Part-of-speech homonyms as a consequence of the step-by-step transposition of the instrumental case of nouns into an adverb

Shigurov Viktor Vasil'evich ORCID: 0000-0002-4898-6484 Doctor of Philology Professor; Department of Russian Language; National Research Mordovian State University named after N.P. Ogarev 430010, Russia, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Serova str., 3, sq. 12 shigurov@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Shigurova Tat'yana Alekseevna ORCID: 0000-0002-5342-8471 Doctor of Cultural Studies Professor; Department of Cultural Studies and Library and Information Resources; National Research Mordovian State University named after N. P. Ogarev 430010, Russia, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Serova str., 3, sq. 12 shigurova_tatyana@mail.ru

1. Introductory remarks

One of the urgent tasks in the study of different types of functional and functional transposition of words of different parts of speech is the calculation of degrees and stages of categorical degeneration of lexical units. Of undoubted interest in this regard is the process and result of the adverbialization of the forms of the creative case of nouns. When used in a single position and in combination with prepositions, they reveal in different speech conditions an unequal degree of advancement to the class of adverbial vocabulary. Moreover, as in other cases of transposition, one can observe the intersection of several types of categorical transformations of lexical units, known as adverbialization, on the one hand, and modalation, interjection, particularization, pronominalization, on the other. The consequence of the involvement of linguistic units in several transpositional processes at once is the enrichment of their semantic structure, which manifests itself in a change in the proportion of features peculiar to different parts of speech. The object of this study is nouns that reveal different degrees of adverbialization in typical contexts, the subject of analysis is homonymous word forms representing the initial and final links on the scale of transitivity, i.e. a typical noun, on the one hand, and a typical and peripheral adverb– on the other. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that in the practice of grammatical analysis of the facts of transitivity in the field of adverbialization, objective difficulties often arise, which are due to the grammatical inconsistency of certain formations, sometimes the impossibility of unambiguous interpretation of them on the principle of "either ... or". These are often syncretic structures that synthesize different specific weights of nouns and adverbs. The situation is further aggravated by the fact that the so-called transition to adverbs can occur both inside the original lexeme and outside it, allowing us to talk about purely functional or functional-semantic homonymy ^{[17, pp. 59-65; 22, pp. 177-191]}. The material for the analysis is taken from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (hereinafter: [NKRYA]) ^[10] and from the file of the authors' own examples of the article. The structural and semantic method, linguistic experiment, elements of distributive, transformational and component analysis were used. The methodological basis was the work of Russian and foreign scientists on the problem of partial transposition, syncretism ^{[1; 2; 6, pp. 5-11; 9, pp. 9-25; 14, pp. 25-38; 20; 21; 23]}, including research on lexical and grammatical homonymy (see, for example: ^{[4, p. 1-12; 7, pp. 380-390; 8; 11; 16, pp. 248-258]}), patterns of word compatibility of different parts of speech ^{[5, pp. 483; 13; 15]}.

2. Research results and discussion

A comprehensive systematic study of linguistic and speech facts in the field of adverbialization of the uncomplicated forms of the creative case allowed us to conclude that this type of transposition should be understood both in procedural (dynamic) and synchronous aspects.

The dynamic perspective of the adverbialization of substantive word forms of the type by, at once, next, for free, in the summer represents a change in their structural and semantic characteristics as they gradually move towards adverbs. The change of partial features in the structure and semantics of word forms of the winter type includes both the weakening and loss of substantive characteristics, as well as the formation and strengthening of adverbial properties. In addition, the involvement of adverbializable substantive word forms in the processes of pronominalization, modalation, particularization and interjection leads to the appearance of some signs of pronouns-numerals with indicative semantics of an indeterminately large set of objects (there was a lot of firewood), introductory modal words with the meaning of categorical reliability (You would surely beat everyone) or a logical assessment of the utterance in the form of clarification (You're not from Samara, by the way), modal affirmative particles ("Would he be rewarded for this?" – "Sure thing!") and imperative interjections (All around! Run!).

The study of adverbialization of nouns without prepositions in the static aspect consists in the analysis of nuclear and syncretic formations, demonstrating on the scale of transitivity different stages of advancement towards the adverbial class. Each of these stages is associated with a certain set and specific weight of differential features of parts of speech interacting in areas of pure adverbialization and combined with particularization, modalation, interjection and pronominalization. On the scale of the adverbial transposition of substantive word forms, different degrees of departure of the averbializing formation from typical nouns and approximation to typical representatives of non-substantive adverbs are graphically presented. The noun zone is explicated by two links – with nuclear representatives of this class of words [A /S(gorge)] and peripheral [Ab/ S(gorge) n (arech)]. Similarly, it is denoted by the zonuclear [B / N (arech)] and peripheral adverbs [aB / s(gorge) N(arech)]. The middle link [ab / s (gorge) n(arech)] correlates with contexts that demonstrate hybrids synthesizing signs of interacting nouns and adverbs in approximately equal proportions.

The syncretism zone on the transitivity scale is explicated by formations correlating, on the one hand, with the zones of the periphery of nouns and adverbs, and, on the other, with the zone of intermediate, substantive-adverbial units.

The proposed model of graphical representation of the stages of adverbialization can be modified in each specific case. This is due to the fact that some links on the scale of adverbial transposition of nouns may either not be occupied at all by one or another substantive word forms degenerating into adverbs, or, on the contrary, have a more fractional gradation in the form of a number of sub-links. Cf., for example, two sub-links in the zone of the periphery of the noun in the creative case, differing in lexical compatibility and, accordingly, the degree of advancement to adverbs: 1) He was able to influence people in some extraordinary, hypnotic whisper and 2) He talked to children in an affectionate whisper. The first sub-link in the zone of peripheral nouns is represented by the contexts of the use of the substantive word form in a whisper in the syncretic function of the object-circumstantial component of the sentence (what? In what way? with what?) in combination with verbs like scare, tease, stop. The second sub-link of the zone of the periphery of nouns demonstrates contexts in which the word form is used in a whisper as a function of the circumstance of the mode of action (how?), while adjoining verbs such as say, ask.

The situation, as already mentioned, is sometimes complicated by the fact that when transposing into adverbs, the forms of the creative case come into contact with representatives of other semantic-grammatical classes and the semantic-syntactic category of introductory modal words and expressions. As a result, hybrids are formed, in the semantic structure of which the signs of nouns are combined with the signs of adverbs, pronouns, particles, introductory modal words (vernacular, bulk, places, hour, case, circle, run, etc.). Thus, the contexts of combined adverbialization and modalization demonstrate the sphere of interaction of substantive units with introductory modal words. For example: Are you by any chance from Rostov? The signs of modal words in a hybrid case include, in particular, the subjective-modal meaning of the logical assessment of the utterance; the optional possibility of isolation and separation with commas during introductory use in the position between the subject and predicate.

The adverbialization of nouns in the creative case may be associated with the interjection in speech situations of the urge to take action, in particular in commands like Circle! Step forward! Run! In such cases, volitional interjections are formed, characterized by a special imperative intonation. Cf. the contexts of the use of the original noun in the creative case and the spatial adverb that arose on its basis as a result of the adverbialization of the spatial adverb: He masterfully owned a sports circle and there was no one around.

In combined contexts of adverbialization and pronominalization of the Berry type (problems, garbage, etc.), the hybrid bulk combines the signs of nouns (the lexical meaning of the original noun bulk), adverbs (immutability, suffixal character of the morph; the meaning of the sign of the sign "to be in large numbers"; the function of the circumstance of measure and degree, combined with the function of the predicate) and pronouns-numerals (compatibility with the prepositively used form of the genitive case of a noun denoting considered objects as part of constructions with uncoordinated main members of a sentence; an indication of an indefinite set of objects exceeding the situational norm; cf. less frequent use in preposition in relation to the controlled form of the genitive case of a name: a lot of problems); see also transposition in indefinite pronouns-adverbs of the substantive word form in places: In places snow was still preserved (≈ ’--where, in some places') (for more information about semantic and grammatical shifts in nouns, adverbs, short adjectives and verbs in the pronominal function, see: ^{[18, pp. 34-43; 19, pp. 66-69, etc.]}).

The different degree of semantic departure of the adverbializing word form from the original substantive lexeme allows us to speak about two types of adverbialization of nouns in the form of the creative case: functional (actually grammatical) and functional–semantic (lexico-grammatical). With the functional type of adverbial transposition of a noun, the process of forming a new part of speech – an adverb occurs in the bowels of the original lexeme, which develops a new adverbial lexical meaning in a certain speech situation. It is important to emphasize that this adverbial meaning does not lead to a violation of the semantic identity of the word, but is understood within the framework of polysemy. An example of such a proper grammatical (functional) adverbialization can be the fact of transposition, for example, of nouns in the creative case with the semantics of the time of year or day such as winter, spring, summer, autumn; morning, afternoon, evening, night into temporal adverbs. Cf. grammatical (but not lexical!) homonyms like Smelled of summer, fields, berries; Vacationers enjoyed a warm August evening (nouns) – In the summer they lived at their dacha; In the evening they decided to go to the island (adverbs).

Conversely, the adverbialization of nouns of a functional semantic type is associated with the formation of not only grammatical, but also lexical homonyms based on nouns in the creative case. The semantic identity of adverbializable substantive word forms is violated, giving reason to talk about the interaction of facts of grammar and vocabulary. Going beyond the semantic zone of the original lexemes is accompanied by the formation of grammatical and lexical homonyms such as order (noun in the creative case) and order (non–substantive quantitative adverb). Cf.: 1. The duty officer strictly monitored the order in the camp - The guest turned out to be very annoying and tired of the whole order.

It should be borne in mind that some forms of the creative case of nouns are subjected to two types of adverbial transposition at once, which demonstrate, in essence, two stages of their adverbialization in the adverbial zone. These are, for example, substantive word forms next to and for free, on the basis of which, on the one hand, peripheral, proper grammatical adverbs were formed that do not violate the semantic identity of the original lexemes, and on the other hand, nuclear non–substantive adverbs that went beyond the semantic zone of the original lexemes. Cf. functional and functional-semantic homonyms:

(1) The books brought turned out to be a gift from the sponsors; The director was unhappy with the row of chairs set up, violating the overall composition of the script (nouns);

(2) All things were given to the orphanage for free (≈ 'возмездвозмезд)))))); Birch trees lined up side by side on a hillock (≈ 'вв)))))))) (peripheral adverbs);

(3) It turned out that all the effort and time were wasted (≈ ’in vain’); There was a beautiful lake nearby (≈ 'forever close') (nuclear adverbs).

It must be said that in many cases it is not easy to draw a clear demarcation line between the functional and functional–semantic types of adverbialization of the forms of the creative case of nouns, and sometimes, apparently, it is impossible at all, since the semantic differences between the individual types of their use in speech are often very subtle and indistinct. The degree of semantic departure of the adverbializing word form from the original substantive lexeme is individual in each case and is often difficult to measure. Therefore, it is necessary to state in the sphere of adverbialization a lot of transitional formations, as if lining up in a certain line that connects clear cases of polysemy and lexical homonymy. Something similar was expressed, however in a different connection, by A.M. Peshkovsky, who tried to distinguish between the facts of strong and weak management in different speech conditions. He recognized that it was impossible to establish in some cases the exact degree of connection between the prepositional and non-prepositional case forms of a noun with the main component of a phrase. "In one case," A.M. Peshkovsky noted, "we have the minimum of necessary communication in front of us, in the other – the maximum. And there are as many intermediate points between the complete absence of it (“weak” control) and the maximum presence as there are points in the line. Even here, the language "does not make leaps"" ^{[12, p. 271]}.

Functional and functional-semantic homonyms explicating zones of nuclear nouns, on the one hand, and peripheral and nuclear non–substantive adverbs, on the other, as well as syncretic speech formations demonstrating a mismatched set and proportion of differential features of the initial and final points of adverbial transposition in different speech conditions, can be differentiated taking into account a system of criteria that represent the main semantic and grammatical properties of nouns and adverbs, as well as sometimes interacting pronouns, particles, interjections and introductory modal words.

Here are the typical contexts of use, firstly, of nuclear nouns (4) [A/C (gorge) level on the scale of adverbialization], and secondly, of peripheral (5) and nuclear non-substantive adverbs (6) [aB/c(gorge) N(arech) and B/N (arech) on the adverbialisation scale]:

(4) Vacationers enjoyed the last warm day of autumn; Everyone was interested in the shortest but most difficult path to the goal;

(5) City tours were conducted during the day and sometimes in the evening;

(6) He hasn't figured out the situation yet.

When differentiating nouns in the form of the creative case and adverbs homonymous to them, which arose as a result of functional and functional-semantic adverbialization, a list of the most important criteria determining the specifics of typical representatives of the substantive and adverbial classes should be taken into account.

1. The presence of nouns (such as by day, by way, etc.) – the absence of adverbs that arose on their basis (by day, by way, etc.) of a number of substantive characteristics, which include categorical semantics of the subject (in the broadest sense of the word); grammatical categories and forms of gender, number and case; variability, two inflectional paradigms as a means of explication of the categories of case and number; the presence of inflection in the morphemic structure of word forms in English; typical syntactic characteristics of the noun class - the primary substantive function of the object complement; adjectival and subsubstantial distributors that fix the subject semantics of the noun and its grammatical forms of gender (singular), number and case; subordinate relationship with the main word combinations in the form of management (creative case); semantic and grammatical indicators of the rank meanings of nouns (animateness / inanimation, abstractness / concreteness, etc.). Along with this, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the disputed formation (adverb / noun) has typical signs of non–substantive adverbs - categorical semantics of the secondary sign; immutability; suffix -om; primary adverbial function of the circumstance; subordinate connection with the main component of the phrase by the method of adjunction; indicators of circumstantial (temporal, spatial) and determinative (quantitative, image and the mode of action, compatibility and totality) of adverbs.

2. The difference in lexical meanings between nouns and non-substantive adverbs formed during functional and semantic adverbialization outside the semantic zone of the original substantive lexemes. Cf.: The artist's feeling, outraged by this order of things, pursues him in a wide variety of modifications and passes on the shame of the very society that lives in this order [N. Dobrolyubov. The Dark Kingdom (1859)] (sist. in the meaning. ’correct, well–functioning, organized state’ ^{[3, p. 929]}) - For several months of service, he was tired of these emerald plane trees, and the viscous aroma of wild hazel, and the soft transparency of the sky, jealously guarded by sharp-eyed eagles, and much more that was not found in the distant, but such a native Siberian provinces [d. Lynchevsky. The enemy // "Point of view", 2012] (adverb. in the meaning. ’to a large extent, quite strongly, fairly’ ^{[3, p. 929]}). Cf. the identity of the lexical meanings of nouns and non-substantive adverbs that arose during the functional adverbialization of the forms of the creative case, without violating the semantic identity of the original lexemes: Snowflakes were spinning, and the forest smelled of spring [p. Kozlov. Won't we always be? (1969-1981)] [NKRYA]; Recovery was recognized as a miracle. In addition to his mighty health , there was a kind of power of destiny hidden in the depths of his being. Granin. Bison (1987)] [NKRYA] (sushch.) – In spring, the dirty yellow of last year's autumn rags is exposed, and for a long time the earth is dressed in this beggar's headdress, until the new greenery gains strength and everything begins to bloom - hastily and violently. Shalamov. Kolyma Stories (1954-1961)] [NKRYA]; There were enough adventures, Elena Alexandrovna had to drink everything, miraculously escaped and reached Moscow in the winter of 1920/21 [d. Granin. Bison (1987)] [NKRYA] (adverb.).

3. The possibility for nouns is the impossibility for adverbs to combine with significant words that control the form of the creative case in the function of complement with the meaning of an object or component of a compound nominal predicate. Cf.: ... enjoyed the hot summer time; ... turned out to be a very stressful time of exams (sess. in the meaning. ’period') and sometimes I didn't want to do anything (adverb. in the meaning. 'sometimes'). For example: You will remember that I began my story at the end of October, sometimes perplexed when nature fluctuates between summer and winter [V. Sollogub. Seryozha (1838)] [NKRYA]; He just remembers... Childhood always seems to be the best time... [V. Popov. Charming Backwoods (2001)] [NKRYA] – Sometimes the sun peeked through, illuminated the falling grid of rain and again wrapped itself in shaggy clouds [V. Shukshin. Two on a cart (1958)] [NKRYA]. In cases of the type sometimes (overlooked), the adverbialized substantive word form denotes not the object to which the action is directed, but the interval between the transmitted situations.

4. The presence of nouns – the absence of typical adjectival and subsubstantial adverbs. Cf.: The children were satisfied with the gift received from the sponsors (essence) – they wasted so much effort and time, for nothing (adverbs). Unsubstantial adverbs may have dependent words that do not "enliven" the substantive properties in an adverbialized word form in English (circumstances with the meaning of measure and degree; time, etc.; for example: early in the morning, late in the evening, already impromptu, completely in a whisper). For example: The yacht made a turn and went back to shore. "And here... Slavka said in a completely whisper. – What grade do they record here?" [V. Krapivin. The Three from Carronade Square (1979) Early in the morning I came out of the hut and saw that the rain had stopped a long time ago, and everywhere – on the ground, on the trees, on the roof – the first snow was lying [Yu. Koval. Belozubka (1979)] [NKRYA]. An attempt to artificially change the syntactic environment of the adverbialized form of the creative case in a certain context by substituting dependent adjectival and substantive words with it, as well as to form allegedly other case and numeric forms, will inevitably lead to the substitution of one grammatical phenomenon (adverbs) with another (homonymous noun). Cf. the incorrectness of the research technique sometimes used to prove the allegedly substantial nature word forms in the morning in such contexts of adverbialization as: In the morning we decided to go hiking (adverb.) -- > Early the next morning ... (sess.). Attempts to revive the subject meaning in a noun that has undergone proper grammatical (functional) adverbialization are also observed when using such a dubious technique as isolating it from context and replacing it with an original noun that is close in meaning and varies in categories of case and number; cf. typical contexts of using functional homonyms: It was cool in the afternoon (adverb in the function of a determinant circumstance time, devoid of the case-numeric paradigms of the original noun) and Everyone was satisfied with the rest day (a noun in the function of an object complement, possessing the categories of gender, number and case).

5. Accentological differences between nouns and non-substantive adverbs. Cf. stress change in the forms of the creative case of nouns running, circling, subjected to adverbialization: I thought that maybe he was delusional, and had just come running from the stadium [A. Gelasimov. You Can (2001)] [NKRYA]; ...Papers were mixed on the table with a black corner from the frying pan... [Yu. Davidov. Blue Tulips (1988-1989)] [NKRYA] – A lone frachnik ran up the stairs [M. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita, part 2 (1929-1940)] [IN VAIN]; It was completely dark. Not a light in the circle, not a sound [p. Dovlatov. Ours (1983)] [NKRYA] .

6. The possibility for non–substantive adverbs is the impossibility for homonymous nouns in the creative case to be part of a phraseological unit. Cf.: to beat with a key, a question with an edge, to scatter with beads, smoke with a rocker (adverb.) – open the door with a key, hit the table with the edge of the palm; embroider with small beads, pick up buckets with a rocker (s.). Homonymous adverbs and initial nouns often differ in lexical compatibility. Cf., for example, the use of a quantitative adverb in the order of the verbs to get bored, to pat, to crumple, to get tired, to get hungry, to get scared, to dilapidate, to tire, to beat, is not characteristic of a homonymous noun, the form of the creative case of which is controlled by some significant word: pleased, delighted, The presence of semantic agreement (common seme) with the main word of a phrase is not a factor that determines the process of adverbial transposition of a substantive word form or, on the contrary, prevents it. Cf. for example, the use of the peripheral noun step and adverb step with verbs of movement: to go at a fast pace – to go at a step.

Of all the above criteria for differentiating nouns in the form of the creative case and adverbs formed on their basis, only the first one is universal. The remaining criteria are more or less derived from the first one and can be used to distinguish between individual types of homonyms formed as a result of functional or functional-semantic adverbialization of substantive word forms.

3. Conclusion

The results of the study allow us to assert that formations such as summer, autumn, day, way, bass are adverbs if, on the one hand, they do not have differential signs of a substantive class of words, namely, subject semantics, a set of categories (gender, number, case), inflectional paradigms and inflections, complement functions, syntagmatic parameters nouns – verbal connections with dependent words of an adjectival and substantive type, belonging to subclasses of common, inanimate, abstract / concrete nouns, and on the other hand – have typical signs of adverbials – the general grammatical semantics of a secondary feature, immutability, the function of circumstance (and / or an inconsistent definition in a subsubstantial position; flight, rest in summer), expansion the composition of the base due to the transformation of the inflection -oh / -oh into the suffix -oh / -oh, belonging to the categories of determinative and circumstantial adverbs.

Gratitude.

The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of scientific project No. 24-28-00674 "The study of adverbialization as a type of stepwise transposition of substantive word forms in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language."