Abstract: The article is devoted to the formation of Scottish national identity with an emphasis on its European dimension. The 1999 devolution, which expanded regional autonomy and participation in EU affairs, allows us to talk about the close contact of Scottish identity with the European identity, that means self-identification of the Scottish nation as part of "Greater Europe". After the Brexit referendum, during which the Scots supported membership in the EU, the features in the differences between Scottish and British identity became especially evident. Brexit only strengthened Scotland's desire for autonomy and deepening ties with Europe, which plays a key role in its modern politics. The methodological basis of the study is the historical and genetic approach, which is used to analyze the process of formation of Scottish identity from the time of Norman influence to modern realities. The institutionalist approach involves studying referendums and parliamentary debates, which helps to identify the connection between the Scots’ desire for autonomy and European integration. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive analysis of the formation of Scottish national identity through its European dimension. Author combained historical, cultural and political aspects, which include the influence of the Norman Conquest, the Franco-Scottish Alliance, cultural transformation during the Renaissance, devolution of 1999 and the Brexit referendum of 2016. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between historical events, cultural changes and political aspirations of the region. The findings of the article emphasize that Scottish national identity, formed under the influence of both internal aspirations for autonomy and external European factors, plays a key role in the political dynamics of the region. Brexit has sharpened the differences between Scottish and British identities, leading to increased debate about independence. However, deepening European integration remains an important focus for Scotland.

Keywords: National identity, Brexit, Devolution, Auld Alliance, Scottish nation, European identity, Identity, England, France, Scotland

Abstract: The article presents some results of two all-Russian sociological studies aimed at identifying the specifics and ideological foundations of intergenerational relations in modern Russian society. The object of the study is the consciousness of Russians, and the subject is cultural universals in the context of intergenerational ideological differences. J. Turner's theory of self-categorization was used as a theoretical basis, which is based on the idea of cognitive self-categorization of individuals as members of various communities - local, professional, generational, etc. The key cognitive mechanism of self-categorization is the principle of meta-contrast, the essence of which lies in the effect of a distinctive feature that determines either belonging to a group or not falling into it. These principles formed the basis of the questionnaire of the sociological survey. During the study, questionnaires (N = 1600) in 2023 and 2024 were preceded by a series of focus groups, as well as an analysis of social networks. As a result, ideological fault lines between generations were identified. The following meta-contrasts were identified among those specifying generations: projection of negative characteristics onto younger generation opposed to the older generation' positive qualities; impact of historical events: the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, perestroika of 1985-1991, Russia's special military operation in Ukraine, the conquest of space and the Great October Revolution of 1917. General cultural constants included the values of efficiency, responsibility, faith in one's own strength, etc. The anti-values of irresponsibility, impulsiveness, etc., as well as specific attitudes toward two historical events: the Great Patriotic War and the collapse of the USSR were also identified.

Keywords: cultural constants, cultural universals, morality, ideological concept, ideology, worldview, worldview model, intergenerational conflict, generations of Russia, questionnaire survey

Abstract: This paper examines the effectiveness of foreign aid in addressing the challenges associated with humanitarian crisis in third world countries. Guided by the dependency theory, the auhtors adopted the qualitative research method and relied on data drawn largely from secondary sources. Data were descriptively analysed. The study shows that although foreign aid is important, there is a great need to build local capacities that will run a long time even after aid has stopped. Aid works best when it is well-organized, tailored to the needs of the area and gives local organizations and people more control of the implementation process. Additionally, reducing humanitarian assistance may have a significant impact on third-world nations and may exacerbate instability in already fragile areas. This emphasizes how crucial it is to design a more sophisticated plan that places an emphasis on community involvement and local capacity building in order to successfully incorporate foreign aid into the framework of humanitarian emergencies in developing countries. The research highlights the limitations of aid in advancing sustainable development and emphasized the importance of a more sophisticated strategy with local capacity building and community engagement for properly situating foreign aids in the context of humanitarian predicaments in the third world states. Ultimately, the efficacy of foreign aid hinges on a comprehensive strategy that not only addresses immediate needs but also lays the groundwork for long-term resilience and self-sufficiency in aid-receiving countries.

Keywords: official development assistance, Crises, instability, structural problems, aid, Community Engagement, Capacity Building, Humanitarian Crises, Third World Countries, Foreign Aid

Abstract: At present, we are witnessing another wave of expansion of right-wing sentiments in Europe and beyond, which has already influenced the outcomes of most national European elections in recent years and the 2024 European Parliament elections. The right-wing populists from the Brothers of Italy managed to maintain an unequivocal leadership position under objectively challenging circumstances two years after their triumph in the national parliamentary elections, which allowed them to form and lead the country's government. The author suggests that one of the factors behind their success is the skillfully implemented discursive strategies by this political force. The subject of this study is the strategy of constructing and maintaining conflict, which dominates the discourse of the party and its leader, Giorgia Meloni. The main results were obtained through qualitative discourse analysis of materials posted on the party's official social media pages, official speeches, and public interviews. The novelty of the research lies in the selection of current examples of right-wing discourse for critical analysis, and the results can be used in comparative studies of populist discourse and self-presentation strategies of European right-wing forces. In particular, it was found that the Brothers of Italy largely build their identity on conflicts that are consistently maintained in their discourse. The multiplicity of constructed conflicts and the subjects assigned the role of opponents are of fundamental importance. Special attention in the study was given to the politics of memory. For the first time in domestic literature, the structure and functions of the "martyrology" inherited by the Brothers of Italy from the post-fascist Italian Social Movement are described. According to the author, a consciously constructed conflict is also present in this sphere; however, the ultimate goal is not confrontation but the legitimization of the past of right-wing parties.

Keywords: politics of memory, political discourse, conflict, Giorgia Meloni, Brothers of Italy, far-right parties, right-wing populism, Italy, identity, ideology

Abstract: This article focuses on Russian food security as the subject of research, with the object being the Russian-Ukrainian geopolitical conflict. The author examines in detail the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the global food supply chain, emphasizing Russia's food security in light of geopolitical challenges. This article employs a wide range of research methods, such as geopolitical analysis, systemic analysis, comparative analysis, and others, aimed at analyzing the real problems that Russia may face both now and in the "post-conflict period." The novelty of the research lies in analyzing events from the perspective of geopolitics and conflict theory, as well as in the comprehensive examination of a series of problems and difficulties that Russia faces during the conflict and in the post-conflict period. The author also used a comprehensive approach involving various sources, including the latest findings from Russian and Chinese scholars, information from government websites of both countries, and others that can provide different perspectives for studying this issue. The work not only details the consequences of the conflict for Russia's food security at the present time but also provides forecasts regarding the development of the situation in the "post-conflict period." According to the author, to ensure geopolitical stability and overcome a complex international environment, Russia may create a new type of relationship between great powers and Asian countries, especially with China.

Keywords: China, Russia, policy, geopolitics, food security, challenges, crisis, Russian-Ukrainian conflict, supply chains, cooperation

Abstract: The article examines the main directions of military-technical cooperation between Russia and China, including the transfer and adaptation of military technologies. It analyzes the process of reverse engineering of Russian weapons samples, as well as their modernization in China with subsequent implementation in national armament programs. Particular attention is paid to aviation technologies, including Russian jet engines and their use in Chinese fighters Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang J-35/FC-31. Examples of borrowing electronic systems are discussed, such as shipborne radars "Frigate" (type 382) and fire control systems type 366, as well as the modernization of anti-aircraft missile systems, including analogs of Russian SAM systems "Tor-M1" and "Pantsir-S". Special attention is given to technology transfer in the field of submarines, including diesel-electric submarines of the "Kilo" class and their Chinese analogs of type 041 with air-independent propulsion. The methodological foundation of this study is an interdisciplinary approach based on the main tenets and methods of structural realism (neorealism). Referring to this scientific school allows for an analysis of the tools and substantive content of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the military-technical sphere. In conclusion, the author notes that the transfer of technologies from Russia to China is a trend in Russian-Chinese military-technical cooperation, and there are no prerequisites for its change. A forecast is made that this trend will continue, given China's strong desire to develop its own defense manufacturing capabilities. The article conducts a comparative analysis of Chinese and Russian weaponry, demonstrating the degree of technological divergence and identifies trends towards reducing China's dependence on Russian military technologies. Additionally, a perspective on bilateral cooperation is presented in light of current geopolitical challenges and potential risks for the Russian defense industry. The author predicts that in the absence of fundamental changes in this area, a scenario that would be beneficial for Russia is gaining broader access to Chinese commercial technologies and dual-use technologies, which would help both maintain its defense industry in the context of military confrontation with the Collective West and develop a more innovative economy.

Keywords: People's Liberation Army of China, missile technologies, military modernization, naval forces, air forces, strategic partnership, China, Russia, Russian-Chinese relations, military-technical cooperation

Abstract: This article examines the origins of the emergence of Armenian communities in the Middle East in the 20th century, including the reasons that influenced the decision of the Young Turk state to switch to a large-scale persecution and genocide in 1915 throughout the Ottoman Empire against its Armenian population. The purpose of the work is to consider the main stages, factors and reasons that influenced the formation of Armenian communities in the Middle East. The study is based on the civilizational approach and the principle of constructivism; the principles of historicism and objectivity. It is noted that the impetus that led to the creation of the Armenian diaspora was the Armenian genocide carried out by the Ottoman Empire; initially, this policy was based on the ideology of pan-Islamism, but as a result of socio-political changes, the policy of persecution began to rely on pan-Turkism. The article highlights the economic, political, religious and ethnic reasons for the policy of genocide and forced assimilation, which became the basis for the further powerful rise of the national identity of Armenians in the host countries, which subsequently became the foundation for the formation of the entire diaspora. It is noted that the process of forming renewed diasporas developed in two directions: either refugees joined the already established diaspora structures, or founded completely new diasporas consisting exclusively of Armenians who fled from the Ottoman Empire. It is also specified that the main goal of the Armenian diaspora at the analyzed stage is the preservation of culture and language, as well as the education of youth within the framework of their own traditions: despite persecution, legal difficulties and socio-economic problems, Armenian refugees settled in a number of Middle Eastern countries.

Keywords: diaspora, Young Turks, refugees, Christians, Armenians, persecution, genocide, World War I, Middle East, Armenian community

Abstract: A person's life is constantly accompanied by conflicts in various areas - in communication with peers, in the educational, professional environment, in sports activities. Conflicts in our life are inevitable, since they are the source of movement and development of the individual. In the description of the essential characteristics of a conflict, the underlying contradiction, the opposition of views, as well as the activity of the conflicting parties, which can manifest itself to varying degrees, are often noted. For example, the style of behavior in a conflict depends on this, which determines the effectiveness of interaction as a whole. The choice of behavior style in a conflict situation is influenced by many factors: what psychological characteristics a person has, how long the conflict lasts, what consequences the development of the conflict can lead to, how significant the conflict situation is for the opponent, what resources he has, etc. Of particular interest among the listed factors is the factor "personal characteristics", since this is an internal factor, it is more stable and determines the style of behavior in a conflict as a whole, since the conditions of the conflict, resources and goals of the conflicting parties can change in different conflict situations, and personal characteristics are quite stable. There is a need to study the relationship between the personality traits of an individual and his or her style of behavior in a conflict. The sample was taken from an organization producing repair products, where employees of different professions work: repairmen, designers, appraisers, etc. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between personality traits and behavior style in a conflict. All respondents were male, their age ranged from 28 to 40 years.

Keywords: efficiency, interaction, compromise, organization, style of behavior, employees, peculiarities, personality, conflict, communication

Abstract: The research subject is the prevention of mobbing in labor relations. The condition caused by the victim of mobbing (stress, tension, fear, guilt, etc.) affects how he/she copes with work responsibilities and what decisions one makes. There is also a negative impact that mobbing has on the team : the deterioration of the climate in the team, the consolidation of unethical behavior, distraction from the work performed, etc., which also affects the decrease in the effectiveness of the team and the socio-psychological degradation. In this regard, it is advisable to study the possibilities of preventing mobbing in organizations. The main research methods are theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization of literature on the problem and prevention of mobbing in service teams). The method of theoretical modeling was also used (development of a model for the prevention of mobbing in service groups). In the conducted research, it was found out that mobbing often begins with the submission of the head (consciously or unconsciously, when, for example, the head encourages competition). It is proposed to distinguish the specific measures of the mobbing prevention model in the organization into two stages (preparatory and basic). Within the framework of these stages, we propose three areas of prevention of the mobbing: regulatory, organizational and managerial, as well as socio-psychological. We have developed recommendations to the head on the prevention of mobbing in service teams. We have developed a model for the prevention of mobbing in an organization that combines and systematizes existing ideas about measures to prevent this form of psychological violence. The actions of the mobbing prevention in the organization are divided into two stages (preparatory and basic) and three directions (normative, organizational and psychological). The following tasks of the organization's activities were identified within the framework of the model of mobbing prevention in the organization: 1. Implementation and consolidation of corporate ethics standards in local regulatory documents of the organization. 2. Maintaining a favorable socio-psychological climate in the team. 3. Development of managerial skills and managerial culture of managers.

Keywords: activity, bullying, violence, supervisor, organization, prevention, employees, conflict, harassment, mobbing

Abstract: The article suggests a transformation of the discursive practices of Russian government after the start of a special military operation in Ukraine. The research aims to identify the boundaries of the semantic field of the concept of "sovereignty" in the discourse of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, whose texts are the quintessence of the official discourse of state power. The object of the research is the semantic field of the concept of "sovereignty" in the discourse of the President of the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is the contextual and predicative characteristics of the specified concept. The empirical basis of the study is V.V. Putin's public speeches mentioning the concept of "sovereignty", carried out in the period from February 21, 2022 (recognition of the DPR, LPR) to December 8, 2023. (the beginning of the presidential election campaign). The methodological basis of the research is the cognitive-discursive approach developed in the works of Russian researchers S.P. Potseluev, M.S. Konstantinov, and others. The research method is qualitative directed content analysis, which includes studies of contexts and predicates of the concept of "sovereignty". The main conclusion of the study is the justification of the nuclear status of the concept of "sovereignty" for the ideological construct of the president. The verbal symbol in V.V. Putin's discourse is an empty sign, filled with content depending on the needs of the situation. Fragmentation of the semantic field through predicate assignment has led to the emergence of specific concepts classified for a number of reasons: by sphere of implementation (technological, value, cultural, etc.), by carrier subject (state, national), by completeness of implementation (full, partial, fragmentary, etc.). The potential for expanding the semantic field is noted, using other predicates of the concept of "sovereignty". The novelty of the research results lies in the use of semiotic tools in a comprehensive analysis of the semantic field of the concept of "sovereignty" in the discourse of Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Keywords: predicate, context, semantics, The President of Russia, official political discourse, concept, verbal symbol, symbolic politics, sovereignity, independence

Abstract: The subject of the study is the deviant behavior of adolescents of different sexes who are brought up in an orphanage. To conduct the study, a sample of 40 adolescents aged 13-15 was formed, of which 20 were girls and 20 were boys. The specific conditions of the organization of the life activities of orphaned children in orphanages contribute to the formation of a number of personal characteristics in pupils that make it difficult to form a psychologically healthy personality capable of self-realization in a social space outside the familiar environment of a closed institution, and therefore it is obvious that the risk of deviant behavior among orphaned adolescents raised in orphanages is higher than teenagers raised in families. The purpose of this research was to study the peculiarities of deviant behavior of adolescent orphans of different sexes who are raised in an orphanage. Standardized psychodiagnostic techniques were selected as tools for conducting the study, meeting the objectives of the study and the age of the study participants: - methodology for diagnosing the tendency to deviant behavior (SOP) A.N. Orel; - diagnostic questionnaire to identify the propensity for various forms of deviant behavior "DAP-P"; - Student's statistical t-test. According to the totality of empirical data, their comparative analysis and statistical processing, it was found that the deviant behavior of orphaned adolescents raised in an orphanage has its own specifics, namely: boys' degree of manifestation of a tendency to deviant behavior in general and its individual forms is higher than that of girls. The study showed that in both samples there is a tendency to oppose generally accepted norms and rules, and, as mentioned above, the desire to protest against these norms and rules is due to the age and environmental characteristics of adolescents raised in an orphanage. Despite the fact that this tendency is less pronounced in girls than in boys, measures to prevent the further development of a tendency to overcome norms and rules are necessary for all participants in the study.

Keywords: nonconformism, suicide, aggression, addictive behavior, delinquent behavior, norms, orphanage, teenagers, deviant behavior, family