The discursive function of anemonyms in the modern communicative space

Pushkareva Yuliya Gennadevna ORCID: 0000-0002-8444-5474 PhD in Philology Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages in Professional Communication, East Siberian State University of Technology and Management 670013, Russia, respublika Buryatiya, g. Ulan-Ude, ul. Klyucheskaya, 40 V, aud. 15-236 panouchkova@mail.ru Other publications by this author     Zharnikova Alena Vasil'evna ORCID: 0000-0001-6178-9277 PhD in Philology Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages in Professional Communication, East Siberian State University of Technology and Management 670013, Russia, g. Ulan-Ude, ul. Klyuchevskaya, 40v, of. 15-236 alena-vsgutu@yandex.ru

Shcherbakova Alina Andreevna ORCID: 0000-0003-4372-2014 Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages in Professional Communication, East Siberian State University of Technology and Management 670013, Russia, g. Ulan-Ude, ul. Klyuchevskaya, 40v, of. 15-236 alinayazykova@gmail.com

Introduction

The actual theoretical tasks of modern humanities include the problem of the relationship between the phenomena "culture" – "ethnos" – "language", because in the context of global modernization integration, more and more importance is attached to the study of the existing diversity of national cultures and scientific understanding of ethnolanguage facts. We consider the anthropometric approach as a person's understanding of the surrounding reality, stored in the memory of a native speaker.

We believe that the term anemonym is closely related to the nomenclature names of winds and adhere to the point of view of S.O. Goryaev that in most cases it is quite acceptable to consider nomenclature designations as a special kind of proper names ^{[1, p. 126]}.

The purpose of the article is to characterize the discursive function of anemonyms.

The main ways in the development of the nomination and the types of proper names are undoubtedly identical in the culture of most peoples, but it should be noted that there are certain differentiations. Many domestic and foreign scientists dealt with the problems and issues of the nomination: A.V. Superanskaya (1973, 2007), N. D. Arutyunova (1977), V. G. Gak (1977, 1998), V. N. Telia (1977), M. V. Fedorova (1979), V. I. Shakhovsky (1980, 1981), O. T. Molchanova (1981), R. A. Ageeva (1985, 1990, 2012), M. V. Golomidova (1987), E. L. Berezovich (1988, 1991, 1999), L. V. Shulunova (1995), E. M. Murzaev (2001), M. E. Ruth (2008), Dauzat A. (1946), Dorion H. (1975, 2008), Poirier J. (1975), Paul Fabre (1987), etc. Our study of anemonyms was conducted on the material of the Russian language, which provided an opportunity for theoretical understanding of both facts and phenomena of a national character and socio-cultural order, and the specifics of cognitive activity of this linguosocium. The examples presented in the work demonstrate both the ability of human consciousness to perceive objects of the surrounding reality ambiguously and the ability of language to name the same object in different ways, highlighting its various properties ^[2].

However, scientists agree that linguistic societies are rarely monolithic: they are usually mixed ethnically, linguistically, socially ^{[3, 4]}. A. Dorion holds the opinion that a polyethnic society should have a multilingual toponymy ^[5]. Confirmation of this idea is found in P. Fabre, who believes that onomastics is a legacy of the history of the people. Modern onomastics is becoming more pragmatic. She understands the proper name as a kind of convention, in which the meaning becomes secondary, and the name becomes the primary source of information ^{[6, p. 9]}.

Relevance: the study of anemonyms in the functional aspect allows us to identify the features of human cognition and perception of the surrounding reality, various mechanisms of human mental activity, as well as various forms of knowledge representation.

The subject of the study is anemonyms in the modern communicative space.

Materials and methods of research

The main research methods are descriptive, etymological, comparative-historical and discursive. The research material included encyclopedic, explanatory and etymological dictionaries; dictionaries of symbols of individual cultures and peoples; dictionaries of proverbs and sayings, winged expressions, newspaper articles (the corpus under study is 18 units), Internet sources (23 units).

Despite the active development of onomastic problems in Russian science, the analysis of special literature shows that the motives for the nomination of anemonyms in various cultures, their ethnolinguistic and functional aspects require targeted research.

According to the French philosopher and analyst Michel Pesce, discourse is a text "endowed with a historical, social and intellectual orientation." In other words, the totality and influence of extralinguistic factors in the discourse are obvious. It should be noted that the advantage of such an understanding is that "discourse, violating intuitive or linguistic approaches to definition, is not limited to the text or dialogue. Analyzing the conversation, it is obvious that the speaker and the listener, their personal and social situations relate to this event ^[7].

G. S. Dorzhieva and A. A. Shcherbakova (Yazykova) in the article "Motivational meanings of Baikal anemonyms" (2016) investigate the semantics of Baikal winds, in another work "Psycholinguistic motives of the nomination of winds" (2019), the authors focus on the associativity of human thinking, the imagery of perception of the surrounding world, on the centuries-old experience of cognitive activity of previous generations of the language collective G. S. Dorzhieva in the article "French anemonyms in international onomastic terminology" notes that one of the main indicators of the climate of France is the wind regime, which is extremely diverse. Depending on where and with what properties the air mass enters the territory of France, one or another weather condition persists ^[8].

In the Dictionary of Russian Onomastic Terminology by N. V. Podolskaya, the term anemonym (Greek: wind) is designated as "a kind of onym, the proper name of a natural disaster, including wind, hurricane, typhoon" ^{[9, p. 29]}.

 As is known, the main lexical function of a proper name is nominative, including the grammatical function of the subject, the complement, common to absolutely all proper names ^{[10, p. 272; 11, p. 95]}. In onyms, it is possible to distinguish delimitative or distinctive-excretory functions. So, the delimitative function is characteristic of all categories of onyms, for example, hurricanes: Kate 1985; Katrina 2005; Katya 2017. The identifying function is illustrated by the following examples: Typhoon Nika 1975; Hurricane St. Jude 2013; tropical storm Bhola 1970. In this study, the term anemonym includes nomenclature names of winds.

The discursive function determines the role of linguistic units both in the process of cognition and in the process of communication. In the theory of communication, the word "media" refers to channels or means of transmitting, broadcasting and storing information of various types ^[12]. The media discourse of the XXI century has a rather significant impact on the consciousness of native speakers, cultivating various forms of manifestation of struggle and fears in society. Increasingly, situations of conscious formation of certain properties of language are being recorded with the aim of its further impact on mass and individual consciousness and behavior.

According to V. I. Shakhovsky, since all emotions are discursive, as a result, it is thanks to them that, on the one hand, unfolding takes place, and on the other, discursive generation. This indicates the dynamic status of the language and indicates its close connection with socio-psychological changes and changes in the communicative space of a particular language. It should be noted that there are linguistic comments on both facts and events, as well as the experiences and sensations themselves. Depending on what feelings and emotions a person experiences at a certain moment of commenting, he uses certain linguistic means corresponding to this emotional situation ^{[13, p. 10, 12]}.

The polysemanticism of the word wind and its synonyms, on the one hand, expands their functionality, and on the other hand, promotes discursive realization in both emotional and rational contexts. The use of expressive means of language in political discourse contributes to the ideological impact, first of all, on the formation and development of emotional, as well as rational ideas that mediate the critical attitudes of subjects to objects and phenomena related in socio-political reality ^[14].

In the metaphorical images of wind given below, the nuclear semes "speed" and "changeability of direction" are actualized, denoting its constant signs:

– "What he said from the stage is scattered on social networks and various publications, with the speed of the wind" (Botoev Yuri. I was brought up to achieve everything with my mind and work / TV program in Ulan-Ude. No. 46 (532). November 20-26, 2017, p. 4.)

– "Only these representatives of the old "backbone" were not castled. But if the "wind of change" blows with renewed vigor, they will not stay in their places either" (You can't go back // MK in Buryatia. № 41 (996). 4-11.11.2017 G. S. 4 https://www.gazetarb.ru >News>Company>detail-764269 (accessed: 02/21/2018)).

- "While on pl. The winds of political change are raging in the Soviets, the new acting head of the republic has been working for a month now, time seems to have stopped its course in the rural hinterland" (https://www.ulan.mk.ru >Weekly>2017/3/15 (accessed: 02/21/2018)).

Comparisons related to a noun express a feature or a set of features of an object or phenomenon. For example, the title of an article about the upcoming autumn election campaign in the regions of Buryatia: "Local storms in Buryatia" (MK in Buryatia. No. 11 (966). June 7-14, 2017, p. 20). The phrase "local storms", neutral in its dictionary meaning, receives potential emotivity from the context of the title, since the metaphorical load carries an element of evaluation, expressing a high degree of intensity of action, quality and condition, that is, it has a pronounced emotional coloring to varying degrees.

The examples given below show that emotions – feelings that are assessed as essential for a particular culture – are marked in discourse by syntactic, semantic, as well as pragmatic means of language. A rhetorical question, involving in indirect communication, outlines the framework of dialogic communication:

- "Many of them are not interested in politics. For them, the news is yesterday's hurricane, and not the decision of this court" (MK in Buryatia. No. 11 (966). June 7-14, 2017, p. 13).

"This is just an attempt to warm up from the breeze of someone else's attention. But, for pity's sake, can the wind warm you up? (MK in Buryatia. No. 13 (968). March 22-29, 2017, p. 12).

 According to the fair remark of A. A. Zalevskaya, in critical periods of the life of any society, the processes of rethinking the meanings of words, the emergence of completely new meanings and new words become more acute, and there are also shifts and changes in emotional and evaluative experiences associated with words (up to the opposite sign "+ /-"). Verbality undermines established standards, creativity allows you to subtly and clearly express your attitude to the changing world, polyphony contributes to a more vivid manifestation of emotional and evaluative experiences ^{[15, p. 72]}.

Intensive metaphorization of synonyms of the word wind gives innovation and creativity to the discourse, since the presence in the mind of a native speaker of the connection between the signifier and the signified, that is, the psychological motivation of the word, gives it a special property, namely expressiveness. Sh. Bally deduced expressiveness from "... associations generated by the presence in memory of expressions similar to this, creating their own a kind of unconscious synonymy" ^{[16, p. 338]}.

K. A. Dolinin cites the opinion of P. Giro, according to which almost any expression can be expressive in speech if it is unforeseen, unexpected, unpredictable. Expressiveness determines the nature and intensity of perception of stylistic and subject-logical information contained in the analyzed lexeme ^{[17, p. 120]}. In everyday speech practice, expressiveness occurs in such cases when a word or an expression with a certain socio-genre coloring is used in an inappropriate, inappropriate situation or context. Next, let's look at examples from the analyzed material.

Facial characteristics:

– Boris Livanov about Maria Golubkina: "Masha is a hurricane and a typhoon combined" (TV program "Secret for a million". NTV. 06.10.2019).

– "I am a hurricane that blows away everything in its path. In general, no one has ever influenced me in any way" (Chekhov Anfisa: "In fact, I am a family man" / TV program. № 25 (563). June 25-July 1, 2018 p. 4).

– "My home is my fortress." Behind the reliable walls of this fortress, she hid from the destructive hurricanes of unsuccessful relationships (The television program "My Truth. Irina Allegrova." Channel 5. Part 1. http://www.5-tv.ru >go/1509783 (accessed 28.08.2019)).

– "Bonfire man, whirlwind man Evgeny Papunaishvili is a brilliant dancer, choreographer and a great artist. ... Temperamental – this word best characterizes both his character and his lifestyle. Positive, ironic, sincere, he is a real hedonist, aesthete and gourmet: he enjoys himself, enjoys life, enjoys everything he does – whether he dances, gives interviews or eats" (https://www.ok-magazine.ru >stars/interview...i...papunaishvili...o (accessed: 23.10.2019)).

In the last example, the source of expressiveness is unusual compatibility (a whirlwind man), saturation with axiological attractors (a brilliant dancer, a great artist), gradation (positive, ironic, sincere), lexical repetition (enjoys). The given stylistic means correspond to the author's discursive strategy, namely, attracting and concentrating attention to the message and managing media communication.

Characteristics of actions:

– The press secretary of the President of Russia Dmitry Peskov admitted that sometimes he "punctures". He mentioned this in an interview with Arguments and Facts. "Let's not forget that I am a person who officially 'carries a blizzard,'" he said and laughed. Peskov "officially" began "carrying a blizzard" in March 2018, when his boss Vladimir Putin told about it publicly, in an interview with the American channel NBC. "He sometimes carries such a blizzard. I watch on TV and think: "What is he telling there?", the president said in the spring. A few days later, Peskov commented on Putin's statement, noting that his employer is very demanding, and the press secretary, who is not criticized by the boss, probably does nothing. In an interview published today, Peskov spoke in a similar way, noting that no one needs a silent press secretary (http://www.news.rambler.ru >...peskov...chelovek...ofitsialno...purgu (accessed 20.08.2019)).

Speechwriter and coach of public speaking skills O. Misyuk notes that Vladimir Putin is an experienced speaker with a status that allows him to be himself at any public speeches. As a method of oratory, which the President uses, is colloquial vocabulary (http://www.hubspeakers.ru "...analiz...vladimira-putina...sammita (accessed 20.08.2019)). In the given context, the President's humorous characterization of the work of the press secretary indicates that they belong to a similar circle of people. V. I. Karasik believes that the most important characteristic of the linguistic units of colloquial speech is their specific denotative orientation, that is, these words are indicative of their purpose in a certain narrow circle among well-known people (https://www.homepages.tversu.ru ~ips/JubKaras.html (date of application: 09/20/2020)).

B. Wharf calls for recognizing the influence of language on various types of people's activities not so much in special cases of using language, as in its permanent laws and in its constant assessment of certain phenomena ^[18]. In the modern world, saturated with dynamic and ambiguous media events, discourses are constantly struggling to form and endow them with meaning. Any new event is open to a variety of interpretations and is interpreted in a socio-political context ^[19].

In the examples given below, the anemonym tsunami in a figurative sense carries an element of evaluation, expresses a high intensity of action, quality and condition:

– Margarita Simonyan, Russian journalist and media manager: "Keosayan burst in like a tsunami, along with everyone" (Komsomolskaya Pravda. No. 39. 3.10.2018, p. 6).

– "French trade unions have been on strike for two weeks. This protest tsunami covered not only the capital of France. More than a million Frenchmen took to the streets of Lyon, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Toulouse, Nantes this week" (https://www.ntv.ru >novosti/2269949/ (accessed: 23.01.2020).

One of the most important sources of expressiveness in personality-oriented discourse is semantic motivation, or imagery, which contradicts usuality: the more usualistic a sign or symbol is, the weaker its imagery. Figurative expressiveness is fully characteristic of occasional uses that are not recorded in dictionaries, since they do not belong to the language. This is a particular manifestation of a general pattern: the rarer, the more expressive.

In our material, verbal information is contained in verbal derivatives of the names of the winds: pouraganit, storm, which communicants resort to to give the utterance more expression.:

– Roman Shilov to Jackson: "Extortion, blackmail, threat to life, you and I have been fooling around for eight years!" (TV series "Cop Wars-7", episode 12, part 4).

-"In alcoholic intoxication, the work of the vestibular apparatus is disrupted. That's why drunk and stormy" (http://www..ru >questions...pjanogo...shtormit.html (accessed: 23.12.2019).

We support the point of view of S. A. Kreknin ^[20] that in everyday language practice expressiveness is manifested in cases when a word or expression with a socio-genre coloring is used in an inappropriate situation or context.

Conclusions

The discursive nature of language explains the acquisition of new meanings by words, as well as their new uses in an unusual context. The polysemanticism of the word wind and its synonyms, on the one hand, expands their functionality, and on the other hand, promotes discursive realization in both emotional and rational contexts.  The analysis of empirical material proves this statement: "... it is flying apart... with wind speed", "... the "wind of change" will blow with renewed vigor ...", "Let's not forget that I am a person who officially "carries a blizzard", etc.

 Analyzing anemonyms in the modern communicative space, it is obvious that the intensive metaphorization of synonyms of the word wind gives innovation and creativity to the discourse, since the presence in the mind of a native speaker of the connection between the signifier and the signified, that is, the psychological motivation of the word, emphasizes its special property – expressiveness. As a result of the analysis of anemonyms in various speech situations, you can get additional information in the description of the lexical composition of a particular language. For example, in reflecting the realities associated with extralinguistic factors, the imagery of perception of objects of the surrounding reality, and in this sense anemonyms can play a kind of role of registrars of certain events, actions. 

The above research has shown that the functioning of anemonyms as linguistic units occurs under the influence of social, psychological, cultural changes that occur in society. This should explain the fact that anemonyms can serve as an illustration of the impact of the cultural and historical background on which anemonyms were created and on which they were projected, and the complex of extralinguistic knowledge, the study of which should be an organic part of every linguistic research.