Functional adverbialization of substantive word forms of the "winter" type through the prism of indexing

1. Introductory remarks

The relevance of the research is determined by the increasing attention of scientists to the study of transition zones in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language, including syncretic (peripheral and hybrid) structures, which in one or another combinatorics and proportions contain signs of parts of speech interacting as a result of transpositional processes. Syncretists of this type allow laconically, but succinctly express complex thoughts and feelings of a person ^{[1, p. 82; 2, p. 380-390; 3]}. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the process and result of the transposition of linguistic units from the category of temporal nouns to the class of adverbs. The novelty of the approach is determined by the use of quantitative data in determining the degrees of adverbialization of substantive word forms in the zone of the periphery of adverbs ^{[4, pp. 44-54; 5; 6, pp. 578-589]}. This makes it possible to minimize the element of subjectivism in the assessment of grammatically contradictory facts related to the functional nature of the adverbial transposition of nouns of the winter type. The methodological basis of the study was the work of Russian and foreign scientists on various aspects of the problem of categorical transposition of linguistic units (or, in other terminology, conversion, translation, derivation, transformation) (see: ^{[7; 8, pp. 103-135; 9, pp. 57-71; 10; 11; 12, pp. 499-538; 13; 14, pp. 25-38; 15; 16, pp. 13-26; 17; 18; 19, pp. 237-245]}). The experience of distinguishing the types of functional and functional-semantic transposition of units in the system of parts of speech and interparticle discharges is taken into account; the analysis of the principles of describing the phenomena of partial transposition, syncretism and the specifics of the intersection of transposition processes in the structure of a single word is taken into account (see: ^{[20, pp. 59-65; 21, pp. 463-468; 22, pp. 1108-1123]}). The study of the history of the issue indicates that many facts of the adverbialization of words and word forms of different parts of speech are interpreted far from unambiguously. This applies, in particular, to single formations with a circumstantial time value like in winter (it was cold). Some researchers consider them adverbs ^{[23, p. 193-194, etc.]}, others – nouns in the form of the creative case ^{[24, p. 284]}, others – syncrets explicating the transition zone between nouns and adverbs ^{[25, p. 41]}. According to V. V. Vinogradov, nouns in the meaning of the circumstances of comparison (to be carried by an arrow) are halfway into adverbs, and in the meaning of the circumstances of time are even closer to them (to leave in the spring) (see: ^{[26, pp. 315-316]}). Different degrees of adverbialization of nouns are also seen in other languages – Ukrainian ^{[15, pp. 197-198; 201-205]}, Slovak, German ^{[27, pp. 264-266]}, Polish ^{[28, pp. 317-320]}.

To solve research problems, we used general scientific and general linguistic, special methods of analyzing factual material (comparison, generalization, descriptive method, oppositional analysis, elements of component, distributive and transformational analysis). The use of the indexing method made it possible to identify the specific weight of the signs of nuclear nouns and nuclear adverbs in the structure of substantive adverbs subject to functional adverbialization.

 2. Research results and discussion

In the present study, on the example of a substantive word form in winter, the indices of adverbialization of nouns explicating in the periphery of adverbs a different degree of departure from the outgoing class of words and approximation to temporal adverbs are calculated.

It is established that nouns with temporal semantics such as winter, spring, summer, autumn, morning, evening represent different stages of adverbialization, which can be conditionally designated on the transitivity scale in the form of three links: C(N) (nuclear nouns:We admired the early spring) --> C(gorge) n(arech) (peripheral nouns: Snowdrops appear in early spring) --> c(gorge) N (arech) (peripheral adverbs: Rooks arrive in spring).

The subject of our attention in this article is the stage [c(n) H(arech)] on the scale of adverbialization, which is represented by the contexts of the use of peripheral adverbs such as winter, spring, summer, autumn; night, morning, afternoon, evening, correlative with nouns in the forms of the creative case without a preposition (winter, spring, summer, autumn; night, morning, afternoon, evening). Cf. typical contexts of the use of grammatical homonyms – nouns (1) and adverbs arising on their basis (2):

(1) (a) The river smelled of winter descending into the valleyThe Mediterranean [m. Buvailo. Are you going to the ball? // "Volga", 2013];

(b) I jumped out of the hut, and I saw the whole sky flooded with spring, and the swamp, and the drake spread out on the water [Yu. Koval. Forester Bulyga (1985)];

(c) Burnt in the Indian summer, the leaf burned like an unknown shell [Yu. Koval. Listoboy (1972)];

(d) ASH was walking and not noticeably enjoying the countryside, autumn, his beloved familiar landscape... [K. Buksha. Svoboda Plant // Novy Mir, 2013];

(e) Standing at the wall of the station, hiding under the huge fifth of its shadow, Matyushin reveled in the night, looking into an unknown cold expanse [O. Pavlov. The Matyushin Case (1996)];

(g) The old woman, propping herself up with a stick, went out into the meadow to enjoy the morning, which Lisa described in such charming colors [N. Karamzin. Poor Liza (1792)];

(h) Therefore, the atonement of guilt was not limited to the day of our return from the village [A. Aleksin. Division of property (1979)];

(and) Well, how are the guys – are you happy with the evening? "Nothing," he said without enthusiasm. Grekova. The Ladies' Master (1963)].

(2) (a) In winter we are covered with snow, the whole village is covered in snow ? both houses and cars [p. Alexievich. Time second-hand // "Friendship of peoples", 2013];

 (b) In the spring, woodcocks pulled over the birches, snipe buzzed over the marshes, cranes purred... [V. Astafyev. The Flying Goose (2000)];

 (c) In summer, the entrance smelled of vanilla, in winter – wet fur [And. Muravyova. A philistine in the nobility (1994)]; (d) Our love began in the summer, the autumn blossomed, froze in the winter, revived in the spring and toThe one-year anniversary finally upset [A. Snegirev. The same window // "Friendship of Peoples", 2014];

 (e) In autumn and spring, the Gorokhovians who came to the capital looked atPyatnitskaya... [A. Azolsky. Lopushok // "New World", 1998];

 (g) Then there were some more arts, fears, going somewhere at night, to some crypts [Yu. Trifonov. The house on the embankment (1976)];

(h) All this did not bother me, because when you eat from the newspaper (I had my own, bought in the morning), and it got dark outside, and the ruined poverty, flooded with dim yellow light, is silently reflected in the windows, one way or another you feel homelessness [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000) // "New World", 2001];

(i) The insect world, quite harmless during the day, turns into an attacking enemy at night. Arutyunova. Stones have time (2013) // "Volga", 2015];

(k) You want to watch figure skating in the evening [V. Makanin. The Vent (1977)];

 Adverbs in winter, autumn, evening, morning, etc. (2) are the result of proper grammatical (functional) adverbialization of nouns in the creative case, which does not violate the semantic identity of the original lexemes. We are talking about a special, adverbial type of use of linguistic units, which can be understood within the framework of an intraverbal polysemy: in winter, spring, summer, autumn (nouns) – in winter, spring, summer, autumn (adverbs). Lexicographically, formations like spring, morning, as nouns and adverbs are interpreted ambiguously. For example, in the "Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by S. A. Kuznetsov ^{[29, p. 121, 251, 263, 494, 728, 1407, 1408]} in the title articles on the nouns winter, spring, summer, autumn, their grammatical homonyms – adverbs are also given: "Spring… The time of the year that follows winter and is replaced by summer. Early, cold, friendly spring... Spring, spring, adverb. Take a vacation in spring ... (in springtime)"; "Summer ... is the warmest time of the year, coming after spring and changing in autumn ... in summer, in the meaning. adverb. In the summer I was in the Crimea ..." " Autumn ... The time of the year that comes after summer and is replaced by winter ... To spend autumn in the Caucasus… In the autumn, in the meaning. I'm going on vacation in the fall...". At the same time, formations in the morning, afternoon, evening and night as nouns and adverbs are given in the specified dictionary in different dictionary entries; cf.: "Morning… Part of the day from the end of the night to the beginning of the day; the time of sunrise, dawn. Early morning..." and "In the morning, adverb. In the morning… Go for a walk in the morning ..."; "Day ... part of the day from sunrise to sunset, from morning to evening. Sunny hot summer day..." and "In the afternoon, adverb… In the daytime...".

When used in the function of the circumstance of time in the structure of singly used word forms of the winter type, there is a change in the combinatorics and the proportion of the signs of the original nuclear noun and the derived nuclear adverb (sometimes). It is possible to determine more precisely the degree of correspondence of the differential features of functional adverbials to the features of typical representatives of the initial and final links of the interparticle transposition by calculating the indices of their adverbialization.

Common to peripheral substantive adverbs in winter, spring, etc. [He decided to go on vacation in winter] with the original nuclear nouns (winter, spring, etc.)[Autumn is replaced by winter] are such differential signs as: 1) the lexical meaning of the noun ’The coldest time of the year, coming after autumn and changing in spring’; cf. interpretation of the meaning of the adverb in winter: 'In winter, during winter' ^{[29, p. 364]}; 1 point. In general, they are united, as we can see, by one common feature.

Unlike the original noun winter (winter), the peripheral substantive adverb in winter lacks such differential features as: 1) the general grammatical meaning of the subject; cf.: Winter came quickly (what?); Autumn is replaced by winter (what?) and in winter we went skiing (when?); 1 point; 2) belonging to the lexical and grammatical categories of common, inanimate and abstract-concrete nouns; 3 points; 3) gender category; cf. grammatical form of the feminine (admire the Russian winter) in the original noun;  1 point;  4) the category of numbers; cf. grammatical forms of units and plural. numbers in the original noun: Such periods are usually replaced by severe winter / severe winters; 2 points; 5) category of case; cf. grammatical forms of different cases in the original noun: Winter has passed / There hasn't been a real winter yet / We need to prepare well for winter / We love winter / He is dissatisfied with the warm winter / They talked a lot about the past winter; 6 points; 6) variability, the presence of paradigms (within the categories of number and case); 1 point; 7) the presence in the morphemic structure of inflected morphemes designed to express the partial meaning of the subject and grammatical categories of gender, number and case;  cf. the inflection of the original nuclear noun in the form of the creative case in winter (This time is called winter) and the suffix of the adverb that arose on its basis in winter (In winter they lived in the city); 1 point; 8) primary syntactic functions of the subject and complement (2 points); 9) syntactic compatibility with distributors, explicating verbal subordinate relations – with adjectives (adjectives, pronouns-adjectives, ordinal numerals, participial forms of verbs), consistent with the noun in the forms of gender, number and case (this first cold /winter) (1 point), as well as with controlled forms of indirect cases of nouns (last winter) (1 point); cf. typical contexts with the specified types of communication: The first cold winter came; At first I was pleased with the winter of 2021 (a typical noun); A trip to the mountains in winter had to be postponed (a peripheral adverb); 10) strong management as a way of verbatim connection with the main word of the phrase; cf.: management as a way of obligatory verbatim subordinate connection of a short adjective with the form of the creative case of a nuclear noun: satisfied in winter, and the use of a substantive adverb to words that are not able to control the creative case without a preposition: travel in winter; Moscow in winter (1 point). In addition, non-substantive peripheral adverbs of the winter type are characterized by a number of features that are uncharacteristic of the original nouns. These include: (11) the propositional connection of the determinant type; cf. the temporal determinant in the statement: In winter we often went skiing (1 point); (12) the obligatory syntactic role of the circumstance of time or a syncretic, circumstantial-attributive member of the sentence; cf.: We decided not to go anywhere in winter; Everyone liked traveling in winter (1 score); (13) special lexical compatibility (distribution) – with verbs, primarily with the meaning of a specific action, movement, being, unable to control the form of the creative case of the name; cf.: to come (to work, to rest, to be, etc.) In winter, birds searched for food with great difficulty (peripheral substantive adverb in the meaning of time actions forming a phrase with the verb to search for the rights of the adjacent component) and Children enjoyed a soft snowy winter (a nuclear noun in the creative case with an object meaning, located in a verbatim subordinate relationship strong control with the verb enjoyed); 1 point.

Thus, from the typical noun winter (winter), representing the core and the starting point in the movement of the word form in winter [link C (N) on the scale of adverbialization] towards the core of adverbs like sometimes [link H (arech)], peripheral adverb in winter[link with (gorge) N(arech)] are distinguished by 23 differential signs (points).

It follows from the above that in the zone of the periphery of substantive adverbs, the word form in winter does not have such important semantic and grammatical characteristics of the original noun winter (winter) as partial semantics of the subject (subjectivity); grammatical categories and forms of gender, number and case; inflectional paradigms structured by the forms of cases and numbers; belonging to lexico-grammatical categories common nouns, inanimate and abstract-concrete nouns; functions of the subject and complement; syntactic compatibility with adjectival and substantive distributors; subordinate verbal connection management with the main word of the phrase, lexical compatibility with verbs like pleased, admire, be called, predicting the controlled form of the creative case of the noun. The consequence of functional adverbialization was the complete isolation and isolation of the forms of the creative case and singular noun from the general paradigm of the original noun winter. However, the exit of the word form in winter beyond the semantic zone of the original substantive lexeme with its adverbial use of the time circumstance function is not observed.

The degree of correspondence of the peripheral temporal adverb in winter [s(gorge) N(arech)] to the original prototypical noun winter (winter) [With (n)] is determined by calculating the index x1 by the formula:

           x1 [in winter... s(gorge) N(arech)]   = 1 / (1 + 23) = 1 / 23  ? 0, 04 (4%)                   

As you can see, in the zone of the periphery of adverbs, the degree of correspondence of the differential signs of the peripheral adverb in winter to the signs of the descending noun winter (winter) is 4%.

The calculation of the second index of adverbialization (x2) of a peripheral substantive adverb in winter (The wind speed increased in winter) involves comparing its differential features with the features of typical, nuclear adverbs of the type sometimes, which arose as a result of functional semantic adverbialdization of nouns (In small details, the character of a person sometimes manifests itself), identifying the degree of their correspondence, i.e. similarities and differences.

         As a result of the study, it was found that such signs of a peripheral adverb in winter are sometimes brought closer to the nuclear adverb, as: (1) partial semantics of a sign of a sign; 1 point; (2) attribution to the semantic category of circumstantial temporal adverbs; 1 point^[1]; (3) immutability due to the absence of categories and paradigms of case and number; cf. original nouns: winter, winters ...; (summer) time, pores ...; 1 point; (4) the segmentation of adverbialized word forms into morphs; cf. root + suffix in the peripheral and nuclear adverb: zim-oi and por-oi; 1 point; (5) the primary syntactic function of the circumstance of time, sometimes combined with the function of an attribute or predicate;  cf.: Breakups sometimes / in winter were very painful (When? Which ones? – circumstance + inconsistent definition); The meeting was in winter (circumstance + predicate); 1 point; (6) adjacency as a way of verbal subordination with the main word of the phrase – verb, adjective and adverb, including in impersonal predicative use, noun (e.g.: ...Sometimes a piercing wind blew, especially cold in winter; It was cold in winter; Meetings were sometimes very cold); cf. also: called up sometimes / in winter; 1 point; (7) the propositional relationship of the determinant type (cf.: Sometimes / met in the park during walks and in winter / talked less and less); 1 point. The total number of points characterizing the difference of the peripheral adverb (in winter) from the nuclear adverb (sometimes), equals 7.

Delimit the peripheral adverb in winter (moved to the city) from the nuclear adverb sometimes (called up) such differential signs as: (1) the absence of a homonymous lexical meaning formed as a result of the adverbialization of a noun of a functional-semantic type; cf., on the one hand, the identity of the lexical meaning of the original nuclear noun (to be happy with warm) in winter and the peripheral adverb in winter (to ski), which arose during the functional adverbialization of the creative case, and on the other hand – violation of the semantic identity of the substantive lexeme time (sometimes) with the functional-semantic adverbialization of its word form sometimes; see: nuclear adverb sometimes with the meaning of ’when' (sometimes seen) and peripheral abstract noun sometimes in the meaning of ’period' (enjoyed the summer time)(1 point); (2) inability to act as a lexico-grammatical homonym in relation to the substantive word form representing the starting point of adverbialization; cf. contexts of the use of grammatical homonyms: Autumn is replaced by winter (nuclear abstract-concrete noun) – Winter rested in the mountains (peripheral adverb) and contexts of the use of lexico-grammatical homonyms: The children enjoyed the warm summer time (peripheral abstract noun) – The pictures of nature sometimes struck the imagination (nuclear adverb); 1 point. Thus, there are two signs distinguishing the peripheral and nuclear adverb; they correspond to 2 points in the indexing procedure.

Based on what has been said, the degree of correspondence of the peripheral adverb in winter (they worked a lot) to the nuclear non-substantive adverb at times (the wind increased) is determined by the formula:

x2 [in winter... ] = 7 / (7 + 2)  = 7 / 9  ? 0,78 (78%) 

3. Conclusion

The above gives grounds to assert that the adverbial transposition of the nouns in question has a stepwise character and leads to the formation of substantive adverbs of a functional type. Therefore, an unambiguous partial qualification of single word forms like winter as nuclear adverbs is hardly legitimate. They remain in the zone of influence of both the original nouns and derived prototypical adverbs like sometimes, functioning as grammatical and lexical homonyms in relation to the original nouns (sometimes). The calculations made indicate that as a result of functional adverbialization, the substantive word form in winter (? ’in winter time') in the area of the periphery of adverbs [There was very little snow in winter:the link c(n) H(arech) of the transitivity scale] demonstrates 4% compliance with the original noun winter (winter)[Autumn suddenly gave way to a snowy winter: a link With (a gap) on the transitivity scale] and 78% compliance with the nuclear substantive adverb sometimes (? 'sometimes’)[Sometimes the winter was very harsh: link H (arech) on the scale of transitivity]. The zone of the periphery of adverbs serves as the limit of categorical transformation for the forms of the creative case of temporal nouns "in winter", "in spring", "in summer", "in autumn", which do not violate the semantic identity of the original substantive lexemes.

^[1] When calculating the index of correspondence of a peripheral adverb to a nuclear one, the criterion of the presence/absence of such signs of nuclear nouns as grammatical categories of gender, number and case; inflection; primary functions of the subject and complement taken into account when determining the degree of correspondence of a peripheral adverb in winter to a nuclear noun winter (winter) is not taken into account.