Abstract: The subject of this study is the examination of the position of the Turkish press at the very beginning of the Second World War. As the research object of this article, the author put together a set of the leading Turkish newspapers of the time: "Tasvir-i Efkâr (Depiction of Ideas)", "Cumhuriyet (Republic)", "Ulus (People)", "Tan (Dawn)", "Son Posta (Last Post)" , "Akşam (Evening)", "İkdam (Advancement)" and "Vakit (Time)". The author considers various press publications and analyzes the social and political transformations of the Turkish Republic. He also describes the image of the USSR in the periodic press of Turkey in the early days of the Second World War. The methodological basis of this research is constructed on the basic principles of modern historical science: historicism and scientific objectivity, as well as the general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the presented study lies in the very formulation of the named topic: on the basis of an analysis of the Turkish press, the author seeks to reveal the image of the Soviet Union in the Turkish Republic in the early days of the Second World War. The article's main conclusion is that during the initial period of the Second World War, the Turkish press, on the whole, contained varying opinions on the major international issues of the time, without becoming uniquely on the side of Germany.

Keywords: Image of USSR, Turkish Press, Neutrality of Turkey, World War II, International Relations, Foreign Policy of Turkey, History of Turkey, Mass Media, Newspaper, USSR

Abstract: The research subject of this article is a fragment from Katib Chelebi's "Cihannuma" ("Description of the World"), which contains valuable information on the peoples and parts of the region of the Western Caucasus. Katib Chelebi was a prominent cartographer, geographer, and historian of the Ottoman Empire of the 17th century. His work "Cihannuma" ("Description of the world") contains within itself valuable information about the peoples and countries of different parts of the world. The Western Caucasus is presented in a brief but informative narration, in which we find descriptions of the parts and peoples of this region. Upon writing this article, the author conducted an analysis and generalization of the main information indicated in the above-named work. In translating the relevant passage of the "Cihannuma", the author used the main theoretical and practical methods of historical research. The scientific novelty of this research is defined by its introduction into scientific circulation of the previously not studied, as well as unpublished in Russian, valuable passage from the work of Katib Chelebi. In connection with this, the indicated passage will supplement the already available information on the peoples and various regions of the Western Caucasus.

Keywords: Abaza, The Black Sea, The Western Caucasus, Cihannuma, Ibrahim Muteferrika, Katib Chelebi, Circassians, Sukhum, Sudjuk, Gelendzhik

Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the texts of Synodic-memorials. The author examined in detail the composition of the synodic preface and those parts of the text that contain common memory. The article places its focus on the insertion of a list of deaths, considering the oldest surviving lists. The correlation of the parts of the texts of these monuments allows us to talk about the formative stages of the tradition of compiling the Synodic-memorial form and about the practice of inserting into it textual inscriptions that indicate the particularities of the local practice of commemorating in the context of a single tradition. The study of this topic implies the study of the attitude in Old Russian society towards the deceases from an unnatural death as a complex socio-cultural phenomenon. In this article, the method of comparative analysis is applied to the research: to determine the origins of the formation and further development of the features of the memorial practice in Russian spiritual culture, from the adoption of Christianity to the beginning of the 16th century. As a result of the author's study of the Lyubezki Synodic and the Novgorod I chronicles, which mention those deceased from sudden death, the author confirmed the scientific viewpoint that there was a general commemoration starting from at least 13th century. The examination of the content of synodic prefaces' edits has allowed the author to agree with the viewpoint that the first edition of the so-called Trekhclovniy preface was composed earlier than the middle of the 15th century. The most ancient Synodics, containing lists of deaths, are currently those of Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery and St. Nilus of Sora, compiled in 1479 and 1492 respectively. The beginning of the unfolding of the very practice of commemorating the deceased who died suddenly should be attributed to the 1220s. These monuments attest significant changes in the practice of composing texts with the commemoration of those who died suddenly, and also examples of a gradual elaboration of the synodic preface form.

Keywords: enumeration deaths, wrong death, three-word preface, synodik preface, common memory, Synodic, commemoration practice, Russian spiritual culture, funeral tradition, vain death

Abstract: The subject of this study is the work of the Azerbaijani delegation in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE). The research object of this study is the documents adopted by the Azerbaijani delegation on the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The relevance of this research topic comes from the fact that this issue has not been sufficiently widely studied in Azerbaijani historical sciences. The aim of this article is to give a description of the Azerbaijani delegation's position in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE). The theoretical significance of the presented research lies in that its results can be applied in the study of the role of the PACE in the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The results of this research can be used in the writing of scientific papers and the composition of lecture courses on the history of Azerbaijan in higher educational institutions of Russia.The article's research methodology is constructed on the basis of using the method of comparative analysis, in identifying the cause and effect relationship of events, in the critical approach to the scientific sources used, in comparing the facts available in the sources, and in analyzing and generalizing the results obtained.The article is focused on the work of the Azerbaijani delegation in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE). The author analyses the documents adopted by the Azerbaijani delegation on the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. In particular, the organization's positive attitude towards Azerbaijan is demonstrated by the election of I. Aliyev and S. Seidov to the post of vice-presidents of the PACE. In the modern period, as a logical consequence of the work done and the reforms carried out with its concrete, practical activities in the field of transformation, Azerbaijan has proved that it is a worthy member of the named organization.

Keywords: charter, session, status, program, structure, delegate, history, Council of Europe, organization, legislature

Abstract: The article examines the process of formation and evolution of the investment policy of the Republic of Bashkortostan during the period of the market reforms of the 1990s and the modernization transit of the early 21st century. The subject of this research is the formation of the regional investment legislation and the interaction principles of the executive authorities of Bashkortostan with the subjects of investment activities within the context of the contemporary phase of the socio-economic history of Bashkortostan. The author focuses attention on such aspects of the named topic as Bashkortostan hosting international exhibitions and investment forums, the establishment of a banking business center in Ufa, the construction of technology parks, and the creation of territories of advanced socio-economic development (TOSER). The study's aim is to identify the key features and results of the investment strategy of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the 1990s - 2010s. The study's research methodology was determined by the modernization paradigm of the historical process in question, taking into consideration the variation of civilizational and regional development models. The author carried out his research on the basis of the systematic approach, using the special methods of retrospection, actualization, comparative historical, and other methods. The article's novelty lies in its identification and synthesis of the factual material that thus permits to recreate a scientifically objective picture of the formation of the investment strategy of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The presented periodization of the investment process in Bashkortostan is derived from the development of the legislative framework of the region's investment policy and the dynamics of the quantitative indicators and target vectors of attracting investment capital to the regional economy in the 1990s, 2000–2011, 2012–2017. The author comes to the conclusion that the contemporary history of the Republic of Bashkortostan clearly demonstrates the possibilities and prospects of its investment policy as an effective mechanism for the development and modernization of the economic, technological and socio-cultural space of the Russian regions.

Keywords: oil and gas forums, oil and gas exhibitions, banking business, investments, investment policy, Russian modernization, history of the Republic of Bashkortostan, contemporary history of Russia, industrial clusters, science and technology parks

Abstract: The subject of this research is the ideas and sayings of V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) on the revision of Marxism proposed by E. Bernstein and his colleagues. The aim of this article is to both identify the misconceptions, inaccuracies and contradictions, as well as the actual ideas in the texts of V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin), and to reveal their essence, the reasons for their appearance, as well as their influence on the subsequent development of the historiography on the German leftist movement. The article analyzes the sayings of V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) concerning the economic, philosophical and political issues that were discussed in the debate with the followers of Bernstein. The article is written in line with the modern methodological trends in historical sciences and is consistent with the objectives and goals set by the history of ideas (ideologies) discipline, which is part of the field of intellectual history (ideological and political thought). The novelty of the article's research lies in that the author gives new explanations for the reasons behind the named discussion and presents a new critical interpretation of the behavior of V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) during a dispute with the followers of Bernstein. The author revisits the traditional views on the ideas of V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the causes of the inner-party struggle and split of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party into the factions of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.

Keywords: dictatorship of the proletariat, historical materialism, opportunism, reformism, revisionism, Marxism, Social democracy, Legal marxism, Leninism, communism

Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the information from periodical publications of Social Democratic parties and organizations (“Soldier” and “Yuzhnaya Narodnaya Gazeta”) and archival sources in order to identify the parties' means of interacting with the population during the election campaign and to examine the work of the First State Duma. The article's research object is the periodicals of Social Democratic parties and organizations operating in the Taurida governorate during the election campaign for the First State Duma. On the basis of periodical press, it was possible to identify the means of influencing the electorate and attracting new supporters, which is the subject of this research. The author examines in detail the various ways the Social Democrats won over the new electorate and attracted supporters within the framework of local history. The understanding of the views and characteristics given in periodicals makes it possible to trace the particularities in the work of Social Democrats with the local population. The author compares and contrasts the data taken from various types of periodical publications and archival materials. The author's main methods of research are the chronological, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that for the first time in historiography an attempt is made to examine the local periodicals of the Taurida governorate of the early 20th century with the aim of studying the period of the election campaign and the activities of the First State Duma. An important role for the study of this period is the involvement of illegal press. The author's use of periodicals as the study's main source made it possible to recreate the living history of the election period and the work of the first parliament, to reconstruct specific historical details and particularities in the interaction between Social Democratic parties and the population in an important region of Russia, which the scholar could not elucidate from official documentation.

Keywords: political history, periodical press, Taurida governorate, Crimea, elestions, Soldier, Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, State Duma, illegal newspaper, local history

Abstract: The subject of this study is an episode from the social and political life of the 1860s: the funeral of the famous critic and journalist Dmitry Ivanovich Pisarev (1840-1868), held on July 29, 1868 at the Volkovo Cemetery (St. Petersburg). The author reconstructs in detail, for the first time in historiography, the events of that day and introduces many new sources into scientific circulation, in particular, the speeches of the funeral attendees F. F. Pavlenkov and P. A. Gaideburov. The episode itself is presented in the context of the tradition of “funeral” demonstrations, which originated in Russia on the wave of a social upheaval in the post-reform era. At the base of the author's work lies the historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-systemic and problem-analytical methods of historical research. The quarrel at the grave of Pisarev is interpreted by the author as a sign of a crisis in the practice of funeral public protest - a crisis caused by the increased participation, the weak self-organization of the revolutionary movement, as well as the ambiguity of Pisarev's figure. This crisis was overcome by the middle of the next decade, when the funerals of the populists P. F. Chernyshev (1876), A. A. Padlevsky (1878), and the poet N. A. Nekrasov (1877) turned into real political demonstrations.

Keywords: history of Russian journalism, nihilists, political demonstration, funeral, social movement, revolutionary movement, Pisarev, Pavlenkov, Blagosvetlov, Volkovo Cemetery

Abstract: The article is focused on analyzing the phenomenon of “proletarian tourism” as the embodiment of a new revolutionary approach to the organization of tourist traffic in the period of the active development of the Soviet way of life in the 1930s in the USSR. The article's research subject is the features of the development of proletarian tourism in the context of the socio-economic development of the Soviet state and in conjunction with the formation of new and the reinterpretation of the existing cultural heritage sites of the country. On the basis of documentary sources, guidebooks and other pre-revolutionary publications, the author describes the conditions and factors in the development of proletarian tourism, its ideological foundations and primary objects of tourist visits. The author pays particular attention to the new types of tourism of that period: industrial, agrarian, exploratory, and anti-pilgrimages. The study is based on historical-genetic, historical-geographical, problem-analytical and retrospective research methods, as well as the method of system-structural analysis. The novelty of this research is that for the first time in historiography the phenomenon of proletarian tourism in the years 1930-1936 is presented in such a systematic and historical manner. The author demonstrates the difference of this phenomenon from the pre-revolutionary traditions of excursional, educational, and tourist activities, as well as the differences from the “golden decade” in the development of guided excursions and local history studies of 1918-1929. The article reveals the ideological attitudes of proletarian tourism and examines the process of its implementation. The author also underlines the changes in the primary cultural heritage sites of tourist destinations. A significant decrease in the level of tourist information support was found, reflected in the decrease in the number of published guidebooks and view cards as compared to the pre-revolutionary period, as well as in a decrease in their quality.

Keywords: publishing and propaganda activities, monumental propaganda, objects of tourism, cultural heritage, agritourism, industrial tourism, ideology of tourism, proletarian tourism, tourist routes, guidebooks

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the regulatory and legal basis of the activities of Soviet trade unions regarding labor protection in 1985 - 1991. The author gives a description of the main formative stages of the unions' work. The article's aim is to give an idea of the ties between the regulatory-legal framework of the labor unions' activities concerning labor protection and the changes taking place in the country. To achieve this goal, the author pays particular attention to the state of the regulatory-legal framework at the beginning of the policy of Perestroika, namely, its integrity and its changes in 1987 - 1991 caused by a change in the country's domestic policy. The methodological basis of this study is founded on the principle of historicism. According to this principle, the regulatory and legal basis of labor unions' work in labor protection in 1985 - 1991 should be considered in close interconnection with the political and socio-economic processes occurring in the Soviet state. The author's general scientific method of synthesis made it possible to draw a picture of the presence or absence of a unified system of normative and legal acts of the labor unions' work in labor protection at various stages of the implementation of the Perestroika policy. The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that despite the existence of scientific interest in the analysis of the regulatory basis of labor unions in labor protection, the period 1985 - 1991 remains practically unexplored. The author introduces new historical sources into scientific circulation. Analyzing the data presented, the author presents a holistic view of the link between domestic policies and the changes in the regulatory base in labor protection and the deterioration of workers' position at the final stage of the Perestroika policy.

Keywords: technical labour inspections, 1985-1991, regulated market, labour dispute, perestroika, labour protection, trade union, legal and regulatory framework, the legal labor inspection, examination of labor

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the process of integrating the population of Alaska into American society after the conclusion of the territory's cession deal between Russia and the United States. As the research object, the author chose the school system in Alaska after 1867, as well as the missionary work of Protestant denominations. Additionally, the work touches upon the issue of preserving the Russian presence in the region. The author gives an estimated number of the Russian population in Alaska after 1867 and provides a description of the main centers of concentration of Russian culture in the region. The methodological base of this research and the provisions put forward in this work were founded on the principle of historicism, the comparative historical method, and the systematic approach. The scientific novelty of the article's research consists in using English-language sources on this topic that have not been previously used in Russian historiography. The author's main conclusions are that the assimilation of the Russian-speaking and indigenous populations in Alaska took place unevenly, preserving remnants of centers of Russian culture. Furthermore, the US Congress considered that a key obstacle to the Americanization process of the region was the continuation of the activities of Russian-speaking church-parochial schools.

Keywords: missionary work, Sheldon Jackson, schools, Alaska, Russian population, americanization, assimilation, Ninilchik, native peoples, education

Abstract: The article is focused on one of the most important topics in studying the everyday life of an urban population: the establishment of medical services. Based on a scientific analysis, the practice of organizing public health care in the Republic of Karakalpakstan is summarized, and the author also identifies the periods of its development, the regularities and particularities of each period. In particular, the author examines the regional characteristics of the establishment of medical care in the state period, the 1960s –1980s, in the cities of Karakalpakstan. The article contains a description of the statistical dynamics of the population's health and health indicators and illustrates how they were influenced by the economic and political changes in the studied period. Furthermore, this work is based on the principles of a critical interpretation of sources, systematization and comparative analysis of data. The author's methodology is based on local sources. The use of the local approach entails a focus on the development of public health issues of a particular region, in this case, Karakalpakstan, in the specified period. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that it analyzes for the first time in Russian historiography the history of medical services in Karakalpakstan from the 1960s to the 1980s, based on an examination of archival and statistical data. On the basis of detailed statistics, the author considers the main difficulties behind the establishment of public health services in the region, as well as the prospects for its improvement in Karakalpakstan.

Keywords: healthcare development, health, morbidity, hospitals, Health care, doctors, Karakalpakstan, medical service, medicine, population

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the private subsidiary economy of the rural population in the USSR. The study's chronological framework covers the period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. The author examines in detail such aspects of this topic as the official ideology and organizational and economic measures of the Soviet leadership, the economic and social consequences of the activities of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet government, the results of organizational and economic measures, and the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in personal subsidiary economy. The author draws particular attention to the attitude of the Soviet leadership towards the personal subsidiary economy. For this research, the author applied the statistical method. This method can be used to trace the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in agriculture, to analyze the economic and social results of the involvement of the party and of the government, and to compare the results of organizational and economic activities. The author also applies the systematic method in this work. On its basis, it was possible to detect the primary and secondary elements of the cause-effect links. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the conclusion that the main obstacle to the development of the personal subsidiary economy of the rural population in the USSR was ideological conservatism. In this article, the author presents the conclusion that ideology limited the renewal of the economic mechanism. As in the ideology of the open construction of communism, the ideology of a developed socialist society considered personal subsidiary economy as backward, unpromising and even harmful.

Keywords: developed socialist society, ideology, USSR, CPSU, food problem, agriculture, personal subsidiary economy, village, Brezhnev, conservatism

Abstract: The subject of this article is the history of a church in the Moscow region: the Church of the Icon of the Theotokos of the "Life-giving Spring" in Tsaritsyno in the first half of the 20th century. The article's chronological framework starts from the pre-revolutionary period to the Soviet period in the history of this church. The object of this research is the activity of the church's priest, father Aleksey Fiveysky, the foundations of the financial and economic existence of the church near Moscow on the eve of the events of 1917, as well as the description of the church flock, the reasons for its increase on the eve of the revolution and the increase in the number of request to the church. The article was prepared on the basis of two types of sources: archival materials (from the Central State Archive of Moscow and the family archive kept by the descendants of Fiveysky, as well as the archive of the Leninsky district of the Moscow region (Vidnoye), and oral history materials (an interview with a descendant of father Aleksey - the grandson of his brother, Nikolay Fiveysky, who became a priest in the village of Klobukovo of the Bogorodsky uyezd - Yuri Dmitrievich Fiveysky and his wife Elena Pavlovna.) Archival materials and information obtained during the author's oral surveys were analyzed by the method of historical reconstruction and presented in the article in the form of a historical description. Up to today, the history of this church, which is located on the territory of the famous Catherine Palace in Tsaritsyno, has had no scientific works devoted to the historical period chosen in this article. The study of the church's history prior to and after the October Revolution is of great scientific and practical interest since it shows the spiritual state of Russian society, which committed or supported the Bolshevik uprising.

Keywords: Soviet power, archives, finance, revolution, Fiveisky, orthodoxy, Tsaritsyno, Russia, church, repression