Abstract: A model of life expectancy regulation through biopsychological clocks of four levels is considered. The first level is represented by the intracellular molecular genetic clock, which is responsible for maximum life expectancy. At the second level, the regulation of activity time occurs (time management), this level is associated with the psychological clock, there is also a connection with the activity of annual and monthly biorhythms. This level is associated with the organization of life path, regulation of lifestyle, and professional longevity of a person. At the third level, wakefulness and sleep are regulated through circadian biorhythms with a period of 20-28 hours. Here the regulation of health and restoration of immunity occurs. The fourth level is associated with the regulation of the rhythms of the respiratory and cardiac systems, the phenomenon of premature death is associated with it, and it is responsible for the cessation of life. We consider regulation from top to bottom, with each level responsible for its own aspect of life expectancy. There is interaction between the levels, but its mechanisms have been little studied. In addition, there are also mechanisms that ensure the autonomous functioning of metabolism at each level. Conclusion: to restore health, prevent sudden death, and potentially increase life expectancy, it is necessary to develop comprehensive strategies that combine all levels of the biopsychological clock.

Abstract: Neural network training is widely used in various educational fields: staff training, mastering the curriculum at school and university, forming recommendations for private use by respondents, for teaching pensioners health-saving techniques. It is relevant to analyze the learning process of neural networks and evaluate their effectiveness on various models. For the study, a model was chosen for predicting the index of biological aging of a person based on the characteristics of his personality. To train neural networks, a data matrix of 1,632 people aged 35 to 70 years was compiled. Output variable: biological aging index; input variables: gender, age, family and professional status, place of residence, body type, type of functional asymmetry, style of relationships with people, as well as personal resources. Four neural networks were trained: for men and women, for working professionals and for pensioners. Results: 1) trained neural networks give different recommendations for men and women of pre-retirement and post-retirement age. 2) The effectiveness of predicting the biological aging index using neural networks turned out to be significantly high for all trained programs. 3) Neural networks can be used to model various social situations and identify what changes this will lead to for output variables. Situations were modeled: a) if all single adults get married, b) if all family adults break up, c) if everyone receives the recommendations of psychologists on the selection of personal resources and will use them. The neural network has issued a forecast: it is better for adult women not to change their family status/it is better for adult men to change their status. The use of personal resources selected by psychologists is effective for everyone.

Abstract: Criteria of personal resources are proposed: 1) a person can manage them, 2) they are complementary to everyday life, 3) there is evidence of their effectiveness in the literature. Thirteen personal resources have been identified. The test subjects are men from 36 to 60 years old, women from 36 to 55 years old. Methods: assessment of biological age in terms of health indicators, questionnaire of personal resources, methods for assessing individuality. An analysis of variance was carried out, and automatic neural networks were also used (“regression” method).
Results. For women, the most effective resources are: achievements, communication, kindness, needlework, intelligence, sports, creativity, spirituality and humor, and for men, sports, needlework, kindness. The influence of other resources depends on the frequency of use. There is a U - shaped dependence (creativity and spirituality in men), an inverse U - shaped dependence (order - in women), quasi-periodic dependences. 3 patterns were found: 1) The use of personal resources affects the aging index, generally lowering it; 2) For some resources, the aging index decreases with frequent use, rare use is ineffective, on the contrary, it can take up free time and distract a person from other activities; 3) For other resources, on the contrary, the aging index decreases with an average level of use, often ineffective, like a complete absence; 4) In women, the aging index is more influenced by general psychological personal resources, less often by typological features. In men, the aging index is more influenced by typological and individual characteristics.

Abstract: Objective: To study the relationship of personal resources of emergency rescuers with their biological age, as well as to assess the impact of individually selected personal resources on the index of biological aging. Method. Diagnostics: 1) research of personal resources (sports, control, creativity, intelligence, subject hobbies, altruism, humor, spirituality, risk, communication, nature, achievements, optimism) according to the original methodology, 2) diagnosis of biological age and individual aging index according to Voitenko, 3) measurement of personality types (gender, age, residence, family status, body type, emotionality, functional asymmetry, interaction style). A formative experiment, the selection of personal resources using the program "Anti–Aging XXI - trial" for each respondent, taking into account the types of his personality; the experiment lasted six months, during which the respondents used the recommended resources in their lives. Statistical methods: ANOVA analysis of variance, correlation analysis, descriptive statistics. Subjects: rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations 59 people from 19 to 32 years old (33 women), an experimental group of 34 people, a control group of 25. Results: The rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations have biological age indicators higher than both the proper biological and calendar ages, and their biological aging index is positive, which indicates accelerated aging. Men have a higher biological aging index than women. Male and female rescuers use different personal resources in their lives; women - altruism, men – humor. In men and women, the presence of subject hobbies leads to an increase in the index of biological aging, but optimism reduces this index in men. The use of specially selected personal resources for six months, allows you to reduce the index of biological aging, and at the level of the tendency to delay the acceleration of aging. Conclusions: individual-typological selection of personal resources is effective for rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, as it allows to reduce the index of relative biological aging of this professional group.

Abstract: The goal of this research lies in the assessment of predictive validity of psychological markers of health and work capacity of the persons of retirement age, and its comparison with predictive value of medical markers. The survey involved 496 retirees (386 women, 110 men) assigned to the Moscow medical center for cardiology. The research is based on longitudinal case study with two cross-sections. The section included the assessment of personality and life path indicators, medical examinations, psychological and medical predictions of health conditions. The second section included medical examination, assessment of changes in health conditions and preservation of life. The conclusion is made that psychological prognosis is more accurate in predicting preservation of life, while medical – in preservation of health. Psychological markers correlating with health conditions of younger and older retirees (family status, parental status, object of care, absence of bad habits, high level of activity and goal commitment, sociability) were determined retrospectively. Based on that, the author develops the strategies for organization of life path, which makes preservation of life and health more feasible. For young retirees, this is the strategy for combining the care for loved ones with high level of activity and quitting alcohol consumption. For older retirees, this is the strategy for combining care for loved ones with having a family and high level of activity. It is established that psychological markers of health have predictive value and can be recommended for experimental validation of their efficiency as an independent variable.

Abstract: The goal of this research is to examine the ways of organization of life used by modern men and women, and to determine personal characteristics that are associated with biological age of a person and reduce personal aging markers. The object of this research is the personality and life path, while the subject is the correlation between life organization strategies and rate of biological aging. The following methods were applied in the course of research: life path survey, self-assessment, determination of biological age. The study involved 987 respondents (575 women) aged 35 to 70, from different regions of the Russian Federation. Independent variable implies relative biological aging of the body (biological age –proper biological age); dependent variable– characteristics of life path. The scientific novelty consists in description of the ways of organization of life used by modern men and women. For men is typical: career building, work orientation, unhealthy lifestyle orientation towards family, self-fulfillment; while for women: career building, being a role model, work orientation, unhealthy lifestyle, choice between children and work. It is also proven that biological aging is delayed by the indicators included in most strategies: types of professions “Man – Nature”, “Man-Man”, “Man-Artistic Image”, “Man – Technology”, “Man – Symbol”, and style of cooperation. Biological aging can be accelerated by such indicators as: aggressiveness, overeating, smoking, living in a large city, career. The conclusion is made that personality traits that correlate with biological do not depend on just one life path strategy, however by one or two suit for most of them.

Abstract: The object of this research is the negative states experienced by the students during class time. The subject of this research is the correction of negative states by means of virtual reality technologies. The possibility of correcting negative mental states of extreme psychology students is explored from theoretical and empirical perspectives. The author reveals the basic techniques aimed at correction of mental states by means of virtual technologies. Analysis is conducted on implementation of virtual reality technologies in educational sphere. An empirical research is carried out. The author uses the diagnostic methods for assessing mental states, such as exhaustion, fatigue, tension, stress, monotony of satiation; and experimental methods, such as 10-20 minute preview of relaxing and dynamically-arousing scenes in virtual reality headset. It is demonstrated the during the academic day, the students majoring in extreme psychology accumulate negative emotional states, which include: exhaustion, tension, situational fatigue, and monotony. Application of virtual reality technology for submerging students into a virtual space allows restoring mental resources and delay the expansion of negative states. The development of mental resource requires appropriate choice of virtual realities. The conclusion is made that viewing virtual reality scenes of relaxing type decreases the level of exhaustion, while viewing the scenes of dynamically-arousing type with the effect of presence decrease the level of situational fatigue.

Abstract: The subject of the study is the dynamics of functional states in people who combine work with study in a master's degree. The author describes in detail the possibilities of using modern virtual reality technologies to restore the efficiency of undergraduates. The article presents data from an empirical study of men and women aged 22 to 53 years studying for a master's degree. The restoration of working capacity was carried out by viewing virtual scenes in a special helmet for 10-15 minutes before the start of training sessions. As a result of data analysis, it was found that after exposure to virtual reality methods, there is a decrease in situational fatigue, a decrease in mental fatigue and a decrease in indicators of reduced performance. A tendency to the influence of chronic fatigue syndrome on many negative indicators of the mental state of the subjects was also found. At the same time, after the training with the use of VR technologies, the effect of chronic fatigue syndrome on mental states decreases, while for undergraduates who have not been exposed to VR technologies, it increases. At the same time, after the training with the use of VR technologies, the effect of chronic fatigue syndrome on mental states decreases, while for undergraduates who have not been exposed to VR technologies, it increases.

Abstract: The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the biopsychological aging dynamics among middle-aged men and women in Russia and Kazakhstan. The object of research is the citizens of Kazakhstan (206 people) and the Russian Federation (1303 people). The subject of research is the biopsychological aging dynamics in age groups from 30 years to 81 years and older. The research deals with two forms of retirement stress: a pre-retirement one as an expectancy of well-deserved rest and a post-retirement one as a shift to another social environment. The research investigates the influence of retirement stress on the biological and psychological age of a person. The authors apply a method for assessing biological age by Voitenko and a method of self-assessment of subjective psychological age by K. A. Abulkhanova. The study defines general tendencies of the biopsychological aging dynamics for two countries: its correspondence with chronological aging, the influence of retirement stress on biological aging of the population, rapid aging among men in relation to women, as well as the intention to enhance the psychological age by young people, but to minimize it by senior people. The research finds the differences between Russia and Kazakhstan. In Russia, retirement stress influences men and women equally, causing rapid biological aging among them, moreover, the study observes the disequilibrium of biological and psychological age among Russians. In Kazakhstan, women have the lowest level of retirement stress and do not have the disequilibrium of biological and psychological age. Men in Kazakhstan have adapted to the later retirement since the country performed a pension reform two decades ago; their biological resources raise, thus, they feel younger in pre-retirement age, but their aging increases rapidly after retirement. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the retirement stress in its two forms: pre-retirement stress as an anticipation of retirement, and post-retirement as the feelings emerging after reaching retirement. The goal of this work consists in studying the dynamics of indicators of biopsychological age throughout nine stages of the human life cycle (between 25 and 85 years of age). The author explores change of indicators of the relative biological and psychological aging, namely during the periods preceding retirements and following right after. ANOVA dispersion analysis was applied for assessing the veracity of results. Activation of the relative biological aging is determined in the period preceding retirement and the following one; however, after reaching 71 years of age, it balances out and starts matching the biological norm. The author explained such phenomenon as a result of psychological stress experienced by a person during anticipation, and later transition, from one social environment into another. The research also demonstrated disaccord between biological and psychological aging: psychological age of a person does not change at the brink of retirement; however, during the retirement, both men and women start feeling psychologically older.

Abstract: Emotional security of educational environment must provide an effective solution to the fundamental objective of education – the translation of social experience to the new generation. This requires an optimal balance of emotional feelings experienced by the subjects of educational environment. Within the framework of the structural-level concept of emotional sphere, the author determines twelve basic emotions that correspond with the three levels of information digestion and four directions of emotional response (novelty, offence, acquisition, and lost). Each direction is associated with solution of a specific task: biological (primitive emotions), social (moderate) and existential (peak). The goal of this research lies in the theoretical analysis of correlation between emotional feelings and the course of cognitive processes (acceleration and deceleration). The object of the article is the structural-level model of emotional sphere, while the subject is the emotional security of educational environment as an optimization factor of the development of cognitive processes of the students. Based on the conducted analysis, the author determines the following patterns: emotions of novelty (fear, wonder, interest) influence the processes of sense, perception and attention; emotions of offence (wrath, rage, heroism) disinhibit motor response and accelerate cognitive processes (from visual active on the primitive level to divergent of the peak level); emotions of acquisition (pleasure, joy delight) affect the mnemonic processes – memorization, storage and reproduction of education material, as well as contribute to the  development of cognitive structures of personality (capabilities); emotions of loss (resentment, sorrow, despair) alleviate the processes of oblivescence, focus on the truly important and realistic tasks.

Abstract: The aim of the research is to analyze psychological and behavioral risks of cardiovascular diseases at retirement age and to compare these risks to other risks of socially significant diseases. The research involved retired men and women. The subject of the research is personality traits of retired people that contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological and respiratory diseases. The authors examine the influence of such factors as addicitions (alcoholism, smoking, compulsive eating), typological behavioral features (A, B and D types of behavior), emotional sphere and communication peculiarities. The research involved 525 pensioners who came to the city out-patient clinic, 496 of them had a record of a significantly important disease. The researchers have applied such methods as questionnairies, self-assessment and medical analysis data. To process data, the authors have used one-factor analysis of variance and regression analysis. The results of the research demonstrate that many psychological risks are common for different socially important diseases (in particular, bad habits and aggression) and career advancement is the general cause. However, there are personality traits that influence the development of a particular disease, for example, creative hobby and attribution to the Human - Sign kind of profession reduce the risk of heart diseases. Attribution to the Human - Nature kind of profession decreases the risk of diabetes, and intellectual hobbies reduce the risk of lung diseases. Conclusions: it is necessary to take into account personality traits and personality type when assessing the risk of diseases. 

Abstract: The goal of this research is the peculiarities of personal organization of the way of living affecting the development of cardiovascular diseases among various types of personality in senior age. The research method consists of the diagnostic of personality traits, questionnaire on the way of living, analysis of medical documents, expert assessment. The dependent variable includes: personality traits, such as aggressiveness, activeness, outgoingness, optimism, thoughtfulness; and peculiarities of the way of living, such as career, hobby, bad habits, etc. The independent variable includes the level of cardiovascular pathology. The additional variables include professional types, gender and age. Statistical method in form of dispersion analysis ANOVA was used in the course of research. The results demonstrate that the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases among senior citizens is increased by aggressiveness, professional activity in the sphere “man-technology”, psychological addictions (alcohol consumption, smoking, compulsive eating); while reduced by optimism and presence of hobbies. Among the senior citizens of work and technical specializations, the risk of cardiovascular diseases was also enhanced by outgoingness, activeness and determination, career growth; while reduced by the presence of hobbies. Among the senior population of human-oriented professions, the risk was reduced by the presence of sport hobby. Among office employees, the risk was reduced by professional activity and career growth, while increased by other types of activity; social interactions are also considered as favorable. The conclusion is made that alongside the general factors, there are individual prerequisites for the emergence of cardiovascular diseases depending on professional type of a person. Validation of the acquired results require additional research.  

Abstract: The subject of the research is the distribution of psycho-types of patients with cardiovascular diseases. The object of the research are individuals of retirement age. The research involved 100 people who have been registered in the city clinic for cardiac disease. The comparison group consists of individuals with cancer. The vegetative-behavioral, temperamental and emotional personality types of pensioners were studied. The author pays special attention to the distribution of patients according to the types of the emotional sphere of unconscious and self-estimated levels. Diagnostics of personality types are carried out with the help of the following tests: Strelau, Rusalov as well as original questionnaires. To assess the reliability of differences between distributions, the statistical χ2 criterion is used. It is shown that there are differences in distribution by type for the temperamental level, and at the trend level for the vegetative behavioral. It is suggested to consider personal types as an additional variable; the belonging of a person to a certain personality type under certain conditions will increase the risk of the disease, while at others decrease. The direction for further research has been determined: identification of the risk conditions for cardiac diseases and conditions for the restoration of health for each personality type. 

Abstract: The methodology of the presented research reflects the complexity and interdisciplinarity of the stated problems and is deductive in nature. It is based on the analysis of the content of the concepts “personality” and “linguistic personality” as being more general in relation to the phenomenon of the secondary linguistic personality. The method of abstraction allows you to select from the general picture of the views and ideas about the structure and content of the personality, linguistic personality and secondary linguistic personality those of its components that can serve as specific objects and vectors of linguopedagogical activity. The novelty of the article is caused by the fact that attracting quite a lot in modern humanities phenomenon has been studied both in the psycholinguistic and linguodidactic context, while the former creates a substantive and methodological basis for the latter. It also seems to be a new approach, in which three related, but rarely found together, concepts are exposed to structural-content analysis and identification of connections: personality, language personality and secondary language personality.

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to conduct a psychogenetic research of factors influencing individual life expectancy of Russians in the 20th century. The object of the research is individual life expectancy and the subject of the research is the influence of such factors as health and healthy lifestyle on individual life expectancy. The author of the article examines the role of heredity and environment in the genesis of dangerous diseases (cardiovascular disseases and cancer) as well as dangerous habits (drug and alcohol addiction, smoking and compulsive eating). The author pays special attention to the role of personality traits and environmental factors in how one arranges his or her life path. The research is based on the twin method and involved 100 pairs of monozygous twins who have already completed their life path. Through surveying their relatives, the author makes indicators of health and healthy lifestyle for each pair. There is a significant reduction in individual life span of those twins whose lives were influenced by such factors as 'drug addiction' and 'total sum of dangerous habits' in relation to average indicators within the group. The factors 'alcohol addiction' and 'cardiovascular diseases and cancer' evidently decreased the life span of a twin but not in relation to average indicators within the group. The influence of variables 'smoking' and 'compulsive eating' is levelled off by the influence of other negative factors, however, with the growth of the average life expectancy in Russia elimination of these factors can actually increase the life span and life productivity. 

Abstract: In her research Inozemtseva tries to integrate two methodological approaches to studying the phenomenon of psychological time: time-management as a management science and theory of personal organization of time as an element of personality psychology. The author provides a theoretical analysis of the matter and views time-management consisting of applied temporary methods and technics as the factor of personal organization of the entire life time. The scientific objective of the research is to examine the influence of short-term planning as a skill developed in the process of time-management on the long-term life strategy. The author describes results of the time-management training that involved students of humanities as well as the influence of planning skills on the indicators of personal and cognitive prospects, duration of the temporary life and development of strategic planning skills. The independent variable includes time-management skills and dependent variable includes personal organization of time. The results of the research demonstrate that teaching short-term planning skills to students causes changes in both situation and personality. Training of time-management skills contributes to the development of personality structures, creates the cognitive prospect, increases the role of so-called forecasting planning, reduces the length of time schedules and provides a better focus on the present. 

Abstract: Biological factors that influence life expectancy (except for heredity) traditionally include: gender and causes of death. Heredity defines genetic determination of a life path, gender represents a biological factor which influence is conditioned by culture, causes of death can be endogenous (death as a result of natural causes) and exogeneous (death caused by environment factors). The impact of both causes of death considerably depends on the social environment. In her research Berezina has used a classical twin method to collect empirical data and analyzed 172 twin couples including 100 monozygotic couples. The novelty is caused by the fact that Berezina uses a one-factor dispersion analysis ANOVA to assess the influence of the aforesaid factors on life expectancy. The method allows not only to compare the roles of heredity and environment (which is quite traditional for psychogenetics) but also to evaluate the effect of other factors on an individual's life expectancy. The results of the research have proved patterns that have been already recorded by demographic studies: death causes have the greater influence on life expectancy and violent deaths reduce one's length of life twice as much as natural cuases. At the present time gender also influences life expectancy and women have a higher life expectancy. The role of heredity is more important than that of the environment, however, heredity is represented only as tendencies. The author suggests to use her method to further evaluate the importance of more complex environmental and personality factors. 

Abstract: Individual life expectancy is viewed by the author as a psychogenetic attribute. In her research Berezina analyzes the influence of heredity and environment on life expetency. Berezina emphasizes that both factors have the influence on life expectancy and provides the results of the analysis of academic literature proving the influence of heredity and environment. The main proof of the great role of heredity on life expetancy involves: pre-programmed amount of cell divisions, so called 'death genes', 'biological clock' and etc. The main proof of the great role of the environment on life expectancy includes: life expectancy of laboratory animals influenced by the environmental factors, non-genetic aging causes, phenomenon of 'reverse aging' demonstrated by some living creatures, etc. The author also provides the results of her own empirical research using the classical twin method. 100 monozygotic twins and 70 dizygotic twins living in the Russian Federation in the XXth - XXIst centuries were studied. Based on the results of the research, the mean difference in life expectancy was 9,4 years for monozygotic twins and 12,3 for dizygotic twins. The results of the correlation analysis provide the correlation of individual life expectancy being 0,91 for monozygotic twins and 0,73 for dizygotic twins. Based on the results of the research, the author concludes that the overall and proximate environment has had the dominating effect on individual life expectancy in our country during the period of time under review. 
 

Abstract: The possibility of application of probabilistic approach for an assessment of individual life expectancy is shown in modern theories of aging. Probabilistic approach is defined from psychogenetics positions, is claimed that individual life expectancy is affected by three factors: heredity, Wednesday, and also a factor of genetiko-environmental interaction which taking into account activity of the person – the subject of the course of life, it is possible to call personal. Is shown that originally probabilistic model has to not only consider norm of reaction of a sign "individual life expectancy", but also influence on her of own activity of the personality. The analysis of modern theories of aging is carried out: theories of existence of genes of death, the theory of internal clocks, mitochondrial theories of aging, not genetic, stochastic theories, etc. will be selected. It is claimed that within any model of aging individual life expectancy is dependent not only from the factors assumed in her, but also has a probabilistic gap which depends on the personality organizing the life. As one of such factors the personal organization of time is offered. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to the category of the good in psychology and humanities. In her research Berezina states that this is a rather understudied topic compared to the category of the evil and explains that this is because the good is a complex phenomenon. It is assumed that in human mind the category of the good can exist in the form of a nonverbal image of the highest order constituting the 'over consciousness'. Intellect and a number of other phenomena are likewise represented in human mind. The methodology that is used to study complex mental phenomena is based on the concept of social (ordinary) representations. The purpose of the article is to analyze students' ordinary representations of the good man as well as to define criteria that are used by the respondents to develop a positive judgement of other people. As a result, Berezina defines the following four criteria. 'Good activity' is the commission of a good act towards someone who makes a judgement. 'Good fellowship' is an indirect citerion when someone is thought to be a good and kind person based on his/her behavior towards the third persons. 'Good nature' is a personal criterion when someone is thought to be kind judging from his/her positive qualities such as empathy and compassion rather than his/her behavior. 'Good conscience' is when someone is considered to be a kind person because he or she has a sense of conscience and regrets committing negative actions. 

Abstract: In the present article Berezina and Sokolov analyze the problem of emotional security of the educational environment, in particular, improvement of the mental state of students during exams. The authors examine the most famous consequences of examination stress such as worsening of academic performance or even psychosomatic disorders. The authors describe the existing methods of increasing examination anxiety including psychorelaxation and behavioral techniques. The subject of the present article is the figurative modeling as a mean of impoving the mental state. The object of the research is the implementation of techniques transforming mental images of the highest order (de-emphasis of the negative image and creation of the positive image) during university exams. The main research method is the quasi-experiment that was carried out in the two groups of respondents, experimental and control groups, each group consisting of 25 people. Based on the analysis of empirical data, the authors demonstrate that the implementation of the figurative modeling techniques during exams decreases the state anxiety, make a student less worried about grades and partially improve his mood. The figurative modeling is viewed as a cognitive method that is aimed at direct work with cognitions (beliefs, expectations, thoughts) and allows to improve the mental state of students by applying the method of image thinking. 

Abstract: In her article Berezina analyzes the phenomenon of understanding and recognition of visual information contained in the mental images of the highest order. Berezina bases her research on the previously established model of images - integrators of different orders according to which evident information is generalized irrespective of verbal, forming more and more becoming complicated educations. In model it is claimed that images of the first order - photographic images, the second order – classical secondary images; the third order – the generalized images, images of the fourth order – spatial similar educations; images of the fifth order – nonverbal standards of moral, philosophical, mathematical generalizations. Understanding of images of the highest orders is considered in the context of the psychosemantic theory of consciousness by V.F.Petrenko to become conscious, they have to be built in system of the relations with values of the language thesaurus. However, according to the author's assumption, images of the highest orders – polimodalna, also include not only generalized figurative, on and audialny information, in other words, possess the sounding; sounding can be presented by the incoherent sounds generalized by parts of words, and also mechanically imprinted by phrases. According to classical representations, the understanding occurs when the word connects to image, this situation in article is supplemented with a condition that the original understanding occurs if the imprinted pervosignalny soundings as a part of images of the highest orders at least partially coincide with soundings of words by which this category is defined.

Abstract: The model of formation of the dream space as a form of existence of mental images and images of the highest order is offered. The internal space of a dream is considered as a special case of mental space. The theoretical basis for the model is the idea that the psyche is a special form of reality having the nature other than the biological nature of the brain and the physical nature of the outside world as well as the concept of the psyche as the spacelike formation outside the brain. In the article the following features of a dream space are marked out: 1) the dream space is figurative, 2) a dreamer sees it as external but not internal, 3) this is the altered state of consciousness, 4) a dreamer sees the dream space as physical reality and images as real objects, etc. It is noted that the central problem of formation of the dream space is the emergence of feeling of gravitation. The author claims that the feeling of weight in a dream is a subjectively endured feeling of an attraction to one's own organism. The following three components of a mental image are defined: exteroceptive, interoceptive and proprioceptive. The author makes a supposition that the interoceptive component is the basis of formation of the internal space, the proprioceptive component creates the feeling of weight in this space and the exteroceptive component creates visual images. 

Abstract: In her article Berezina describes psychological and pedagogical aspects of the development of emotionally secure education environment. Berezina offers the following criteria of the emotional security of the education environment: minimization of negative emotions and increase of positive emotions. In this regard, Berezina defines the two components of the emotional security: the level of negative emotions (indicators include fear and anxiety) and the level of positive emotions (joy is an indicator). True emotions are viewed as the emotions causing important physiological changes in a human organism unlike usual emotions that affect only the mind and cause emotional distress. The methodological basis of the research involves the concept of the emotional security of the education environment. The article presents a review of scientific literature on the matter. Based on the results of the research, the author of the article proves the role of true emotions for the physical and mental health of students. Berezina also studies the connection between true emotions and the feeling of being healthy or unhealthy experienced by students. She also shows the correlation between the frequency of negative emotions and the probability of psychosomatic diseases and the relation between positive emotions experienced in the education environment and the subjective feeling of being healthy in the future. The researcher otulines the directions for the development of the emotional security of the education environment. One of these directions is the reduction of true negative emotions (anxiety before exams, for instance) through training sessions and psychological correction, the other direction is the providing more activities for creative and intellectual self-realization of students in the education environment.

Abstract: The idea of communicative culture developed in business psychology extends on the general psychology. In article the model of development of communicative culture at preschool age is developed. Methodologically the author relies on the cultural and historical psychology assuming development of the personality by overcoming of the age crises connected with transition of the child from one social environment in another. Also the author is guided by the concept of emotional safety of the educational environment approving need of creation of the safe environment in which at the child the main components of communicative culture allowing to establish the new optimum relations of the child with the world of adults, the contemporaries and younger will be created. In article stages of development of communicative culture of the preschool child at an age stage from 3 to 7 years are described. 2 main stages are considered, the first corresponds to crisis of three years, the second – to crisis is seven years and the intermediate period corresponding to age of five years. Traditional components of communicative culture are allocated: cognitive, motivational, behavioural and emotional and strong-willed. Specifics of development of each of components at the first and second stage formation of communicative culture are considered.

Abstract: In article emotional creativity as the creative ability connected with other mental and creative abilities of students is considered. Importance of definition of emotional creativity for pedagogics, need of its measurement at entrants of creative educational institutions is shown. On the basis of the analysis of literature definition of emotional creativity is given, its components are allocated, its communications with indicators of emotional intelligence are described. Data of own empirical research conducted on group of students are provided, is used author's techniques and classical tests for different types of intelligence and creativity. Indicators of the general emotional creativity and personal emotional creativity are entered. On the basis of the received results, it is claimed that emotional creativity as ability is a condition of effective implementation of artistic activity. Interrelations of emotional creativity with other mental and creative abilities are described. Partial existence of "an intellectual threshold" in the relations of emotional creativity and emotional intelligence is noted. At low indicators the general emotional creativity is interconnected with the general emotional intelligence, and at high – they become independent factors, but there is a communication of personal emotional creativity and emotional intelligence.

Abstract: The article describes the probabilistic model of time. The author of the article views the probabilistic nature of occurences of the past, present an future. It has been affirmed that only the present events are verifiable and has a 1 probability while past and future events are probabilistic, i.e. the present may have several variants of the past and future occurences with different levels of probability. In addition to the term 'probability', the author also offers a definition of the term 'energy'. The author makes an assumption that probability may have a direct connection with energy and the increase of the 'energy' of an event can raise the level of its probability, too. The author describes the difference between the terms 'occurence' and 'event' and say that the term 'occurence' applies to a full group of events. There are only material objects existing in the present and a full group of events evolve around one occurence. Probability of a full group of events of the future occurence is more than 1 and that of the past occurence is less than 1. This is what determinates the direction of the arrow of time. 

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the relation between sociality and sexuality in psychology and literature. The research is based on the analysis of science fiction literature. The latter is viewed by the author as the imaginary experiments of writers in modelling the possible development of human and society in the future. The author of the article discovers interesting patterns in the description of the 'man of the future' by science fiction writers. The author also analyzes science fiction works describing social features of the man of the future (or super man) as well as the relation between sexuality and sociality of such a man. The author underlines that many writers describe the decrease of sexuality of a super man and, as a result, the reduction of his social abilities. The research method used by the author is the psychological analysis of creative writing with the focus on the analytical psychology. The author also studies psychological features of the man of the future as the hero of science fiction novels. The results of the author's analysis show that there are several points of view on the relation between human sexuality and sociality in the future. In some novels the decrease of sexuality leads to the loss of social interest while in other novels sexual instinct is replaced with the other instinct and sociality remains unchanged. The author also notes that there are very few works describing how the decrease of sexuality leads to the development of sociality through encouraging the instinct for self-improvement. 

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of the fear of death. She provides literature data about the existence of such smell in the world of insects, animals and humans. She describes researches that define that people tend to associate fear with the acid fragrance while dogs demonstrate a negative response including fear to acid fragrances. The article describes the results of research when the influence of the vinegar acid on the behavior of red ants was studied. The results show rapid changes of the ants' behavior in the area where the fragrance was active. The ants demonstrated hyper activity or tried to avoid the area and both of these actions were the signs of fear. The author offers the interpretation of this phenomenon in terms of evolution. Reaction of fear to the acid fragrance is thought to be instinctive. Inseсts demonstrate the maximum expression of this reaction, mammals start to react like that less because of the influence of individual experience and humans may not always demonstrate such a reaction clearly. However, the author states that in stress situations reaction of fear to the acid fragrance can be actualized. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to the empirical research of the life path of modern managers of the low- and middle-levels and leading specialists. The research was carried out according to the quasi-experimental scheme of the ex-post-facto experiment. The research involved the questionnaires given to adult people  (managers and leading specialists) in order to study special features of their personal and academic activity at school and university. The results of the research show the following: there is no clear correlation between the kind of career (manager or professional) and academic success but there is a certain correlation between the choice of the fate of a leading specialist and their active community involvement at universities. However, the results are quite surprising. According to them, leading specialists were the most active and successful in community work while managers were not so active socially. The author also analyzes what respondents dreamt to become. Based on the results of research, both managers and leading specialists had rather similar professional dreams and desires. The author also offers her interpretation of the results. 

Abstract: The author of the article views the role of the personality factor (along with the factors of the genetic background and environment) that defines the individual length of life based on the example of the life path of famous monozygous twins. The personal factor means the factors of interaction between the organism and the environment. The author of the artile analyzes biographies of monozygous twins who were famous for their achievements in the spheres of culture, science, art ad politics and tries to define the factors influencing the length of their life. The author discovers that the average difference in the length of lives of famous monozygous twins is approximatelly 4 years while in cases of violent deaths and accidents it is 7.05 years. The author also defines factors that may reduce the length of life of a twin. The most important factor is the publicity. A more famous twin has more risks of the violent death or accident. At the end of her research the author emphasizes the need for more complete researches of the influence of personal, social and psychological factors on the length of life using the twin method. 

Abstract: This article deals with the position of psychic abilities on the evolutionary tree of humans. It analyzes publications about psychic phenomena over the last two centuries as well as the writing of A.G. Li, R. Dzhan and others. The analysis shows a complete lack of progress: researchers have conducted the same experiments in order to explain the same ideas again and again. The article takes note of the paradox of psychic phenomena: no one can prove or deny their existence. It provides examples of phenomena in the same order as other living species: simple organisms, worms, cephalopods, birds and monkeys. It is assumed that any new ability appears in the evolutionary sequence twice: first as unstable accident and, at a later stage, as a stable ability. Perhaps this is true of psychic abilities also. The article proposes directions for future research in order to study the nature of psychic abilities. It argues that the issue of reserve abilities can be clarified only after we understand the mechanisms of the functioning of psychic abilities.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of teaching the good morals and behavior in modern pedagogy and psychology. The term of 'the Good' is veiwed from the point of view of so called 'peak psychology'. The author of the present article compares different views on the Good in peak psychology, depth psychology and existential psychology. The author of the article also describes philosophical concepts on the matter such as Auguste Comte's theory of altruism and P. V. Simonov's physiological concept of emotional resonace. It has been shown that this phenomenon is not studied well in pedagogy, psychology or philosophy. It has been also noted that there are fewer literary books about the Good (in science fiction, art literature and philosophical writings) than books describing the Evil. The author also gives an example showign that ni our vocabulary we have almost twice as much words for describing negative emotions than words for describing positive feelings. According to the author,  the Good is poorly studied because it is a very complex phenomenon.

Abstract: The relation between indicators of physical development of the adult person and his cognitive abilities is studied. Strength, speed, flexibility and balance are studied as indicators of physical health . Parameters of creative thinking are measured as intellectual indicators, including: flexibility, originality, ingenuity and others. The correlation analysis is carried out. Existence of authentic relations between abilities to coordination of movements and some indicators of divergent thinking (its flexibility and efficiency), and also ingenuity is shown in the process of task solution by adults.