated. A hypothesis is put forward that the trajectory of autumnal Halley’s Comet among constellations led to its designation as a stellar sign for the birth of divine Gemini and determine details of the myth. This resulted in the emergence of a chain united by a single myth and astronomic phenomenon: Dioscuri – Christ – Lohengrin (VI century) – Hugo (X century, great-grandfather of Godfrey of Boulogne) possibly supported by realistic coincidence of their birth dates with emergence of this comet. Discussion is conducted on the existence of interconnection between the proposed conception/birth of Christ in the 12th year BC, in the year of the origination of Halley’s Comet and idea on the existence of his twin brother.

Keywords: The Renaissance and the Dioscuri, Christ's birth date, Estimate of probability, astronomical engravings of the Renaissance, Godfroy, Boulogne and the Swan, Lohengrin the Swan knight, twin brother of Christ, mythologization of astronomical phenomena, Autumn comet of Halley, The Dioscuri and Christ

Abstract: This article explores the problem of scientific verification of the Khakassian genealogical lore. Such variations as mytho-genealogical ethno-genealogical and oral can be determined among them from typological perspective. Using the example of oral tradition on the ancestry of Domozhakovs family, the author examines the question of establishment of authenticity through application of the new genealogical methods, The most recent DNA genealogical methods allow objectifying a specific genealogical lore, which is impossible to verify using the approaches of classical genealogy. This refers to DNA-testing of contemporary representatives trough the patrilineal ancestry. The article applies such methods as analytical, genealogical, linguistic, descriptive, paleographic, synthetic, comparative, and heuristic. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the author is first to propose a systemic research approach on verification of Khakassian genealogical lore, including different levels of genealogical verification: crossover verba;, archival-documental, and DNA-genealogical. Viability of the latter scientific method would allow pursuing correlation between the legendary primogenitors and actual biological ancestors.

Keywords: antiword, Butanaev, audit book, DNA-genealogy, mythogenealogy, ethnogenealogy, Domozhakovs, genealogy, khakass, antilanguage

Abstract: This article presents the first edition of the draft of autograph ecclesiastical report to the Ambassadorial decree of the Russian ambassador Arseny Sukhanov. The text contains first two author’s editions of the composition. Its correlation with the third edition is indicated, which protograph became the foundation for the manuscript tradition of the famous “The Debate on Faith with the Greeks”. The reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, who took the side of the Greeks –  opponents of Arseny Sukhanov, increased relevance of this composition. The publication demonstrates that in first part of the report, the ambassador pursued investigation of the insults of monarchic dignity due to burning Moscow books on Mount Athos, and forced the Greeks to withdraw accusation of the Russian Orthodoxy in heresy. In the second part, the ambassador defended the Russia’s sovereignty from the claims of the four Eastern patriarchs to oppress the Czar and the Patriarch of Moscow. Sukhanov explained that the head of the world Orthodoxy is the Orthodox czar. Same was in Rome, when Constantine the Great conferred on the Pope a white klobuk instead of the imperial fritillary. Sliding of the popes into heresy, made the chief in Orthodoxy the subordinated to them Patriarch of Constantinople, close to the pious czar. After the fall of Constantinople, the head of Orthodoxy became the Patriarch of Moscow  under the only Russian Orthodox czar. The Eastern patriarchies repeated the fate of the chosen by God, and them rejected by him Israel. They have never been, particularly due to the loss of piety, the “mentors of faith” for the Russian people. The post of the Pope was filled by the Patriarch of Moscow, and the position of Eastern patriarchs – by the four Russian metropolitan bishops. Such was the official position of the government of Moscow in 1650.

Keywords: Eastern Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Mount Athos, Moscow Third Rome, Debate about faith, Arseny Sukhanov, Posolsky Prikaz, Russian Piety, Constantinople, New Rome

Abstract: This article presents the results of field studies of the archeological expedition by R. G. Kuzeev Institute for Ethnological Studies of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducted in 2017 to territory of Salavatsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of this research is the no longer existing village of Tekeyevo – birthplace of the Bashkir national hero Salawat Yulayev and his father Yulay Aznalin, one of the leader of Peasant’s War of 1773-1775; the village was burned in 1775 after suppression of the rebellion. The author applied comprehensive approach based on interlinking the existing written, cartographic and ethnographic materials, which characterize location area of the village of Tekeyevo in the past, with the results of archeological studies. Archeological reconnaissance conducted for determining the localization of the village of Tekeyevo revealed certain discrepancy between the archeological data and sources of the allied scientific disciplines. Despite this fact, the analogous comprehensive research of the Bashkir localities of the late Middle Ages and Modern Age should be continued in the future, helping to address a wide variety of questions associated with examination of culturogenesis of the Bashkirs and other peoples of the region as a whole.

Keywords: cartographic material, Late Archaeology, Salavat district, Salavat Yulaev, Bashkir aul, village Tekeev, archaeological exploration, written source, legends, interdisciplinary research

Abstract: In the course of this research, the author focuses attention on the combination of historical processes that unfolded in terms of the establishment of modern environmental concept in Germany. The object of the article is the process of formation of the environmental consciousness as an aspect that throughout the centuries affected the fundamental spheres of social life. In the subject review the author refers to the indicated process through the prism of development of environmental protection in Germany. An analysis is conducted of the internal processes, their space and time metamorphoses and correlation with the establishment in the late XX century of the concept of enviromentalization of the German territories – the way to understand the reason of German establishment as one of the leading environmental states that support the paradigm of ecocentrism in Europe and the world. The article applies the inversion and deductive characters of analysis of the historical events since the postwar period and industrialization era until the ancient times of existence of the state (XI-XX centuries). The main conclusion consists in consideration of Germany as a state with an invaluable experience of environmental protection with the centuries-long history, which currently can be implemented in a number of destitute countries in the world. In the second half of the XX century, the country being in the state of severe crisis, in the short period of time took the center stage with regards to environmental indexes, as well as became a benchmark on multiple aspects. Germany must be viewed as a country with rich history of establishment of the ecocentric paradigm in society.

Keywords: history of ecological development, environmental legislation, ecocentrism, renewability of resources, Germany, environmental protection, North-German Union, industrial revolution, natural monument, ecology

Abstract: The object of this research is the organizations of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol). The subject is the peculiarities of structuring of the Komsomol organization. Chronological framework of the work are limited by the 1960’s, when Komsomol practically got past the “equator” of its historical path. The main sources apply the materials of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, as well as “collections of regulations” that initially were sealed as “top secret” in low circulation into the republican and district committees of Komsomol, and results of surveys of the Komsomol veterans. Using the comparative-historical method, the author draws analogy between the quantitative and qualitative changes in Komsomol of the 1960’s. The article demonstrates that the all-round establishment of Komsomol organization under the particular circumstanced of 1960’s substantiated the amplitude of mobilization abilities of the Komsomol. Rejection of the mass exclusions from Komsomol alongside the rapid easing of regulations regarding the social origin of the entrants, stimulated the bonding of Komsomol with the largest masses of Soviet youth. In addition, the manifestations of formalism in terms of entering the Komsomol, vast number of young men and women who were Komsomol members only on paper, neglecting even the responsibility of paying the fees, contributed into the formation of a negative image of Komsomol among certain part of the youth.

Keywords: Growth reserves, Documents exchange, Fee payment, Exclusion from Komsomol, Enlistment, Entering Komsomol, Structure, Membership, Komsomol, Youth

Abstract: The object of the present study is an intellectual relations in the field of musical recordings. The subject of the article is a comprehensive description of the main types of violations of intellectual property rights in the history of music recording. One of the purposes of the publication is to systematize and distinction identified in the subject field disturbances in the degree of public danger. In this regard, the author of subject stops his research interest in the problems of illegal activity in this area – plagiarism, counterfeit audio products and the phenomenon of bootlegging in the chronological framework of the second half of the XX century – the first decade of the XXI century. Details considered practical examples of violations of rights holders in the music business. The theoretical core around which are grouped the methodological bases of research is the concept of intellectual property rights (intellectual property rights) in the context of cultural knowledge about soсial-musical (musical-legal) the nature of the three types of infringements of intellectual property rights in the sound recordings of popular music – plagiarism, counterfeiting and bootlegging. The priorities are the general methodological approaches to the analysis of social phenomena: the concrete historical and descriptive methods, comparative, dialectical systemic, structural and functional analyzes.As a result of the study the author comes to the conclusion that the level of musical audio stream adjusted using exclusively legal means is no longer possible and this trend affects the change communication formats in the music industry and record business. The study of the historical and legal aspects of bootlegging as a sub-system of unofficial records gave reason for removing logical-legal formula «Conflict-Free Anti-Recording». Less important intellectual and legal innovation is to identify the different levels of relations in terms of «Non-Release» and «Official Bootleg», which requires, in the author’s opinion, and additional regulatory updates on the legislative level.

Keywords: Music piracy, Unofficial release, Bootleg, Counterfeit, Plagiarism, Sound track, Intellectual rights, Law, Sound recording industry, Music

Abstract: This article is first in the Russian scientific literature to analyze a rock band from the perspective of legal relations established in music industry. The subject of this publication in the music legal analysis of international practice of resolution of the issued that emerge in juridical platitude due to the rock bands transformations. The author carefully examines the formats of rock bands transformations, illustrating the research materials in the examples from music business, including the legal support and court consideration of disputes. The chronological boundaries capture the period of 50 years (1965-2015). The theoretical core lies in communication theory in the context of culturological knowledge with the elements of intellectual property rights. The author comes to a conclusion that a rock band holds one of the major places within the system of legal relations, being an integral communication phenomenon and representing a certain format of music collective with the inherent peculiarities in its composition, number of participants, distribution of role and functions, used instruments. Based on the communication legal theory, the author describes each of the formats of transformations, analyzing the similarities and differences, as well as the issues that often occur due to coincidence in the names (trademarks, brands). Special attention is given to the author’s proposition regarding the formulation and adoption of the Model Code in the field of sound recording as a unified regulation of behavioral rules of recommendation character.

Keywords: Extrajudicial regulation, Intellectual property right, Bootleg band, Tribute band, Cover band, Side project , Spin-off band, Supergroup, Music industry, Sound recording

Abstract: This article is first within the Russian scientific literature to analyze a rock band within the system of legal relations formed in the area of music industry from the systemic perspective. The subject of this publication is the music-legal analysis of international practice on resolution of the issues that emerge in juridical platitude due to special events associated with the transformation of rock bands. The author thoroughly reviews the examples of legal content and judicial (extrajudicial) consideration of disputes from the practice of music industry. Particular attention is given to determination of specificity of separate or joint co-authorship within the rock band, as well as intellectual-legal peculiarities of the use of back-catalogue and labels. The theoretical core of this research consists in the theory of communication in terms of the culturological knowledge with element of intellectual property law. The author comes to a conclusion that a rock band holds one of the major places within the system of legal relations in the area of sound recording as an integral communication phenomenon that represents a special format of music collective with characteristic peculiarities in composition, distribution of role and functions, and used instruments. Based on the communication-legal theory, the author describes each of the special events (“comeback”, “reunion”, “reincarnation”, and “reestablishment”), analyzing the similarities and differences, as well as issues emerging due to the match of names. The author underlines the proposition regarding the normative consolidation of the use of the term “music law” that characterizes a complex sub-branch of civil law, the subject of regulation of which lie in the legal relations emerging in music sphere, and particularly legal aspects of the international music business.

Keywords: Extrajudicial regulation, International intellectual right, Music law, Reunion, Reincarnation, Comeback, With participation, Rock band, Special events, Sound recording industry

Abstract: Formation of the tradition of archetypal research of public-authority organization The subject of this research is the historical-political examination of the process of establishment and ideological-conceptual evolution of the notion of “archetype”, as well as the comprehensive analysis of formation of the archetypal tradition of cognition of the grounds of public-authority organization. The article substantiates the fact that the relevance and demand of the study of archetypal grounds is associated with the reconstruction of adequate to society forms of political-legal organization, as well as sustainable directions on institutional-authority development. In addition to that, the author underlines that within the history of political and legal thought there are various traditions of archetypal research, which are not reduced to just a single theoretical-conceptual format – analytical psychology that discovers the new heuristic opportunities in examination of the sustainable components of sociocultural evolution of the public-authority organization. The methodological and theoretical foundation is mostly based on developments on the area of political science, history of political teachings that belong to the Russian and foreign specialists, as well as separate positions of the theory of archetypes and political anthropology. The scientific novelty of this work consists in systematization and substantial interpretation of the fundamental directions in development of the archetypal traditions that ate based on the diverse worldview, philosophical, mythological, religious, and other grounds. The article proves that the ideas on the unified archetypal tradition, which originates from Plato and continues to the modern socio-humanitarian discourse, are erroneous. In reality, there are different ideological-conceptual vectors of understanding and interpretation of the concept of “arche”, which is associated with the establishment of a special direction in research of the in-depth foundations of social organization and political-legal thinking activity. At the same time, in this multiplicity of archetypal traditions, it is possible to highlight and conceptualize the core ideas, concurrent interpretations, as well as similar forms of cognition of the hidden and meaningful foundations of society, state, authority, and politics.  

Keywords: political organization, methodology, culture, policy, power, antiquity, archetype, political philosophy, tradition, evolution

Abstract:   This article examines the structure of the government administration during the ruling of the Emperor Wen of Sui. This topic was not yet been studied in the Russian historiography. The goal of this work is to fill this gap and characterize the establishment of the central government of the Sui dynasty based on the Chinese sources and Western-European literature. The works of Arthur Wright and Victor Sui Cunrui, who thoroughly studied the Sui period, are being introduced into the scientific discourse. The system of government structure and bureaucratic apparatus in feudal China were formed based on the experience acquired in ancient times, taking the roots in the ideas of Confucius. The idea of centralization of power lied in the foundation of establishment of the government administration. The scientific novelty is defined by the subject of the research. The author is first to analyze the structure, composition, and tasks of the central government bodies of the period of Sui dynasty, as well as lists the names of the officials who were in charge. It is demonstrated that during the ruling of the Sui dynasty, there had been created a powerful bureaucratic apparatus that strengthened the centralizes power; and thus, such administrative structure becomes the political heritage for the Tang dynasty (618-907), which was the pinnacle of the medieval Chinese Empire.  

Keywords: Sui dynasty, Tang dynasty, Nine houses, Six ministries, Three departments, Government bodies, Centralization of power, Bureaucratic apparatus, Emperor Wen of Sui, Chinese Empire

Abstract: The subject of this research is the Russian legal acts that comprise the fundament of the fight against legalization (laundering) of illegal gains, as well as the practice of their implementation. The object of the research is the public relations that emerge in the process of counteraction to the crimes in this category. The second part of the article provides detailed examination of the genesis of the positions on legalization (laundering) of “dirty” money and their influence upon law enforcement practice. A special attention is given to the issues of prosecution (investigation and trial), as well as proposals on the ways and means of their solution. The author was able to determine the causes of negative trends in the investigative practice of legalization of “dirty” money and substantiate their interconnection with the legal norms aimed at fighting laundering of these funds. Analysis of the legal norms and prosecution practice in the historical aspect of their development allowed the author to determine the special status of the decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and their influence upon qualification of acts in the area of laundering of criminal gains.

Keywords: International crime, International organized crime, FATF, Financing of terrorism, Withdrawal of funds, Financial loss, National security, Economic crime, Economic crime, Crime counteraction

Abstract: Critical factor in the development of the Russian state in the late XV – XVII centuries was the transformation of writ language obschevelikorussky in the state language. On the one hand, it is possible to create one of the fundamental bases of national unity. On the other, mandative language became the language of the legislation, court and official records management. Methodological basis of research is the dialectical method of cognition, scientific and private-scientific methods. The article is interdisciplinary, using methods and techniques of legal theory, source studies and historical linguistics. This article argues that the strengthening of the Supreme power and improve the mechanism of state in XVI – XVII centuries laid the foundations for the process of formation of law in the modern sense of the word, the improvement of Executive and administrative activities and proceedings. As before, the Russian right XVI – XVII centuries developed under the influence of the Byzantine (Greco-Roman) law, as evidenced by the tracings with the conceptual-categorical apparatus of Roman law and the use of arqueolegico language in the Russian legislation. But from the mid-seventeenth century becomes noticeable influence of European law, which is reflected in the borrowing of European legal vocabulary. In other words, you can talk about the beginning of the process of Europeanization of state and law of Russia, which received its highest development in the legislation of the Russian Empire XVIII – XIX centuries.

Keywords: Russian language, the writ of control language, language of proceedings, language legislation, legal language, state language, Muscovy, Greek influence, European influence, the Turkic influence

Abstract: The subject of this research is the Russian and foreign normative legal acts that comprise legal foundation for the fight against legalization (laundering) of the criminal income which was realized using the offshore zones. The object is the public relations emerging in the process of counteraction of crimes of the reviewed category. In the first part of this article the author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as the genesis of criminal act – “laundering” of the income. Special attention is given to its legal codification and determination of the main components of the definition of “laundering” that is contained in the international Conventions and Russian legislation. As a result of this research, the authors were able to reveal the main aspects of the definition of legalization (laundering) of the criminal income, realized using the offshore zones; detect correlation between the international norms and the positions of Russian legislation which regulate the process of counteraction of the aforementioned crime; establish the chronology and reasons of the changes introduced into the Article 174 and 1741 of the Criminal Code of Russian Federation, which are aimed at improving the legislation in the sphere of fight against legalization (laundering) of criminal income.

Keywords: Crime counteraction, Laundering of criminal income, Economic crimes, International criminality, Transnational organized criminality, Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Financing of terrorism, Withdrawal of money, Economic damage, National security

Abstract: The fundamental hypothesis of the article is the theory, formulated in parallel, and V. I. Vinogradov.L. Weisgerber, according to which language is a state – building factor, an essential attribute of the state. The core of the lexico-semantic field of the state language is legal language. The formation of the state language of Ancient Russia was, on the one hand, due to the blurring of the dialects of East Slavic tribes and the formation of a single Russian spoken language; on the other hand, the adoption of Church Slavonic as the language old Russian book-learning. The desire to distance the Prince of statutes for the population of Ancient Russia was determined that Russian spoken language as their basis. However, Church Slavonic language has influenced the texts of the Prince of legitimation, it was carried out translations of Byzantine legislation, including acts of ecclesiastical law, which had legal force in Russia. Therefore, the state language has evolved in the combination of Russian spoken language and Church Slavonic language. A study of the lexico-semantic field of Russian language of the law helped to prove that in Ancient Russia there was a number of terms that are fundamental to modern legal language, including: law, law, customs, Ambassador, Treasury, court, plaintiff, a person, estate, lender, will, murder, witness, etc. Rich lexical composition of the language of the law allowed to borrow from Byzantine law and to formulate abstract rules in the statutes of princes of Ancient Russia.

Keywords: Ancient Russia, official language, legal language, law, custom, Baptism of Russia, Byzantine influence, lexical-semantic field, Old Russian book culture, historical heritage

Abstract: The author of the article attempts to determine the concept of the phenomenon of “public relations” and its internal borders, as well as to demonstrate its historical development and place within the modern society. For this purpose, the following goals are set: to gradually expound the history of persuasive communication and its main instruments (advertising, propagation, PR); during the course of the historical-social research, to revise and correct their definitions and common understanding; as a result of the analysis of the current state of social communication, to give practical recommendations for the advertising and PR and, as well as the forecast of their development in the nearest future. The author’s main contribution consists in postulating of the multi-component nature of public relations, which despite the absolutely predominant opinion, cannot be reduced to a single foundation. The author formulates three independent elements of public relations: informative, suggestive, and adaptive; and describes their origin, specificity, and concept. The author claims that the initial instrument of PR – the creation of special events with the powerful dramatic layer of semantics that are interesting and entertaining – gains a great significance and advantage over all other ways of communicational influence under the conditions of prevalence of the virus model of spreading information (horizontally, from user to user).

Keywords: Public Relations, PR, Social Communication, Advertising, Propaganda, Marketing, Manipulation, Communication Management, Viral marketing, Mass Media

Abstract: The article considers of the evolution of the Russian political orders in historical process from the point of view of a synergetic paradigm. The author identifies historical types of the Russian political orders, considers nonlinear dynamics of their formation, the organization and degradation. The concept of the author argues that Post-Soviet Russia has gone through several microbifurcations and is in a phase of disintegration of the Soviet political order. By results of research the author refers to conditions and necessary factors of origin of a new political order in modern Russia.

Keywords: political order, bifurcation, socio-synergetrics, attractor, entropy, elite, ersatz-elite, self-organization, modern Russia, nonlinear dynamics

Abstract: The subject of the research is the prospects of using modern digital technologies for solving theoretical, methodological and practical issues of studying Russian history of the late XXth - early XXIst centuries. The author of the article examines different challenges caused by the insufficient number of exploratory theories, contradictions in the databases, general crisis of theoretical grounds of history and etc. The author demonstrates opportunities of digital technologies to increase the quality of history researches of the recent past. Special attetion is paid to the questions of interpretability of results of quantitative researches. To achieve the research objectives, the author has applied the methods of the information theory, systems theory, analysis, synthesis, systematisation, comparative-historical, logical and other scientific methods. The main conclusion made by the author is that it would be certainly useful to create major information analytical platforms and digital research infrastructure in general to develop interdisciplinary researches in the field of history of modern Russia and improve scientific attitudes to that historical period. The author also defines the objective and subjective factors influencing the quality of researches in the field of Russian history of the late XXth - early XXIst centuries. For the first time in the academic literature the author points out the need for an 'impact-oriented' approach when developing and implementing resource intensive projects. 

Keywords: history of modern Russia, digital humanitarian sciences, Digital Humanities, digital research infrastructure, historical source, theory of historical knowledge, transformable society, USSR, Russia, impact

Abstract: Development of "the digital humanities" led (Digital Humanities) to understanding of limitation of traditional information technologies for storage and processing of historical data (in particular, mechanisms of relational DBMS). Plurality and a variety of historical sources, explosive growth of volumes of new data, including in a cluster of the social humanities, put in the forefront a problem of increase of efficiency of processing of scientific information in the distributed digital environment. These questions were investigated in relation to the tasks which arose in the course of implementation of the project on creation on the Internet of the interdisciplinary information and analytical platform "History of Modern Russia". The theory of information systems, the theory of databases were applied to the solution of research tasks, system, comparative, formal and logical and other scientific methods. The assessment of prospects of use of concrete technologies of modern programming at creation of information platforms in the field of the digital humanities is given. Key characteristics of the most effective technological decisions allowing to provide expansion of scales and increase in productivity of the operating History of Modern Russia platform for work with "big data" are formulated. The conclusion is drawn on expediency of application of NoSQL – decisions, language of the scenarios Pig Latin and a platform of the distributed calculations of Apache Hadoop MapReduce.

Abstract: Active application 3D - technologies in historical and culturological researches began more than a quarter of the century back. However, despite constant increase in number large-scale 3D - projects in Russia and abroad, the question of efficiency of use of methods of three-dimensional visualization and "virtual reality" from the point of view of achievement of the set scientific and educational objects is a subject for further reflections and discussions. As one of the main tasks of further development of the information and analytical platform "History of Modern Russia" created with assistance of RGNF (project No. 13-31-11003) is increase of popularity of this resource, in work are investigated various 3D - technologies and projects from the point of view of an assessment of prospects of realization of similar approaches for attraction of interest of audience to questions of national history of the end of XX-of the beginning of the XXI centuries. Methods of induction, deduction, abstraction, formalization, systematization, comparison, other analytical methods were applied to the solution of research tasks. Advantages and shortcomings of various 3D technologies - scannings, and also opportunities, achievements and the main problems connected with use of methods of three-dimensional visualization for the solution of problems of preservation, research, restoration and reconstruction of objects of historical and cultural heritage are analysed. The assessment of prospects of use 3D - solutions for further development of the information and analytical platform "History of Modern Russia" is given.

Abstract: The author examines the complex of problems related to the history and philosophy of science, brings up the topic of the campaign against the “bourgeois pseudo-science” in the Soviet period and the problem of its outcome, which shows up in the methodology of the national science. The author gives a review of the scientific “Mathematics of Harmony” tendency, which originated in the classical scientific paradigm and has found a new perspective in the works of mathematician Stakhov A.P. and researchers, united by him in the foreign states.

Keywords: history of science, mathematics of harmony, Kapra F, relativity theory, time concept, Prigozhin I., synergetics, structure of the Universe, Stakhov A.P., Fibonacci numbers

Abstract: The present article is devoted to one of the most mysterious concepts in Eastern history and philosophy -  the concept of Shambhala. Is it just a myth or is Shambhala not only a myth but also a hidden historical reality? In the XIX-XX centuries that ancient Indian concept was reinterpreted in the teachings of Theosophy and Agni Yoga by E. Blavatsky and the Roerich family. There have been debates regarding philosophical ideas that were introduced to the world culture by Blavatsky and the Roerich. The present article provides a comprehensive analysis of the facts relating to the legendary spiritual abode of the East; the facts demonstrate that the allegations of the real existence of Shambhala could be a reality.

Keywords: Shambhala, theosophy, Agni Yoga, Blavatsky, the Roerich, the Mahatma, oriental studies, mythology, philosophy, esoterics