Abstract: The object of the study of this work is the government system of colonial Kenya (1890-1950's). The subject of the study is public authorities, their powers, area of responsibility and features of functioning in East African realities. The author has carried out a detailed analysis of the administrative structure, the law enforcement system, and key management links at the central and regional levels. Special attention was paid to the issues of urban development based on the principle of racial segregation and local self-government, as well as the problem of combating specific crime. The article focuses on a number of non-trivial aspects of the British approach to organizing the work of government agencies, including special recruitment, active lawmaking, largely based on borrowing decisions from British India, and also the introduction of the institute of chiefs at the local level. The methodological basis of the article was historical-legal and problem-chronological approaches, in addition, the author turned to general scientific methods of analysis and deduction. The British system of government was built up in Kenya during the 1900s and 1920s, acquiring features of completeness in the main institutions by the 1930s. Before the arrival of the European colonialists, there was no civilizational basis for the existence of state entities. Therefore the leading role at all levels of the administrative structure belonged to people of European origin. The full power in the colony actually belonged to the governor, who unconditionally pursued the policy of the metropolis. This state of affairs was consolidated by a cultivated ideological paradigm that presupposes the superiority of the British and Europeans in general in all spheres of society, including management. The strength and coherence of the work of the state mechanism was ensured by the homogeneity of the nomenclature. By the time of gaining independence in 1963, the newly-minted Kenyan authorities inherited a completely efficient system of government bodies from the colonial regime.

Abstract: The object of research of the presented article is the health care system of colonial Kenya (1890-1950-ies). The subject of study is the state of health of the bulk of the native population, the principles of the colony's medical service, the management of hospitals and first aid stations, sanitary and preventive measures. The author reviewed the spread of various kinds of infections and tropical diseases, as well as ways to combat them. Special attention is paid to the contribution of South Asians to the development of rural and private medicine. The methodological basis of the work is the concrete historical and problem-chronological approaches combined with synthesis and comparative analysis. The British authorities have made significant progress in this area, although in conditions of limited resources, priority was given to caring for European settlers. By the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, plague, smallpox, cholera, onchocerciasis, yellow fever and recurrent typhus were almost completely eradicated, malaria and sleeping sickness were localized. Vaccination has become the norm for the indigenous population, the risks of neonatal tetanus and polio have been reduced. The process of training indigenous personnel has been established in specialized training centers. The accumulated basis was subsequently used by the leadership of independent Kenya for the further development of this sphere.

Abstract: The article analyzes migration processes in Kenya during the independence era. Internal and external trends were analyzed in detail, including the relocation of the population within the country. The main channels and composition of emigration and immigration are highlighted. The factors causing the increasing outflow of qualified specialists from the country and the constant influx of refugees from neighboring African states with Kenya have been studied. The author paid special attention to the problem of illegal migration and the slave trade in modern Kenya. During the work on the material, a broad methodological base was used, including comparative analysis, problem-historical and civilizational approaches. The key factors provoking large-scale migration from Kenya include demographic pressure, high unemployment, ethnopolitical conflicts and environmental problems. The backbone of Kenyan emigrants is made up of highly qualified specialists. The bulk of people coming to the country are refugees from neighboring African States. The transit of migrants through Kenya is also very noticeable and has an obvious criminal and corruption connotation. Kenyan communities abroad do not lose touch with their historical homeland and serve as an important source of foreign exchange earnings for the country's economy. The Kenyan authorities do not see a threat to security in migration processes, consistently and pragmatically extracting maximum preferences from the current situation in this area in order to comply with national interests.

Abstract:  
This article explores the history of the emergence, development and current state of the discourse dedicated to the “Asian question” in Kenya. The emphasis is placed on active participation of the immigrants from British India in many key spheres of Kenyan society – business, public service, medicine, publishing industry, and anticolonial movement. Special attention is given to examination of the “Indian question” in the colonial era of Kenyan history as one of the crucial factors of the emergence of the ”Asian question” during the period of independence of the country. Assessment is conducted on the current status of South Asian diaspora in Kenya. Research methodology leans on the comparative-historical and civilizational approaches. In the 1960s –1970s, the Kenyan government pursued the policy of “Africanization” aimed at excluding Indians and their descendants from the economic and social sphere of the country. This approach induced mass emigration of the Indian population from Kenya to the United Kingdom and other Western countries. The “Asian question” has become a peculiar response of the Kenyan society to socioeconomic and financial problems of the 1980s – 1990s, an attempt to find positive aspects in the activity of South Asian capital in history of the country. Despite the challenging interethnic situation, the immigrants from South Asia have formed an ethnic community in Kenya and maintain close ties with the Indian diaspora abroad.
 

Abstract: This article examines the role of Indian diaspora in Kenya under colonial rule of the British Empire. Detailed analysis is conducted on the key prerequisites for migration from British India to East Africa, population dynamics and ethno-religious composition of South Asian communities. The author reviews the impact of migrants from South Asia upon the economy, politics, demographics, and healthcare of Kenyan society. Emphasis is place on examination of the contribution of Indian workers to the construction of railways and establishment of the local law enforcement system. Special attention is given to the relationship of Kenyans of Indian descent with European settlers and local populations. Methodological framework is comprised of the problematic-historical approach, comparative analysis, and a range of instruments offered by micro-history. The Indian diaspora in Kenya originated long before the colonial period; however, it expanded its presence in Africa only under the British rule. Immigrants from India have played an important role in the development of local business, industry and trade, being sort of guides of the achievements of Western civilization among the indigenous people, where the European natives were unable to work due to climatic peculiarities and severe living conditions. Up until Kenya declared independence in 1963, Indians were the so-called intermediaries between the Europeans and Africans, leaving in mind of the latter persistent negative associations of racial discrimination, entrepreneurial cynicism, and unscrupulousness. After the collapse of the colonial system, the Indian diaspora in Kenya has declined as a result of forced migration to metropole and Western countries.

Abstract: Today's West is facing transformation of migrants' identity as part of migration processes and socio-political changes. Incomers often develop identity that do not correspond or even contradict to the rules and traditions of the host society. Over the last decade the Great Britain has been encountering the problem of migrants' identification as a nettlesome and important issue for both indoor and outdoor security of the country. In this article Karpov analyzes the identify of Africans who migrated to and reside in the Great Britain today. He focuses on historical prerequisites of their identity, ideological and philosophical basis thereof, common features of all African migrants and specific features of individual African diaspores. The main research method used by the author is the historical review. Karpov has also applied analytical, statistical and comparative methods combined with the elements of synthesis and value-based approach. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the coverage and depth of the research. The key features of British Africans' identity include collegiality, religiousity, aloofness and desire to preserve languages and culture of their motherland. African diaspores living in the Great Britain have their own opinion on what is legal or illegal, right or wrong, appropriate or inappropriate. Some communities may be even hostile towards one another and the English community. According to the author, the British government themselves created conditions for the development of such specific features of migrants in the colonial and post-colonial eras. Taking into account the reducing number of the native population, the Great Britain is now facing a serious challenge. 

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the migration from South Africa to Great Britain during the XX-XXI centuries, as well as peculiarities of establishment of the South African diaspora in the country. The author meticulously reviews the dynamics of migration flow from South Africa to Great Britain throughout the XX century, the key channels of arrival and ways of legalization of South Africans at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. Special attention is given to analysis of discrepancies between the migration of South Africans of European ancestry and migration of the indigenous African population of South Africa. The specificity of identity of the persons of South African descent with British roots and the role of English language for the migrants from South Africa is examined in details. Before the fall of Apartheid regime in 1994, the migration of South Africans to Great Britain did not carry mass character; it has reached its pinnacle in the end of 1990’s – 2000’s. The absolute majority of South Africans in Great Britain are referred to the ethnic group of the “White” and represents the migrants of British (less commonly European) descent. The portion of the indigenous African population among the migrants from South Africa does not exceed 3-4%. South African diaspora is a rare case of extremely successful and non-confrontational integration to British society. For South Africa, the outflow of European population has resulted in a heavy shortage of qualified specialists. Overall, the attraction of migrants of European descents from South Africa, perhaps, could be favorable for the British authorities, strengthen the British identity and increase the portion of white population in the country.

Abstract: The subject of this study is the demographic situation in modern Great Britain that at the present stage experiences a rapid increase in population. The article analyses the key demographic indexes and main channels of migrants’ flow into the country at the brink of XX – XXI centuries. Particular attention is given to the age pattern, composition of the families, birth and death rate. The author also examines the negative trends in demographics of the indigenous British population throughout the late XX – beginning of the XXI centuries. The scientific novelty consists in the use of sources that have not been previously introduced in the academic discourse, as well as extensive cover of the statistical data on this matter. Over the recent decades, Great Britain experiences the large-scale demographic changes characterized by the massive influx of migrants and practical extinction of the British people. The current outburst of population size of the country is provided by the constant migration from Asia, Africa, and new member-states of the European Union, as well as high birth rate among the immigrants. The mainstream population of Great Britain undergoes a permanent demographic crisis, which leads to the fall in rate of birth below the natural reproduction, increase of the median age, and departure of the active citizens from the country. Thus, in parallel with the overall increase in population of the country, there also take place a rapid substitution of the ethnic and religious composition of the population by the non-European minorities. In the nearest future, such process will inevitably result in the tectonic shifts in all spheres of life of the British society.

Abstract: The article is devoted to studying of African migrants of the colonial period, from the XVIth century up to the first half of the XX century. The subject of the study of the article is the number of migrants from Africa, the channels of African migration to the metropolis, the employment of Africans, and their socioeconomic status. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the slave trade and the missionary movement on the African communities of Great Britain. Trends and tendencies of the first half of the XX century are considered in details. They prejudged the dramatic changes in the size of the population and the situation with British Africans in the second half of the ХХ century - at the beginning of the XXI century.Scientific novelty of the work lies in the detailed questions of the size of the population and the situation with British Africans concerning the employment sector of the colonial period. Until the beginning of the decolonization process the number of African migrants in Britain remained totally insignificant, not more than 10,000-20,000 people. The results of the study provide support for concluding that Africans had the possibility to be engaged in a wide array of activities, take part in social and religious activities, even trying to assert their rights and to combat discrimination.

Abstract: The article considers British post-colonial migration policy in the context of the possibility of applying the British experience to the current migration situation in our country. The detailed analysis was applied to the legislative framework in the field of migration, as well as migration policy based on multicultural ideology. Emphasis has been put on the consequences and the influence of the mass migration from Asian and African countries on various facets of life of the British society - including political, economic, security fields, demography and the labour market.The novelty of the work is defined as the complexity analyses that led to the conclusion about the mismatch between the real and the declared migration goal setting of the British authorities. Migration laws were constantly tightened but the migration were not drastically decreased. A strategic course for building the multicultural social environment was set, but the decades of tolerance and other cultures respect propaganda resulted in exactly the opposite: segregation, marginalization, ethnic and religious division of the society. The British migration policy of the past 50-60 years failed in fact. The author highlighted key points and priorities the greatest attention should be paid to, due to the similarities between the two migration processes in our country and Britain. That will give the possibility to halt the development of negative trends analogous to the British ones and prevent scenarios threatening the security of our country.

Abstract: The paper analyzes the roots of the 2015 immigration crisis in the EU and briefly describes the dynamics of the events. The author generalizes the results of the study of the Conservative Party’s immigration policy of 2010 – 2015, the main measures, and the prospects of this policy. The author studies immigration situation in Great Britain in 2010 – 2014: its dynamics, the regions and countries of migratory flows, the main ways of entering the country. Special attention is paid to the role of the migration issue and the problem of Britain’s membership of the EU in the internal political competition before and after the parliamentary election of May 2015. The research methodology is based on the problem-historical and structural-functional approaches, the methods of comparative analysis, observation, synthesis, and deduction. British authorities are not willing to stick to the all-European practice of refugees acceptance, and are planning to pursue their own immigration policy oriented towards the protection of national interests. It should be taken into account that the British economy needs for the continuous labour migrants inflow, and migration is admitted unavoidable. The Conservative Party hadn’t revised their immigration policy in 2010 – 2014, and in the late 2014 they admitted the failure of the policy aimed at the significant decrease of immigration. Probably, in 2016 – 2017 the ruling party will also confine itself to half measures and populist promises. At present it is hard to evaluate all possible consequences of the ongoing immigration crisis in the EU. But even if Britain retains its membership of the EU after the referendum of 23 June 2016, we may state that Western Europe is facing the age of large-scale internal and external changes with unpredictable results.