Lexical homonyms in the Mari language.

Lastochkina Elena Grigor'evna PhD in Philology Associate Professor, Department of Mari Language and Literature, Mari State University 424019, Russia, Republic of Mari El, Yoshkar-Ola, pl. Lenin str., 1 antrolea@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Homonymy is most often associated with the level of words, which is why lexical homonymy has received the greatest reflection in the linguistic literature [see: 1; 2; 3-8].

The homonyms of the Mari language considered in our previous works, taking into account the lexical meaning and grammatical characteristics of words ^[9-12], are divided into the following types: 1) lexical homonyms; 2) morphological homonyms (homoforms); 3) orthographic homonyms (homographs); 4) phonetic homonyms (homophones) ^{[9, p. 35]}.

In this article, taking into account the new Mari orthography ^[13], we will analyze the features of lexical homonyms of the Mari language, consider in detail the distinguishing features of lexical homonymy, using the definition of the concept formulated by M.I. Fomina: "Lexical homonyms are two or more words of different meanings that coincide in spelling, pronunciation, grammatical design" ^{[14, c. 57]}. For example: brocade I ‘1) the final part of the branch; twig; top, top of trees, shrubs, 2) ear’ – brocade II ‘material made of wool and gold and silver threads’ ^[15].

Complete lexical homonyms must meet several requirements: they must not be related in meaning, all their forms must be identical, identical forms must be grammatically equivalent [See. This is the work of L. V. Malakhovsky: 16; 17].

Morphological, phonetic, and spelling features are similar in homonyms, and the difference concerns only the lexical part. Lexical homonyms of the Mari language are divided into two types: full homonymy and incomplete homonymy. Homonyms that coincide in all their grammatical forms are called complete ^{[11, c 124]}. Full homonyms are words of one part of speech belonging to nouns, verbs, adjectives, participles, adverbs:

sh?r I ‘edge, edge, edge’ – sh?r II ‘milk’

shrim im. sushch., vin. p. – shrim im. sushch., vin. p.

ailash I –em ‘occupy, occupy’ – ailash II –em ‘dial. picky’

interan I adj, ‘woolen' – interan II adj, ‘having boundaries', and boundaries are the boundary of land plots.

poilme I ‘1) prich. from pualash I, 2) in the meaning of the entity. blow, 3) in the meaning of the essence. quenching’ – poilme II ‘1) prich. from pualash II, 2) in the meaning of sushch. swelling, swelling, 3) in the meaning of. sushch. med. inflammation’;

luyk I nar. ‘1) calmly, serenely, peacefully, 2) firmly, strongly, properly, significantly according to the degree of manifestation, 3) completely, completely, clean, without a trace (when it comes to an action performed in full)’ – luyk II ‘smoothly, plastically’

current I razg.’recently, recently, in a few days’ – current II ‘somehow, barely, with difficulty’

We have noted several examples with imitative words that also form complete lexical homonyms:

tp I dial. subr. sl. – ‘imitation of the dull sound of something falling’ - tp II subr. sl. – ‘imitation of the immobility of someone–something-L., motionless’

chyy I podr. sl. – ‘imitation of gaze’ – chyy II podr. sl. – ‘imitation of bird whistling, chirping: chiv'.

Full homonyms have the same whole system of forms. For example, nouns have the same case categories, numbers.

Homonyms are called incomplete if not all grammatical forms coincide. Incomplete lexical homonyms in the Mari language are extremely rare among nouns, verbs and adjectives. For example,

- iy I ‘ice’ – iy II ‘year’ – iy III ‘chisel’, iy I is not used in the plural form, unlike iy II iy-vlak ertat ‘the years are flying’ and iy II Achamyn pashatizhe mogai-gyn iy-vlak uke ulyt ‘My father has at work what only there are no chisels’;

- malash I ‘1) sleep 2) numb, numb’ – malash II ‘1) bake (about blood) 2) to be on guard’, Malash II has no lead. tilt. and does not form a communion form;

- koshtyrtash I -em ‘to make (make) rough, rough, rough, tough, weathered, rough’ – koshtyrtash II -em ‘to creak, creak, crunch, make a dull noise when moving’, a synonym word for koshtyrtash I is the word koshtyradash ‘to wind’, and for koshtyrtash II koshtyrtatash ‘to creak’;

- yacha I ‘1) damp, raw, moist; soaked in moisture, 2) stringy, not baked (about pastries)’ – yacha II razg. ‘1) adj. annoying, bothersome, picky, 2) in meaning. begging, begging, begging, insistent request’, yacha I is not used in the meaning of the noun, while yacha II ‘begging’ is used.

According to their structure, lexical homonyms of the Mari language are derived and non-derived. Derivatives are called such homonyms that have arisen as a result of word formation. Derived homonyms are also called word-formative. For example: tul+ymo I 1) prich. from tulash I, 2) in the meaning of the entity. ‘mad leap'; tul +ymo II 1) prich. from tulash II, 2) adj. ‘crumpled, processed with myalka’ 3) in the meaning of the entity. ‘bashing, processing with a pulp'; tul +ymo III 1) prich. from tulash III, 2) adj. ‘designed for pumping, swinging, pumping (water, liquid)’ 3) in the meaning of the entity. ‘pumping, pumping'.

Non-derivative homonyms are those that have arisen as a result of the coincidence of the sound of different words that differ in semantics and have never had etymological proximity. Non-derivative homonyms are most often found in the circle of nouns. For example: shoshpyk I ‘nightingale' and shoshpyk II ‘whistle', avyz I ‘tasting (about food)’ and avyz II ‘dial. priest'.

According to their relation to parts of speech, lexical homonyms in the Mari language are divided into: substantive, verbal, adjectival, participial, adverbial and several examples with imitative words.

Substantive lexical homonyms. According to our calculations, substantive homonymous series make up the largest group, there are: 353. For example: avyz I ‘tasting’ – avyz II dial. ‘priest’; varysh I ‘1) a mixture, a product of mixing some substances 2) mash, mash’ – varysh II dial. ‘elevation, hill, hillock'; L?m? I ‘glue' – L?m? II ‘sore, scab’; optem I ‘1) yolk (in a bird's egg), 2) peren. core, core, root, meaning’ – optem II bees. ‘perga; flower pollen folded into honeycomb cells'; kava I ‘sky' – kava II etn., dial. ‘spinning wheel' – kava III anat. ‘lower abdomen'; orzha I ‘heat, heat' – orzha II ‘1) mane (horse) 2) peren. about things and phenomena similar to a mane’ – orzha III geogr. ‘spit (shoal)’; VCH I ‘1) lips. the string (of haddock kand?ra), 2) Perrin. sight’ – VCH II ‘attachment for skis’ – VCH III ‘rafter’ (orally levadas istime aartis).

Verbal lexical homonyms. This group of lexical homonyms is also numerous and there are only 124 homonymic series. For example: ailash I –em, ‘occupy, occupy' – ailash II –em, dial. ‘to be picky, to understand something’; luklash I -em ‘to make (make) an angle, bend (bend) an angle’ - luklash II -em mouth. ‘measure out (canvas when embroidering a sharpan)’; moshtash I–em, ‘to be able, to be able to do something (to do)’ – moshtash -em II dial. ‘get tired, get tired’; vuilash I –em ‘give, give’ – vuilash II –em ‘complete’ – vuilash III –em ‘head’; shuarash I -em ‘1) to harden; to harden, harden, harden; to give greater strength, elasticity, 2) to harden, give (give) greater hardness, elasticity, 3) peren. temper, harden, harden; by keeping it in the cold, then in the heat, 4) peren. temper, harden, harden; by proper physical education to make (make) strong, hardy, 5) peren. to temper, harden, harden; to make (make) hardy, capable of overcoming difficulties, hardships, unfavorable conditions’, etc. – shuarash II-em G. ‘upset, upset; undermine, undermine (health)’ – shuarash III-em G. ‘water, water something’.

Adjectival lexical homonyms. We have identified 44 two- and three-component homonyms with adjectives. For example: a?an I with a neck – a?an II striped, with a stripe; interan I woolen; interan II having boundaries, and boundaries - the boundary of land plots; yacha I 1) damp, damp, moist; absorbed moisture, 2) stringy, unfinished (about baking) – yacha II razg. 1) adj. annoying, bothersome, picky, 2) in meaning. begging, begging, begging, insistent request; leman I G. leman. 1) by name, by name, by name, by nickname, by name, called by some name, having a name, 2) with ranks, titles, having a rank, title, titled, 3) famous, famous; noble, eminent, 4) allotment (land), related to allotment, 5) gram. nominal – leman II with sores, with scab, with ulcers, having sores, ulcers – leman III with glue, sticky, having glue; chatan I dial. lame – chatan II dial. branched – chatan III dial. crackling (about frost).

Participial lexical homonyms. Another group of lexical homonyms has 19 examples. For example: ayman (I ‘1) prich. from aymanash I. 2) adj. bruised, wounded’ – aymanysh II dial. ‘1) prich. from aymanash II. 2) adj. shy, timid’; poilme I ‘1) prich. from pualash I, 2) in the meaning of the entity. blow, 3) in the meaning of the essence. quenching’ – poilme II ‘1) prich. from pualash II, 2) in the meaning of sushch. swelling, swelling, 3) in the meaning of. sushch. med. inflammation’; punchalme I ‘1) prich. from punchalash I, 2) in the meaning of sushch. squeeze, push–up; squeeze, push-up’ - punchalme II ‘1) from punchalash II, 2) in meaning. sushch. decision, resolution’.

Adverbial lexical homonyms. There are 8 adverbial lexical homonyms in total: luyk I nar. ‘1) calmly, serenely, peacefully, 2) firmly, strongly, properly, significantly according to the degree of manifestation, 3) completely, completely, clean, without a trace (when it comes to an action performed in full)’ – luyk II ‘smoothly, plastically’; current I g. ‘current recently, recently, in a few days’ – current II ‘somehow, barely, with difficulty’; chuige I ‘intently’ - chuige II ‘writhing (about smoke)’.

Onomatopoietic lexical homonyms. And finally, the last group of lexical homonyms, where there are 4 examples with two-component homonyms. For example: tp I dial. podr. sl. – ‘imitation of the dull sound of something falling’ - tp II podr. sl. – ‘imitation of the immobility of someone–something-L., motionless’; chy I podr. sl. - ‘imitation of gaze’ – chy II podr. sl. – ‘imitation of bird whistling, chirping: chiv’.

Thus, lexical homonymy occurs among words of the same parts of speech. At the same time, two or more lexical homonyms (full or partial) have an absolute identity of the sound and spelling complex, that is, the external structure and all (or part of) grammatical forms (the initial change in cases, the presence of the same number forms in three words that are full lexical homonyms.

The source of lexical homonyms are the following parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective, participle, adverb and imitative (onomatopoietic) words.