Abstract: This article examines the instances of application of legal methods with regards to creation of biosphere-compatible space in the cities. The goals of this work are of descriptive and analytical nature. The author provides a review of the state of environment and geosphere shells, primarily of the lowest atmosphere layer within the cities. Analysis is conducted on the results of activity of environmental organizations, particularly the institutions rendering environmental consulting services. In the analyzed arbitration court materials, the author estimates the legal consequences of contract termination through the court for the parties – Moscow State University of Civil Engineering as a customer and private environmental consulting organization as contractor. The result of litigation between legal entities are extrapolated onto the general practice of environmental consulting developing in our country. The dispute on fulfilling the terms of contract pertinent to calculation of limits of permissible emotions in the sphere of environmental support of project documentation serves as the material for this analysis. The scientific of the proposed approach consists in viewing environmental consulting within the general system of environmental measures implemented in Russia. The conclusion is made on the need for improvement of requirements to the work of environmental consulting organizations. The author also stresses the need for cooperation between environmental organizations and representatives of civil society.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the cultural transformations that took place in the XVI century during the ruling period of the Grand Prince of Moscow Ivan IV Vasilyevich. From the perspective of history and theory of culture, the author examines one of the most dramatic moments of national history of Moscow period. The events of intellectual history of the XV-XVI centuries are assessed through the prism of cultural-philosophical and political dispute, which in many ways determined the sociocultural landscape not only in the era of establishment of the centralized Russian State under the rule of Ivan the Terrible, but foremost, the dispute between the Slavophiles and Westerners in Modern Age. The scientific novelty consists in the thesis that such dispute is viewed from the standpoint of evolution of the communication and language, through the prism of liturgical books that signify the century under consideration. Which captures the ruling period of two Moscow Princes – Vasili III Ivanovich and Ivan IV Vasilyevich. The author draws a new conclusion on the political-cultural Westernism of Ivan the Terrible, which in essence, supported the practice of liturgical books following the “Renaissance” example suggested by Maxim Greek. The practice of liturgical books is compared with the efforts of cultural and literacy conservators grouped around the disgraced Grand Duchy Andrey Kurbsky.

Abstract: This article discusses the problem of social meaning and the role of urban development and architect. The author brings up the key concern for the modern architectonics and design of urbanized territories regarding consideration of the requirements of preservation of nature, adjacent landscape for the harmonious coexistence of biosphere and urban communities. The research juxtaposes the principles of the arrangements of anthropogenic space in the context of Eastern (China and Japan) and Western cultures, as well as traces the application of such principles in modern architecture with biotech vector. Leaning on the results of document analysis, sociological survey, and comparative-historical method, the author gives recommendation to architects and city planners with regards to studying social and environmental needs of the residents of urbanized territories. The scientific novelty is defined by the perspective upon the functions of design and architecture, viewed as the components of unified system of measures on the arrangement of biosphere-compatible space in large metropolitan cities. The conclusion is made on the prospects of using the principles of architecture and landscape biotech design in creating urban environment convenient for people. The author criticizes the idea of “super comfort”, which manifested as an objective of industrial and landscapes designs of the industrial era. The concept of “strategic” design is being introduced.  

Abstract: This article examines the topical issues of reading and information culture in Russia in the XXI century. The author analyzes the problems associated with the dynamics of the traditional reading. Special attention is given to the reading among young generation of Russia. The subject of this research defined its objective, which consists in identification of the factors impacting the reading activity of the youth in globalization century, as well as distribution of the ideas of multiculturalism. The conclusions lean on the results of sociological survey conducted in 2018 among the students of several technical universities of Moscow, which allowed determining the trends emerging in cultural practices of the early XXI century. Besides the sociological survey, the author also used the analysis of mass media messages as an instrument for collecting empirical material. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that in terms of analyzing the problem of the modern reading culture, the author attracted the extensive historical material, from the reminiscences of cultural figures of the XIX century to the works on sociology of reading of the early XX century. Another specificity of this publication is that the author attempts to determine the attitude of respondents towards the reforms conducted in the area of literacy and orthography, as well as those expected in future. Correlation is traced between the transformations taking place in the area of literary-written language and the reading activity of the separate population groups in Russia.

Abstract: This article analyzes the logical conclusions of the two prominent scholars of the XX century:  Nikolai Gersevanov and Viktor Shestakov. The significance of the works of these two scholars for the methodology of science and areas of the applied implementation of logic is underlined. The author believes that the research of Gersevanov and Shestakov became the landmark in establishment of the mathematical logic in Russia. Thus, the object of this article is the separate aspects of creative path of the two prominent researchers; and the subject is the use of the methods of formal logic in their works. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the author is first to analyze the logical-mathematical alphabet used by Gersevanov, comparing it with the modern interpretation of the true meaning of logical constants. The article also examines the logical works of Gersevanov pertinent to substantiation of competence of the hydraulic structures and logical formulations of Shestakov in the area of implementation of logic to the synthesis and analysis of the relay-contact schemes as the two interconnected parts of research dynamics in our country. Gersevanov’s logical formulas are compared to the search for formalization of observations initiated by I. I. Zhegalkin. A conclusion is made on the prospective use of the exploratory works of Gersevanov and Shestakov.  

Abstract: In their research the authors set a theoretical task to define components of food security. The authors analyze a set of factors that influence the food security of the country. They clarify a definition of this term in the light of the facts of the Russian history of the XXth century. This is why the authors analyze facts of emergency situations described by historians, such as crop failures and food shortage during the pre-revolutionary and Soviet eras of our history. The authors of the article use historical facts as illustrations necessary to reveal the contents of complex security components. The main research method used by the authors is the retrospective analysis of literary sources. The authors provide a review of publicistic and socio-historical researches of the XIXth - XXth centuries. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors have applied the historical comparative method that allows to compre the state of Russian village before and after the revolution of 1917. The authors also analyze the causes and consequences of hunger as an emergency situation with the most far-reaching consequences. The rationale of the research is defined by today's attention of both civil citizens and authorities of different levels to the issue of food safety.  

Abstract:  
The object of this research is the principle of environmental safety, while the subject is the separate aspects of application of this principle in “green building”. The work analyze the volume and content of the aforementioned concept, as well as the content and volume of the concept of “sustainability”. The author determines the correlation between the environmental safety and sustainability, considers the examples of implementation of the principles of sustainability and environmental safety in urban development and production of construction materials. The author reviews the contribution of national and foreign companies that operate in the national construction market into the creation of “green architecture”. The article takes into account the method of environmental monitoring conducted in the capital metropolis and Moscow Region. One of the key methods is the retrospective analysis of the sources on “green architecture” and publications on the problems of environmentally safe construction. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the issues of biosphere-compatible construction are viewed from the perspective of social needs of the groups of urban population. Another novelty is the research of ecologically safe materials in national practice of erecting the buildings and constructs. The analysis of consequences of implementation of the international environmental standards DGNB into the construction practice for safety purposes has not been previously conducted. The goal of this article lied in filling this gap.
 

Abstract: This article turns to the problem of implementation of the principles of multiculturalism in organizing the architectural layout of the European metropolises. The authors raise a question of the mission of architecture and design in establishment of the comfortable multicultural environment of a contemporary city. As an example, the article analyzes the project of a city park “Superkilen” located in one of the districts of Copenhagen, as well as reviews the projects of accommodation of refugees in the countries of European Union. In conclusion, the experience of organizing space in the European Union is compared with the similar experience of USSR; the directions for further examination of multicultural urban space are outlined. Alongside the retrospective analysis of literature on this matter, the authors refer to the general scientific method of analogy, which allows comparing the individual cases of application of ethnocultural symbolic in architectural projects. The work also considers the principle of social project planning and “green architecture”, discusses the separate methods of contemporary design, conversion approach applied in reorganization of the urban environment. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the problem of unregulated and poorly regulated due to its scale migration is relatively new for the core countries of the global system, and it most likely would not be resolved in the nearest future. At the same time, the impact of migration that is directed primarily to large cities, upon the architectural and design solutions, changes in housing development, recreational zones within the urbanized territories, has not previously become a subject of research. The exceptions are the development within the project Ersamus + Jean Monnet: Multicultural Europe: City Planning Based On The Principles of Social Integration”. This article is written in the context of this project.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the points of view of the modern Russian politicians regarding the impact of Russia’s entrance into the WTO (World Trade Organization) upon the agroindustrial complex. The article provides assessments of the modern Russian politicians and entrepreneurs pertaining to the consequences of entrance of the Russian Federation into WTO for the Agroindustrial Complex, which have already took place or expected. The majority of feedbacks coincide in one important aspects: the consequences could turn out not as disastrous if not the long decline period in the infrastructure of rural areas throughout the period of 1990’s. A big portion of decline in population among the rural residents who have moved to the cities on the background of demographic downturn, schools closure, lack of financial support for rural medicine, uncontrolled import of agricultural products containing GMO, protection of Russian lands and mineral resource – these are namely the questions currently discusses by any authors on the topic of Russian rural life. The article introduces the numbers of downfall in Russia’s agricultural production during the 1990’s, as well as suggestions of analytics regarding the normalization of situation with the agricultural production. The author leans on the comparative analysis of mass media materials, retrospectively provides the expert opinions of politicians and public figures, and civil society representatives. The main conclusion consists in the thesis that the attitude towards the carried out economic reforms from the perspective of their impact upon the Agroindustrial Complex among the experts is quite ambiguous. Being unsatisfied with the state of agriculture, they give opposite recipes for its recovery. The author notices that the critical part of public speeches of the politicians is similar in many ways. The state of the Russian Agroindustrial Complex is affected by Russia’s entrance into WTO.  However, this step of the Russian government overlaps with multiple preceding and future political events. The very questions about Russia’s entrance into WTO is strongly politicalized, which indicates the relevance of this topic for the various groups of civil society.

Abstract: The object of this research is the environmental conditions of a modern city dweller, while the subject is the measures taken in the cities of Moscow Region and European part of Russia on ensuring the environmental and social security throughout urbanized territories. The article discusses the questions of establishment of biosphere-compatible architecturally designed space in the city. The events hosting by municipalities of Moscow Region (besides the capital metropolis, the article names Mytishchi and Sergiyev Posad) on formation of comfort environment for their residents. The scientific novelty consists in the reference to the innovative ideas of a British sociologist and historian of urban culture – Leo Hollis, as well as the conclusions of Charles Landry. Particularly, the creation of biosphere-compatible secure space subordinates to the ability of urban communities to self-education. Another new aspect lies in the complex character of posing and resolution of the tasks of contemporary urbanism, which is underlines in the works of Hollis, Lenadrt, and Baudrillard. Thus, the notion of “environmental security” is interpreted extensively, taking into account the social adjustment of an individual to city life.

Abstract: Architectural heritage of the prominent Russian engineer and architect still arouses disputes and arguments. Particularly the polemics persists of how his heritage should be preserved. But until the polemicists argue, the genius creations of the engineer and architect continue to destroy. The goal of this article consists in author’s attempt to assess the role of V. G. Shukhov’s constructs in establishment of the image of industrial city, as well realize which losses for the urban architectural-engineering environment will emerge in case if some of the Shukhov’s creations will disappear. Another author’s goal to demonstrate the scale of the Russian engineer and designer. The subject of the research is limited by the study of restoration works that take place in one of the projected by Shukhov constructs – the famous Shabolovka radio tower. The scientific novelty is defined by the topic of the research. The author discusses the questions of restoration that remain to be the subject of acute debates, which involves the specialists alongside the representatives of civil society. The problem at hand consists in application of the innovation technologies with preservation of the avant-garde tradition in urban development.