Abstract: The goal of this article lies in the analysis of migration policy of the EU member and candidate states, including with regards to transit migrants. The authors examine such aspects of the topic as the advancement of NATO and European Neighborhood Policy, highlighting the factors of securitization of definition of the key characteristics of transit countries. An assessment is conducted of the EU policy and separate transit countries pertinent to migrants from European and Asian countries, on the example of Greece and illegal transit migrants. The materials for this research contain the official documents of EU member states, mass media publications and scientific works in the area of international migrations, Eurostat statistical data, UNHCR and European Commission (2010-2016). A conclusion is made that transit countries deal with a large migration flow; some of the transit countries play a role of a “buffer zone”, form regional transit migration flows. The changes in national migration policy can serve as the foundation for emergence of the new transit migration flows already of international level. The authors suggest dividing transit migrants into two groups: the first one – labor and other migrants; the second one – refugees. The latter are prone to continuous migration, while labor migrants seek multiple ways leading to the European Union, and look for better opportunities. Prolonged stay of migrants in transit countries can be a result of the intended acts of the governments, increasingly concerned about the fact that transit migration undermines the relations with neighboring countries, which are a desirable destination for migrants.  

Keywords: transit migrants, transit country, migration flow, migrants, migration processes, transit, migration, migration ppolicy, securitization, european policy

Abstract: This article examines the results of sociological survey on migrants’ adaptation in the Republic of Buryatia in 2018. The author describes the attitude of local population towards external migrants, arriving to Buryatia for temporary or permanent residence, which is characterizes as fairly tolerant, positive or neutral. The discrepancy is established between the need for government measures on integration of the foreign workforce and ambiguous opinions of the population on the need for adaptation of migrants in the accepting environment. In the course of this research, the following questions were discussed: whether the population concerns regarding the migration flows are justified; is there a need to foster external labor for the development of regional economy; is it necessary to increase economic mobility and encourage the adaptation of foreign workforce. Based on the questionnaire data, expert and focus group interview, the author determines the difference in perception of migrants between the residents of urban and rural areas of the Republic of Buryatia. In terms of the ongoing outflow of local population and potential replacement of the persons of employable age, the unqualified migrants begin to fill unwanted positions, but highly unlikely will contribute to the regional economic growth due to being the cheap workforce. Worsening of the socioeconomic situation and continuous poverty of the population create the prerequisites for stereotyped remarks with regards to migrants, and at the same is one of the causes of unattractiveness of the region for larger-scale migration. Therefore, the key factor for eliminating the negative socio-psychological assessments on the migrants is the economic and cultural development of peoples of the republic.

Keywords: foreign labor, regional economy, integration, adaptation, migration policy,, migration situation, external migrants, host society, attitude of the population, poverty

Abstract: The subject of this research is the most recent trends in development of the legal, institutional, and financial instruments of the international response policy upon the challenges of forced migration. The goal of this work is to determine whether the global management had expanded onto solution of the issues of involuntary displacement of the large groups of people. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the phenomenon of forced migration has been analyzed as a planetary problem. The article leans on the principles of historicism and objectivity, as well as historical-genetic method. Based on the analysis of decisions of several international forums and conferences, it is demonstrated that forced migration that expands beyond national boundaries or stays within, is more often recognized as a global issue. Such realization is a necessary prerequisite for the establishment of all-encompassing and involving all interested sides process of global risk management caused by forced migration. However, due to a number of factors, mostly because of the “sensitivity” of the questions on the domestic forced migration for the national states, the global management in such problem-thematic direction remains at the initial stage of establishment. Nevertheless, activation of the process of searching the general answers to the unprecedented in scale and complexity challenges of forced displacement, increases the relevance of conclusions of the conducted research about the gradual occurrence of the new spheres of global responsibility applied not only to refugees and individuals looking for asylum, but also the domestically migrated persons.

Keywords: New York Declaration, environmental refugees, UN, global governance, domestically displaced persons, refugees, forced migration, development, World Bank, protracted displacement

Abstract: At present stage, the migration has turned into a powerful factor of influence upon the political, socioeconomic, and demographic development of various countries of the world, as well as the integration processes and interaction between the states. From such perspective, China, as a workforce supplier, must be within the field of scientific research. The relevant object for study consists in the Chinese foreign migration, including the phenomenon of the modern migration from Africa to China that is examined in the context of sociopolitical relations in the Chinese society. The subject of the article is defined as a modern migration process from Africa to China, Chinese migration policy, and new trends in migration policy as a part of foreign policy. The scientific novelty is justified by the lack of research in the field of the Chinese foreign migration and policy related to the migrants. The unresolved migration issues are directly connected with the solution of the question of human rights in China. A distinct feature of the China’s migration policy lies in combination of the migration process as objective process and result of the high level of country’s economic development, and a tool for solution of the tasks aimed at the development of the county. Due to this fact, such aspect of the study as the migration of Africans into PRC along with the controversies and trends in the Chinese migration policy seem rather relevant.

Keywords: migration processes, visa regime, racism, migration policy, migration to China, Africans in China, Residence permit, China, xenophobia, migration

Abstract: This article explores the situation of replacement of the economic and culturological discourse of migration policy with the ethnic-conflictological. The author believes that the causes of this phenomenon lie in the global challenges of the international politics, increase of the illegal migration processes along with the demands for the legislative and political determination of ethnosocial communities and groups of immigrants of the same confession. The author thoroughly examines such aspects of the topic as the problems of migration policy in the context of global changes of migration processes and intensification of the uncontrolled migration. In addition to that, the author justifies the inevitability of replacement of the economic-pragmatic and culturological discourse with ethnic-conflictological due to the challenges of the international politics and dominance of the illegal migration processes over the legal. Based on the content analysis over a period of 2013-2016, dedicated to the migration policy, we can observe that the scholars give closer attention to the ethnopolitical and etchnocultural issues of the uncontrolled migrations. This article presents different versions of the scenario of development of migration policy of the accepting countries due to the influx of illegal immigrants. The European migration policy is based on the “humanitarian intervention” doctrine, which virtually legalizes the development of the system of the new ethnic colonialism, as well as becomes the source of the growth of ethnopolitical conflict in the region.

Keywords: migration process, European Union, national security, discourse of migration policy, uncontolled migration, multiculturalism, migration policy, Europe, migration, conflicts

Abstract:   This article reviews the changes introduced into the Federal Law No. 92-FZ dated 05.07.2013 “On Road Traffic Safety” pertaining to the ban the ban on driving vehicles using foreign national or international driver’s licenses the ban on driving vehicles using foreign national or international driver’s licenses the ban on driving vehicles using foreign national or international driver’s licenseson driving vehicles using foreign national or international driver’s licenses when conducting professional activities. The author’s goals is to research whether these amendments are legal and do not violate the labor rights of human and citizen, specifically drivers, who have a foreign national or an international driver’s license issued by a foreign state. The author analyzes the legitimacy of introducing such amendments into the Federal Law “On Road Traffic Safety”, as well as examines the norms of the Russian legislation:  Constitution and Federal Laws, as well as correspondence of the amendments with the international law. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the law was passed, but practically no one has conducted research on this topic. The author concludes that the changes to the Federal Law “On Road Traffic Safety” contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and particularly the principle of supremacy of international law; it also does not correspond with the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, thus the international law itself.  

Keywords: Violation of labor rights, Commercial transportation, Civil rights, Human rights, International law priority, Right to work, International driver’s license, Foreign national driver’s license, International law, Constitution

Abstract: This article presents the results of sociological research in a form of expert interview, the goal of which was the examination of the illegal work migration as a risk to social exclusion on the Altai Krai job market, and the development of propositions on optimization of regional policy of regulation of the migration processes and the employment of population. The conducted analysis is aimed at the determination of peculiarities by the work migrants of the individual perception of the state and situation of social exclusion/inclusion on the job market (including the illegal work migrants and population of the Krai), the relationship between the illegal work migrants and the government authorities and other actors of job marker, as well as the assessment of the migration policy and the vector of its effect upon the state and development of the regional job market. The conclusion is made that currently, due to the low level of legal culture among population and low level of legal responsibility among the employers, as well as “loyal” attitude of the supervisory authorities, inability for government authorities to have control over situation, absence of real mechanisms of the normative-legal regulation, are created the favorable circumstances for using the mechanisms of informal (undocumented) employment. According to the expert evaluation, migration currently is not a real threat to the regional security, because the migrant flow is still moderate. However, if not apply additional measures of legislative regulation and not control the migration behavior of the population, it can in future be dangerous for the bordering regions.

Keywords: Expert, Expert evaluation, Job market, Exclusion, Migrant, Migration, Work migrant, Migration policy, Social exclusion, Exclusion of the job market

Abstract: The goal of this article is the evaluation of the character and direction of interdependence of how the migration processes affect the state of public processes.  The research was conducted in the four neighboring regions of the Russian Federation in the form of a survey of the expert community representatives (scientific-pedagogical society, heads of public unions, representative of legislative and executive authorities, and representative of local self-governance). This research also carries out an expertise of the specificity of migration mobility of the bordering regions’ population. The analysis of data from the sociological examination of expert opinions with regards to directing influence of the bordering regions upon the specificity of the migration processes; the influence of the bordering position of one or another region upon the migration processes within it is being determined. As a rule, such regions often have a migration exchange with the neighboring states and regions, or they serve as transit territories. The description on the qualitative, as well as quantitative changes of the migration situation of the examined regions is considered as most meaningful.

Keywords: migratsiya, prigranichnyi region, ekspertnaya otsenka, migratsionnye protsessy, migratsionnaya situatsiya, prigranichnoe polozhenie regiona, migratsionnyi obmen, tranzitnye territorii

Abstract: The subject of research are modern ideas about the laws of adaptation reactions of the human body in the climatic conditions of the Far North, including the characteristic periods of human adaptation, specific physiological and psychophysiological features of adaptive responses, specifics of the adaptive motor-visceral reactions, and those of the circadian adaptation reactions and the respiratory system of human adaptation, as well as compensatory-adaptive reactions of human body. The relevance of generalisations of modern ideas about human adaptation reactions in the Far North is justified due to the increased attention to the development of the Arctic region of Russia, due to the need to protect national interests in this strategically important region. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach and integrates methods of the physiology of labour, sociology of medicine, human ecology, medicine, labour, and measuring health risks. Adverse ecological and physiological factors that accompany the professional activity in the Far North, have a negative impact on the function of the body, resulting in the necessity for persons working in the Far North to be involved in entertainment and recreational activities aimed at optimising their functional state, with the preservation of occupational health taking into account the characteristics of the functional tasks performed.

Keywords: adaptation potential, occupational physiology, human ecology, working conditions, human adaptation, conditions of Far North, acclimatisation, measuring health risks, human psychophysiology, occupational health

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the qualitative analysis of the migration processes on Russia in the context of the modern global challenges — ageing of population and globalisation. Based on the received data about strengths and weaknesses of the modern migration policy of Russia, the author has formulated a "map of challenges" of the migration processes in Russia. This "map of challenges" will allow to assess the measures undertaken by the government on national and regional levels in order to form efficient migration flows for the labour market of the country. Generally, it can be stated that at the present time the migration policy does not allow flexible reaction to the current changes both in global economy and on the labour market — first of all, due to such global problems as ageing of population and globalisation. In order to justify the results of the research, the following methods were used: SWOT-analysis, classification, comparison, expert evaluation and extrapolation of trends. In order to improve the decision-making process in the field of migration, the author has proposed to introduce an exam in Russian culture for migrants; to eliminate isolation among migrants; to create conditions to prevent the brain drain from the country; to improve the long-term knowledge about the integration of migrants; to create conditions to renew the Russian population due to the increased birth-giving; to decelerate ageing of the Russian population due to the increase of retirement age; to form a demand for competences among migrants; to create a global partnership with the countries that supply labour resources.

Keywords: migration policy, "map of challenges", global challenges, globalisation, ageing of population, SWOT-analysis, Russia, decision-making process, integration of migrants, forecast

Abstract: The object of consideration in the present article is migration, and the subject are the specific features of migrants entering a new social and cultural context. The author examines some peculiarities of the integration of foreigners, and also traces controversy and complexity of the adaptation processes, and their dependance on different kinds of reasons. Special attention is paid to the reasons of socioeconomic and cultural nature. The author justifies the conclusion regarding the need for further research in this area due to its incompleteness, as well as for the use of interdisciplinary approaches. Methodological tools of analysis used in the article are historical, systems, dialectic approaches, as well as examining the problem in all its controversy and to a full extent. The academic novelty of the research lies in justification of a concept regarding the dependence of migration processes on the peculiarities of the host society and its typical development trends. The content of the article allows the author to draw the following theses: 1) the problems of integration of migrants into a new social context are to be systematically and comprehensively studied; 2) special attention should be paid to the account of national and demographic situation in the host society. 

Keywords: migrantophobia, enclave residing, host society, adaptation, integration, clan system, diaspora, labour migration, illegal migration, migration

Abstract: The article considers the peculiarities of the notion of migration in the politogical context, where the author suggests to consider the major approaches to the notions of migration and migration process in academic literature, in order to specify their politilogical context. The object of the research is migration in the scientific context. The analysis of the topic implies comparative consideration of the notions "migration politics" and "state migration policy", which are interpreted differently by the author, which characterises the subjective area of the research. The relevance of the study is based on the fact that migration is a global phenomenon that takes place in the XXI century and is influenced by many heterogenous factors. Such phenomena, connected with migration, comprise a content-wise complicated complex of issues that is to be conceived. Theoretical and methodological bases of the study include concepts contained in the academic works of Russian and foreign researchers specialising in the considered area, both from the point of view of interdisciplinary knowledge and that of the research tools of political science, especially systems, institutional, communicative, ethnic-political approaches. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the article systematises main conceptual approaches to the field of migration and political-governmental impact  on migration processes. The article formulates the author's clarifying understanding of the correlation of the notions "migration", "migration politics", "state migration policy".  To sum up, it can be stated that this complex generates demographic, anthropological, economic, legal, sociological, psychological, cultural, ethnological, religious tasks. In this area politological knowledge is of high importance, as migration, due to its mass and trans-border nature, cannot have no significance from the point of view of the political life of the society. The relations between migration processes and politics are closely related. Any migration demands political reaction and is considered as an object of power and government. The problem of migration, influencing the general situation in host countries and affecting the interests of the citizens of these countries, creates multiple claims of the autochtonous population and expat communities and impacts the political process and the political environment in general. 

Keywords: allocation, multiculturalism, adaptation, political science, state migration policy, migration politics, migration process, migration, endomigration, exomigration

Abstract: The choice of the topic of the present article is defined by the contradiction between the growing scale of conflicts between the migrants and the local population and the insufficient level of regulatory pressure on the processes of adaptation and integration of migrants by state and municipal authorities. Solving this contradiction is of high importance for the state and requires scientifically justified modernisation of migration policy regarding adaptation and integration of migrants.  The issue of adaptation and integration of migrants in a host community has not been theoretically realised to the full extent yet, the scientists have not come to a point regarding the notions of adaptation and integration of migrants by now. As a result, methodological difficulties emerge when elaborating legal regulatory mechanisms.  The author uses sociological methods (sociological surveys, expert interviews, content analysis of documents), as well as processing and analysis of empirical data (grouping, empirical classification, determinative and factor analysis), together with examination of the concepts of social environment, socio-cultural systems and migrant communities, and the processes modelling method. The scientific results constitute the elaboration of a new stage model of the migration process, differentiated by the migrant categories (a three-stage model for the returning migrants and a four-stage model for non-returning migrants).  The article formulates the criteria of the completeness of the processes of migrant adaptation and integration and defines the temporal frames of migrants' integration. The results can be used as a methodological basis for further scientific research on the issues of adaptation and integration of migrants, as well as serve as a tutorial on modernisation of migration policy for the state municipal authorities. The elaborated conceptual basic model of social integration of migrants allows to systematise adaptational resources of both migrants and social institutions that participate in the process.

Keywords: non-returning migrants, social adaptation, integration of migrants, migration processes, adaptation stages, adaptation criteria, integration models, multiculturalism, primary socialisation, estimation model

Abstract: The object of research in the present article is migration, while the risks arising during migrational processes act as its subject. The author considers risks of labour migration and complexities of adaptation of migrants to the host conditions. The focus is made on the consideration of economic, ethnic, emotional and psychological factors, as well as revealing of the cause-and-effect relationships making migration a riscogenic process. The conclusion about the general insufficient status of the problem and risk factors is justified, among other things, by sociological and sociophilosophical knowledge. The methodological tool is comprised by dialectic and system approaches. Scientific novelty involves the justification of the thesis regarding the dependence of the character of migration on social and cultural features of hosting society. The basic results of the conducted analysis are as follows: 1) the risk problem requires further research by modern social and humanitarian sciences, especially by the sociology of migration; 2) particular consideration should be given to the specificity of integration of migrants into the social context and determination of main trends and patterns which contribute to the successful adaptation of foreigners.

Keywords: phobia, enclave, illegal migration, labour migration, integration, adaptation, risk, migration, clan system, discrimination

Abstract: The article is devoted to the search for the optimal model of migration policy in Russia. Based on the analysis of cases of Russia, Finland and Great Britain the authors have analyzed peculiarities of migration policy. Research methodology includes analysis of the structure of migration as studied by scientists from Great Britain and Finland. In order to prove the results of research, the authors have used the methods of classification, comparison and expert evaluation. The author has defined the seven concepts of migration policy which is very important for understanding and search of a new state ideology in Russia. To describe the migration situation in Russia, the authors have introduced the term “moderate assimilation”. According to the author, the most clearly evident way to “moderate assimilation” lies through education and boost of human capital. The right education policy would allow to shorten the gap between school success of migrant children and local population. The authors of the article underline the importance of Finnish experience in the migrant integration policy for Russia. According to the author, their experience can actually help Russia to achieve many significant goals.

Keywords: migration policy, “moderate assimilation”, integration, OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), Russia, optimal model, human capital, education of migrants, spheres of social life, concept.

Abstract: The article tells the story of formation of the volunteer organizations of young illegal migrants fi ghting for the new immigration legislation in the USA. From 2001 on in the US there appeared student associations, being in favor of providing the permanent stay and working permits for the illegal migrants, who were brought into the USA, when they were children. While being initially independent, the groups of young illegal migrants were brought together by large lobbying groups, but they have managed to overcome infl uence of these groups, and they formed an independent political movement. The study involved analysis of stories and interviews of participants of the movement of young illegal migrants (politicians, lobbyists, volunteers of the movement) and systematization of the articles of leading political publications. The youth movement had a signifi cant infl uence upon the migration policy of the USA, while numerous lobbying organizations failed to deal with this task. In spite of opposition of the Congress, the President has signed a memorandum, which met the main requirements of the young illegal migrants, providing them with 2 years visas with the possibility of period extension. Such a result was achieved thanks to the bravery of participants of the movement, who have managed to escape control of the large organizations and act independently.

Keywords: “Dreamers”, illegal migrants, immigration reform, congress, president, legislative draft, deportation, lobby, amnesty, immigration policy.