Abstract: The article is devoted to the opposition between the teachers and reformers of Russian education. Teachers believe that school and education are degrading and reformers think that it is being reformed. So the author of this particular article analyzes the current situation and shows that the institution of education actually includes the three different institutions: traditional up-bringing aimed at formation of an educated person and specialist, a new institution of education that is called ‘an open, limited liability institution’ by the author and aimed not only at training specialists but also at granting diplomas and other social symbols (including educational simulacrums), and a new ‘additional’ institution providing the second and the third graduate degrees (it also includes business units and a whole number of new forms of education). The author of the article also explains the difference between personal and social actions and introduces such terms s ‘the leading sociality type’ and ‘general conditions’. In the second part of the article the author discusses the opposition and possible behavior strategy of an individual based on the above mentioned differences and the definition of society.

Keywords: philosophy, personality, society, communication, sociality, identification, opposition, elite, power, human.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical issue of EU energy law, in particular, legal enforcement of continuous supply of energy sources. The author views the matter from the two points of view: Þ rst the author views different aspects of the EU law related to continuous supply of energy sources and EU foreign political activities with reference to this matter. Thus, the article is devoted to both legal and political aspects of ensuring continuous supply of energy resources to EU.

Keywords: EU law, EU energy law, energy market, EU directives, continuous supply, EU international cooperation in the sphere of energy, EU energy chart, European energy society, regional cooperation in the sphere of energy.

Abstract: The author of the article views a debating point about modern Russian Orthodox Church being the political subject. The author describes forms of participation of church in the Russian political process and raises the question about legitimacy of new forms of relations between church and state institution beyond the borders of applicable laws. The article contains the deÞ nition of modern relations between church and state institution in the Russian Federation. As a result of his study, the author makes the following conclusion. Firstly, the study allows to prove the status of church as the political subject. Undoubtedly, Russian Orthodox Church is an active political actor in modern Russia. Secondly, taking into account the ontological nature of church, it should be noted that its participation in the political process and inß uence have very speciÞ c features. Church often participates in the political process indirectly. Thirdly, church’s activity as the political subject mostly depends on particular relations between church and state at the present moment. Fourthly, in the past decade Russia has been demonstrating a growing inß uence of the Russian Orthodox Church on many sides of social and state life. Fifthly, Russian state, its political and government authorities need to legitimize new precedents in relations between church and government taking into account multi-confessional nature of Russia as well as to keep social and religious peace and a politically stable society. The article will be interesting for graduate and post-graduate students studying politics, religious, law and preparing for seminars, tests and exams as well as for college and university teachers preparing for their lectures, guidelines and etc.

Keywords: Political studies, church, state institution, power, partnership, policy, co-working, confession, society, subject.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the debating points of the institute of the plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in federal circles. The author makes the assessment and provides his conclusions and proposals. At the present time the question about the institution of plenipotentiary representatives in federal districts is still topical because the conÞ guration of federal districts is changing

Keywords: Russian law, plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a federal circle.

Abstract: The article describes political interpretation of civil society from the point of view of institutional and anthropological approaches. The author describes the structure of civil society an nalyes such political elements as public associations (political parties, communities and etc.), civil participation (civil expertise, public hearings, community ofÞ ces and etc.), political culture, local self-government and general political mass media. The author also describes political indicators of efÞ cient functioning of civil society in a political development of a region – presence of partnership relations between regional elite and such non-governmental institutions as unions (labor, political party and etc.), mass media and private property institution, civil participation, social and political activity of communities in a region and activities performed by the Public Chambers. At the end of the article the author concludes that the civil society is inseparable from the sphere of politics ad as a political phenomenon, it acquires a new content ad role in a political development of a region. Further researches of political indicator of civil society would allow to outline the ways to improve it at the levels of a particular region and a country in general.

Keywords: political studies, political, civil, society, regional, development, interpretation, structure, elements.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of legal and institutional grounds for ethnocultural policy in the Republic of Belarus. Special attention is paid at the reasons of development and improvement of this policy while there are no internal or external challenges caused by ethnical diversity of population. Such reasons include institutional inertsia and signiÞ cance of symbolic policy in the sphere of ethnic relations as an important factor of legitimacy of the current statehood.

Keywords: Belarus, diversity management, minorities, international agreements, legislation, conß icts, institutional inertsia, symbolic politics.

Abstract: For quite a long time education has been the center of attention in different spheres of sociohumanitarian studies. As a social institution, education is mostly viewed from the point of view of social studies. But today’s interest for the educational system is also caused by the fact that education is interpreted as a value which plays an important role for human and society. At the present article we pay attention at particularities of social research of higher education quality. The author focuses on viewing higher education quality from the point of view of modernization of a Russian system of education. The author also underlines that when studying the quality of education at institutions and universities, it is necessary to pay attention at laws and standards regulating the system and the actors of educational process. Special attention is paid at assessment of the main actors of educational process. The results of the study can be used for further development of methodology for the purpose of social researches of education quality.

Keywords: social studies, education, quality, society, expert, survey, matrix, modernization, strategy, potential.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the modern conceptions of modernization of regions in Russia. The author of the article shows how important it is to take into account noneconomic parameters (social and environmental capitals) for the purpose of their modernization. The author also proves the need in using a hybrid modernization model for development of Russian regions.

Keywords: modernization, regions, social capital, environmental capital, hybrid modernization.

Abstract: Evolution of the Russian system ‘business-system- society’ is viewed through describing the dominant delimitation caused by the structural changes in a society and cultural dynamics or base socio-cultural cultural differences. Conß ict is described as a negative form of interaction which actors are aimed at Þ ghting, keeping or changing their position in a society or community. The author describes the two main analysis levels – ontological analysis which classiÞ es conß ict situations, their structures, features and peculiarities and operational analysis which consists of a number of methods of conß ict solution developed and used by the society and a number of stereotypical scenarios of conß ict behavior. Based on Albert Hirschman’s researches the author describes strategies of conß ict relations between business and state institutions as well as their ‘genetic’ connection with the previous states of the Russian institutional system. The author also deÞ nes the main features of the Russian model of conß icts ad the operational level of methods and scenarios of the conß ict solution process. Analyzing compositional grounds for conß ict contingency between business and state institution, the author describes the following operating modes – directive, functional and communicative modes – as well as the main features, attributes and identiÞ cation peculiarities of Russian business.

Keywords: political studies, business, power, conß ict, Russia, transformations, society, communication, strategy.

Abstract: The article proves that the beginning of eniological stage in culture reß ected by the system forming and managing factors. Based on the analysis of particular creators of certain features, the author also lists the fact s and events of growing cultural eniological features accompanied by the system logic and a new world perception paradigm as well as improvement of knowledge methods and complication of cultural studies due to the author’s development of the Fundamental cultural research as a science of survival and the System cultural research as a meta-science. Qualitative changes in contents of cultural reß ections require semantic and structural changes in socio- economic, law and innovation spheres of social life as well. They are shown as the consequences of a new cultural stage. The author also describes the weak points of this new stage of cultural reß ection and its incompliance with the requirements. The author also suggests to arrange for the goal-oriented discussion of methodological, semantic and practical issues of entering the new cultural stage through preparing and holding the Forth Russian cultural congress 2012 under the motto ‘From entertaining culture to creating and managing culture’.

Keywords: cultural studies, eniology, culture, fundamental nature, systematology, meta-science, energy, information, creation, management.

Abstract: International customs cooperation plays a signi Þ cant role in solving issues directly inß uencing the development of economic relations in CIS countries and integration of CIS member states into the world trade as well as the raise of efÞ ciency of their customs administration. The given article is focused on the main stages of such development of customs cooperation in CIS countries as well as system aspects of development of legal enforcement of customs activities in CIS countries. The author also analyzes some agreements and standards regulating integration processes of interaction between the aforesaid authorities and describes the main trends of their future cooperation.

Keywords: law studies, state institution, CIS, customs, custom services, foreign activity, customs administration, integration policy, cooperation, legal base.

Abstract: Researches o socio-cultural characteristics of migrants is an important stage in the process of formation of the resident population of the Sakhalin region. Regulation of regional migration processes must be equally based on a survey analysis providing a clear vision of the quality of migration ß ows. Analysis of socio-cultural characteristics allows to deÞ ne those migrants whose presence is most likely to be favorable for development of the region. Ability to assess migrants’ socio-cultural parameters and professional level would allow local authorities to develop efÞ cient trans-national interactions and satisfy social and economic interests of the region.

Keywords: Sakhalin region, surveys, socio-cultural characteristics of labor resources, migrants, foreign labor force, housing conditions, values and motivations.

Abstract: Great Russian philosopher Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin (1828—1904) paid much attention at the concept of state institution. He suggested the concept of state power based in ideology of liberal conservatism and his concept raised controversial responses from Russian scientists most of whom followed liberal or socio-democratic ideas. Their opinions were later used by the Soviet and modern Russian historians.

Keywords: history, state institution, freedom, liberalism, conservatism, reforms, reaction, power, doctrine, school (law school).

Abstract: The article is focused on legal regulation of guarantees of independence of judges at Russia’s spiritual courts during the Þ rst decades after the reform. The author studies the process of developing the Draft Main Provisions of Transformation of Spiritual Courts enforcing the main guarantees of independence of judges at spiritual courts. It is concluded that conservatism of Russian Orthodox Church caused certain obstacles for far-reaching reforms of a spiritual court. This is why the principle of independence of spiritual judges was not enforced until the Revolution of 1917 despite all minor reforms ongoing back in those times.

Keywords: judicial reform, independency of judges, irremovability of judges, judicial statutes, archiereus, consistory, Synodus.

Abstract: The article investigates the policy of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in the relation of Latvian state in the Þ rst half of the 1920th. Contracts which regulated the process of recognition process of independence of Latvia, background and conditions of the Latvian-Russian relations, the main thing from which was Russian-German opposition, were studied. Conclusions about the policy answering to the general principles of international law, to geopolitical interests of the Russian state and to the interests of the Latvian people and state on the threshold of the future new world war have been made.

Keywords: Latvia, Russia, Germany, Soviet power, background, agreement, conditions, recognition, independence, relation.