Translations of portrait characteristics of the heroes of V.G. Korolenko's Siberian short stories into the Yakut language

Filippova Aiyana Alexsanovna ORCID: 0000-0002-5861-0085 Postgraduate student, Department of Yakut Literature, Maxim Kirovich Ammosov Northeastern Federal University 42 Kulakovsky str., Yakutsk, 677000, Russia fiayalex11@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Basharina Zoya Konstantinovna ORCID: 0009-0004-9457-4546 Doctor of Philology Professor, Department of Yakut Literature, North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov 677021, Russia, Yakutsk, Ostrovsky str., 10/1, 54 zbasharina@mail.ru

Introduction

Portrait characteristics of the characters are one of the important literary techniques used by writers when creating works of art. The writer describes the appearance, gestures, facial expressions, clothes, and so on to create a special character of the hero and form his typical features. Presenting the image of the character to the reader, the writer uses various artistic means of depiction (metaphors, comparisons, epithets, and so on) in order to not only give an idea of the character's appearance through a portrait description, but also reveal his character, inner world.

Appearance can tell a lot about a hero: about his nationality, age, social status, tastes, habits, and temperament. "Some features are natural, others characterize it as a social phenomenon (clothes and the way they are worn, manner of bearing, speaking, etc.). Others – facial expressions, especially eyes, facial expressions, gestures, postures – indicate feelings experienced. But a face, a figure, gestures can not only "speak", but also "hide", or simply mean nothing but themselves. It is noted that the appearance of a person, "being one of the most intense semiotic phenomena, at the same time is almost impossible to read" ^[7].

The purpose of this work is to identify the features of the translation of portrait characteristics in the translation of artistic texts by Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko from Russian into the Yakut language. The purpose of the work identified the following tasks: 1) to analyze the concept of "portrait characteristics"; 2) to make a solid selection of portrait characteristics from Siberian stories; 3) to consider the features of the translation of portrait characteristics when translated into the Yakut language.

The material for the study was the Siberian stories of V.G. Korolenko translated by N.E. Mordinov-Amma Achchygyya. V.G. Korolenko's stories represent a rich material for research, since in his stories the portrait characteristics of the characters are presented very figuratively, using various expressive means (metaphors, comparisons, personifications, metonymies, hyperboles). The Siberian short stories "Makar's Dream", "Marusina Zaimka", "At-Davan" were chosen for the study.

The main part

V.G. Korolenko, as an unsurpassed master of artistic expression, made a huge contribution to the treasury of the Russian literary language. The harsh Siberian life suggested to the artist images of people rejected by society. So, in the Siberian stories Korolenko tells about the awakening of the people, their love of freedom, their desire to break out of the vicious circle of an unbearable existence. The defining features of Korolenko's characters are intense searches for truth and justice, great sensitivity and responsiveness. Such stories include "Makar's Dream", stories about vagabonds "Sokolinets", "Marusina zaimka".

The first of the works of the Yakut cycle is the story "Makar's Dream" (1883). In this story, the main character is the indigenous Chalgan peasant Makar. The prototype is the hugged Russian peasant Zakhar Tsykunov. Makar is a collective image. Let's take a closer look at (Table 1).

Table 1. Portrait of Makar. The story "Makar's Dream" (1883).

 The author in this fragment (Table 1) describes the appearance, habits and lifestyle of the hero. The author wants to convey to the reader that Makar lives very poorly, there are days when he even starves. After analyzing the original text and the text of the translation, it can be noted that in the translation into the Yakut language, the phrase "in emergency cases" was translated as "on joyful days", which does not correspond to the original. But despite this, the image of the hero in translation into the Yakut language is given in full.

The theme of vagrancy occupies a significant place in Korolenko's work. Korolenko did not "discover" tramps, they had already been widely used in literature before him, but he put a completely new content into these long-known images. Romantic elation and the glorification of freedom gave this old theme a new socio-literary sound ^{[11, pp. 19-20]}. In the story "Marusina zaimka" (1899), consider the image of Stepan (Table 2).

Table 2. Portrait of Stepan. The story "Marusina zaimka" (1899).

In this fragment of the text (Table 2.), the author used contrasting color epithets "light blue", "light brown", "white", "red". Translated into the Yakut language, the color epithets "light blue-syrdyk kuoh", "light brown-Syrdyk kugas", "white-ma?an", "red-kyhyl" are preserved, fully convey the appearance of the hero.

In this story, the image of Timokha the ploughman, personifying a peasant farmer, is very realistically conveyed. Korolenko described Timokha's image so vividly and colorfully that it involuntarily appears before the reader's eyes (Table 3).

Table 3. Portrait of Timokha. The story "Marusina zaimka" (1899).

This portrait characteristic (Table 3) it is rich in its expressive means of "dusty hair cut off on the forehead and falling on the shoulders -suhunen lappillibit, sannygar sabyryan tusput battakhtaah", "squat figures covered as if with a crown- khatyrygynan hakhhalanan sildar kurduk, somo?o kihi", "the sparkle of youth- eder saas oonnuura, kulumnure", "dull old age- kyrdybyt kem olbooryute" which is translated into the Yakut language. The word "squat" in the Yakut language is translated as "whole, inseparable", which does not correspond to the original.

In addition to the images of Stepan and Timokha the plowman, let's also consider the images of Abaram Akhmetzyanov and his wife Gaga (Table 4).

Table 4. Portrait of Abaram Akhmetzyanov and his wife. The story "Marusina zaimka" (1899).

Since these are the secondary characters of the story (Table 4), the author in a nutshell, but very accurately conveys the images to us, using the epithets "round face", "soft, regular features", "large, caressing, kind eyes". Translated into the Yakut language, the epithet "with a troubled" look" is translated using a definition. So, the translator gives an explanation in the Yakut language "aldiarhaidaah" dien aatyrar sergeh koryuleh-istiileh".

In this article, we will also consider the portrait characteristics from the story "At-Dawan". The main idea of the story is the brutal violence against a person in a bourgeois landowner society. The clerk of the postal station, Vasily Spiridonovich Kruglikov, is the image of a "little man". This is a crushed, humiliated official, in whom the best human qualities – dignity, independence, will - have been killed. Kruglikov is a little man not only in appearance (Table 5).

Table 5. Kruglikov's portrait. The story "At-Dawan" (1892).

 In this fragment (Table 5), the word "little man" contains a disparaging and derogatory assessment of the hero. Even the surname of the hero Kruglikov is consonant with his insignificant life. This assessment is caused primarily by internal features – the squalor of intellectual and moral qualities. The translator, by and large, correctly conveyed the portrait feature of the hero. In the Yakut language, diminutive forms are also used, which enhance expression. For example, the word "little man" is rendered as "kyraky kihiyden", which accurately conveys the meaning of the meaning of "little man" in the Yakut language.

In fiction, a portrait can be dynamic and static, expanded and fragmentary, psychological, reflecting the moment of the psychological characteristics of the hero, as well as external, representing a description of the features of the character's appearance. This can be seen in these examples of scientific research. Portraits of characters in V.G. Korolenko's stories are characterized by realism and typicality. In them, the characters are depicted as a typical representative of their environment in an everyday setting.

Conclusion

The purpose of this work was to identify the features of the transfer of the portrait characteristics of the character of a literary text when translated from Russian into the Yakut language.

In the course of the study, the concept of "portrait characteristics" was defined. So, Yesin believes that appearance can tell a lot about the hero, at the same time it is almost impossible to read.

The portrait characteristics selected by the method of continuous sampling from Siberian stories are dominated by images of ordinary peasants, civil servants and others. In addition to the images of ordinary peasants, we see in the story "At-Dawan" a typical image from the category of persons classified as "little people". In this story, Korolenko conveys through the image of Kruglikov the gross violence against a person in a bourgeois landowner society. This is a lying, morally repressed official who is disdainful of others, but is afraid of his superiors. 

Thus, in this work, the peculiarities of translating the portrait characteristics of Korolenko's stories into the Yakut language were considered. It should be noted that portrait characterization is one of the most important tools in literature. V.G. Korolenko is a landscape and portrait writer, therefore, an expositional portrait prevails in his stories.     

Korolenko uses various methods and techniques in the portrait characteristics of his characters. Metaphors and epithets help the writer to make psychological portraits, reveal images, convey the mental state of the characters. The translation into the Yakut language is performed at a high level, since N.E. Mordinov-Amma Achchygyya is a major word artist who masterfully reveals the psychology of his characters. All portrait characteristics are transmitted in full, since the translator himself is a writer, therefore the translation into the Yakut language turned out not to be literal, but artistic.