Abstract: The relevance of the work is associated with the need to develop criteria for differentiating functional and functional-semantic homonyms generated by the mechanism of adverbial transposition of the instrumental case of nouns. The novelty of the study is due to the development of criteria for differentiating, on the one hand, nouns, and on the other hand, adverbs arising on their basis. The purpose of the work is to study the features of nouns and adverbs that allow differentiating grammatical and lexical-grammatical homonyms. The object of analysis is substantive word forms involved in the process of adverbialization, the subject of consideration is the stages and features of their adverbial transposition, the criteria for differentiating homonyms. Structural-semantic, distributional and oppositional analysis, linguistic experiment were used. Criteria for differentiating word forms representing different degrees of adverbialization in the zones of the periphery and core of adverbs are established. The meanings of objectivity and adverbiality are recognized as the main criteria. The presence of part-of-speech semantics of the subject in the disputed word forms predetermines the implementation of the categories of gender, number and case, case-numerical paradigms, the system of inflections and the typical function of complement in them. The formation of adverbial semantics in nouns leads to their decategorization, loss of categories and paradigms, transformation of the morphemic structure caused by the degeneration of inflection into a suffix and expansion of the word base, as well as to the acquisition of the typical function of adverbial circumstance. It is proved that as a result of the stepwise adverbialization of the instrumental case of nouns, grammatical homonyms arise that do not break the semantic connection with the substantive lexeme; hybrids and nuclear adverbs that function as lexical and grammatical homonyms.

Abstract: The relevance of the research is due to the need to study the intersection zones of transposition processes in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that it is the first attempt to identify the links between the stages and the limit of adverbial and pronominal transposition of nouns. The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of step-by-step transposition of instrumental case forms of nouns into the categories of attributive-quantitative and adverbial-spatial adverbs, as well as into the categories of indefinite pronouns correlative with numerals and adverbs. The object of analysis is substantive word forms involved in the processes of adverbial and pronominal transposition, the subject of consideration is the stages and features of functional and functional-semantic adverbialization and pronominalization. To achieve the objectives, the following research methods were used: structural-semantic and lexicographic analysis, oppositional method, elements of distributional, transformational and componential analysis, linguistic experiment. It has been established that some noun word forms in the Russian language are involved in the transposition processes of adverbialization and pronominalization. The degree of their adverbial and pronominal transposition is not the same. Word forms such as "navalom", "mestamami" are subject to functional adverbialization occurring in the semantic zone of the original lexemes, and word forms such as "poryakom" are subject to functional-semantic adverbialization that violates the semantic identity of the original lexemes. It has been revealed that the grammatical or lexical-grammatical type of adverbialization of nouns can be associated with the initial or final stages of their pronominal transposition. Contexts demonstrating different stages of adverbialization and pronominalization of instrumental case forms of nouns have been determined.

Abstract: The article presents the experience of describing the mechanism of transposition of instrumental case forms of nouns without prepositions into the subclass of adverbial adverbs. The relevance of the work is determined by the need to study transition zones in the grammatical structure of the Russian language. The purpose of the work is to describe the stages, features and limits of transposition of substantive word forms into adverbs used for different types of localization of objects in the form of a point, line and circle (sphere). The novelty of the approach is determined by the use of the oppositional analysis technique. The object of analysis are word forms that represent, on the one hand, typical nouns, and on the other, peripheral nouns or peripheral and nuclear substantive adverbs with spatial meaning. The subject of consideration is the stages (stages), their characteristics and the limit of categorical transformation of prepositional forms of nouns into local adverbs. In solving the assigned problems, general scientific and special methods were used (comparison, generalization; structural-semantic analysis, oppositional method, linguistic experiment, elements of distributive and component analysis). Groups of nouns have been identified and characterized, representing in instrumental case forms an unequal number of steps (stages) of transposition into local adverbs. The specific features of functional and functional-semantic adverbialization of substantive vocabulary are determined. Their participation in the localization of designated objects is shown. Adverbialized forms of the instrumental case of nouns have been established, representing four categories of spatial adverbs: 1) abstract or indefinite adverbs; 2) deictic adverbs; 3) relative adverbs; 4) evaluative adverbs.

Abstract: The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comprehensive analysis of the process and result of the functional and functional-semantic transposition of linguistic units from nouns to the class of adverbs. The purpose of the work is to describe the stages and limits of transposition of instrumental case forms of nouns into the category of adverbs of compatibility/collection. The novelty of the approach lies in the use of the technique of oppositional analysis, which made it possible to establish that the degree of departure of different word forms and their groups from nouns and approach to adverbs is different. In certain contextual conditions, the same word form demonstrates, respectively, a core or peripheral noun, a hybrid and a peripheral non-substantive adverb. The indicated stages of the actual grammatical transposition of a word form into the category of adverbs with the semantics of a collection are found within the semantic zone of the original substantive lexeme. The limit of this type of transposition is the stage of peripheral adverbs, representing grammatical homonyms of the original forms of the instrumental case of nouns. It has been revealed that cases of word forms going beyond the semantic zone of the original lexeme during adverbialization are rare. Most often, with functional-semantic adverbialization, metaphorization of the adverbialized noun is observed, creating a favorable basis for its semantic separation from the original lexeme. Groups of nouns have been identified that demonstrate, in typical contexts, different numbers of stages of transposition into adverbs of compatibility. Each stage of adverbialization is determined by the syntactic conditions of speech – the syntagmatic environment of the word form, its functional load. In the zones of the periphery and core of adverbs, proper morphological changes in the structure of linguistic units are recorded.

Abstract: The stepwise nature of adverbial transposition of nouns without prepositions is investigated. The object of study is the forms of the creative case of nouns without prepositions, representing the first stage of transposition into adverbs, the subject of consideration is combinatorics and the proportion of substantive and adverbial features in the structure of word forms of the "whisper" type, functioning in the zone of the periphery of the noun class. The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop such a field of scientific research as the transpositional grammar of the Russian language, as well as to identify patterns of functioning of linguistic units in transitional zones between parts of speech and interparticle semantic and syntactic categories. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of substantive word forms that demonstrate different degrees of manifestation of signs interacting with the functional adverbialization of nouns and adverbs on two stages of the noun zone. Within the framework of the proposed approach to syncretic formations, methods of oppositional analysis (with an adverbial scale), elements of component, distributive analysis, and linguistic experiment are used. The novelty of the study consists in the description of a formalized methodology for establishing the stages of adverbialization of substantive word forms, demonstrating a different degree of departure from nouns and approximation to adverbs. It is established that the substantive word form "whisper", for example, is characterized by a multi-stage transposition into an adverbial class. In the zone of the periphery of nouns, she makes the first, actually syntactic step towards adverbs. It is associated with its use first in the syncretic function of complement and circumstance, and then only in the function of circumstance. The presence of dependent words in the form of adjectival and subsubstantial distributors, as well as the function of object complement, restrain the further advancement of the word form "in a whisper" towards the class of adverbs. The loss of object meaning in the word form under consideration is associated with a shift at the level of verbal subordination: weak control as a way of connecting the word form "in a whisper" with the main word is replaced by case adjunction. Object-circumstantial relations are transformed into circumstantial ones. But the main categorical features of nouns in the zone of the periphery of this class of words are preserved. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it contains an understanding of transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech in a systemic linguistic aspect. The practical significance of the research is determined by the possibility of applying its results in teaching linguistic disciplines – Russian, general linguistics, theoretical grammar.

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to analyze the degrees of adverbialization of the "winter" substantive formations in peripheral adverbs. The relevance of the work is due to the need to study peripheral zones in the grammatical structure of the Russian language, explicating syncretic language units at different stages of intercategory transposition. The novelty of the approach consists in using the methods of oppositional analysis and indexing the degrees of adverbialization of nouns, which made it possible to minimize the element of subjectivism in the evaluation of adverbializing word forms in typical contexts. General scientific and general linguistic, special methods of material analysis (comparison, generalization, descriptive method, elements of component, distributive and transformational analysis) are also used in this research. The focus is on word forms such as "in winter" demonstrates that different circumstances interacts differently with nouns and adverbs. The study of the degrees and limits of their functional adverbialization showed that in the structure of substantive adverbs like "in winter", signs of nouns and adverbs are synthesized in different proportions. It is established that as a result of the grammatical transposition into the class of temporal adverbs, the word form "in winter" reveals 4% correspondence of differential signs of the original noun "winter (winter)" and 78% compliance with the substantive adverb meaning of "sometimes". The zone of the periphery of adverbs serves as the limit of categorical transformation for the forms of the nouns "in winter", "in spring", "in summer", "in autumn", which do not violate the semantic identity of the original substantive lexemes.
The results of the research can be used in the further development of the problem of transitivity and syncretism in the field of significant and official parts of speech, in the creation of a transpositional grammar of the Russian language and in lexicographic practice – when writing dictionaries of interparticle homonyms.

Abstract: This article examines the result of functional transposition of language units from nouns into introductory-modal words with the meaning of affective evaluation of the conveyed and emotive interjections. The object of this analysis is the substantive word forms such as “horror” / “nightmare”, which functionin in the syncretic context of modalation and interjectivation. The subject of this analysis is the combinatorics and proportion of differential features of nouns, introductory-modal words and interjections within the structure of syncretic formations. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the need for studying syncretic zones in the grammatical structure of language; determination of the peculiarities of interaction between the grammatical and the lexical within the semantic-grammatical structure of formations place at the intersection of several transpositional processes in the sphere of the parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech categories of predicatives and introductory-modal units. The novelty of this research consists in the use of quantitative characteristics in assessing the degrees of functional modalation and interjectivation of desubstantive word forms such as “horror”/ "nightmare". The article describes the experience of calculating the indexes of their transposition into position of isolated introductory-modal components of expression with the meaning of effective evaluation of situation. It is determined that syncretic formations “horror” / “nightmare” detect in syncretic contexts of modalation and interjectivation 5% correspondence of their differential features to the features of reference nouns, 64% correspondence to the features of nuclear introductory-modal words such as “of course”, and 56% correspondence to the features of nuclear emotive interjections such as “all is ruined!”.

Abstract: This article examines the mechanism of transposition of linguistic units from short adjectives into introductory-modal units and predicatives. The object of this research is word forms such as “it is evident”, which in asyndetic complex sentences represent a zone of hybrid structures on the scale of modalation. The subject of this research is the combinatorics and proportion of the characteristics of adjectives, introductory-modal words and expressions, and impersonal-predicative words (predicatives) within the structure of hybrids. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the need for studying the mechanism of interaction between grammatical and lexical within the structure of word forms involved in one or more transpositional processes on the level of parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech categories. On thee example of deadjectival word form “it is evident”, the author calculates the indexes of modalation and predicativation of short adjectives in the zone of hybrid structures represented by asyndetic complex sentences with explicative relations between the predicative parts. It is established that the hybrid “it is evident” demonstrates 56 % correspondence of differential characteristics with characteristics of the original nuclear short adjective “evident” in the meaning of “available for visible perception”, 27 % correspondence with the characteristics of nuclear introductory- modal word “evident” in the meaning of “probably”, and 67% correspondence with the characteristics of nuclear predicative “it’s a shame” with the semantics of emotional state of a person and moral-ethical evaluation of his behavior.

Abstract: The object of this research is the linguistic mechanism of modalation in Russian language that produces lexical-semantic expressions of subjective modality of expression, and more extensively – of the text. Modalation is understood as a special type of functional and functional-semantic transposition of linguistic units from different parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech semantic-syntactic classification of introductory-modal words and expressions. The subject of this research is the levels of correspondence of differential signs of linguistic unit (verb), explicating in typical context a certain level of separation from the initial class (A) and convergence with the derivative class (B), deferential signs of prototypical (nuclear) representatives of class A and class B. Methodological framework contains the research of Russian and foreign author on the theory of parts of speech and syncretism in grammatical structure of a language. For determination of gradual form of modalation of the finite forms of verbs, the study applies oppositional method that allows describing on the scale of transitivity the different stages of their functional and functional-semantic transposition into the introductory-modal units. The index number calculation of correspondence of modalates to prototypical (nuclear) verbs and introductory-modal words and expressions is conducted using the indexing method. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that this work is firs to carry out indexing of correspondence of the peripheral deverbative modalates (“it is said”) to prototypical finite verbs (“are saying”) and prototypical devebative introductory-modal units (“perhaps”). As a result, it is established that in periphery zone of introductory-modal words and expressions, the modalate “it is said” shows 72% congruence (similarities and differences) with nuclear finite verbs (“are saying”) and 54% to nuclear deverbative introductory-modal words (“it seems”, “perhaps”).

Abstract: The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the need to objectivize the results of analysis of transposition mechanism of modalation of verbs in finite and attributive forms using quantitative methods of material processing. The goal of this article is to examine the levels of correspondence of differential signs of infinite forms of verbs in the zone of hybrid structures to the signs of nuclear representatives of the initial and final elements of inter-categorical introductory-modal transposition. The subject of this research became the infinitive-modal structures in transitive sentences that combine the attributes of conjunctionless complex sentences and simple expanded sentence (with unattached introductory-modal component). On the example of word form, the author demonstrates the combinatorial structure and proportion of attributes of verbs and introductory-modal units interacting with each other within the hybrid structure. The conducted research illustrates that the level of modalation of hybrids is determined by the proportion of differential properties of nuclear infinitive and nuclear introductory-modal words. It is established that in transitive structure, which balance on the border of conjunctionless complex and simple expanded sentence, hybrids of the type “to know”  show 68% of correspondence to nuclear infinitives (“know”) and 45% of correspondence to introductory-modal words (“must be”). In syntactic constructs with such hybrid the external syntactic position of modus framework of conjunctionless complex is combined with internal syntactic position of introductory-modal component of the expression.

Abstract: The aim of the research is to analyze the mechanism of transposition of short adjectives into input-model words and expressions in the Russian language. Based on the example of word forms 'it is seen', 'it is heard', and 'it is known' explicated into predicative and impersonal-predicative functions of someone's audio, auditive or cognitive perception the author of the article describes syntax conditions, features, stages and limits of adjective modalation. The rationale of the research is predetermined by the growing role of the subjective modal factor in the language. In the course of the research the author has used general research, general linguistic and special research methods (comparison, generalisation, description, oppositive analysis, distributive and transformation analysis). The research is focused on the core input-modal words created as a result of functional-semantic modalation of adjective word forms. It is demonstrates that the areas of the modal word core at the scale of transposition are achieved by single word forms with '-o' comparable to adjectives and predicates. An example is the modal unit 'it is seen' used as an input element of a common expanded sentence. At the stage of the core it is derived of such predicative features as categorial semantics of the evaluation; the function of the main element of an impersonal (input) sentence; compatibility with the verb conjunction of neuter gender, singular number and subject-object and/or circumstance determinants. Neither it has the features of an adjective (adjective lexical semantics); categorial meaning of a sign of an object; grammatical categories, forms and paradigms; functions of a predicate of a two-element construction; word-modifying and sentence connections. Based on its antonomic meaning, a lexical and grammatical omonym is created.