Formation of new phraseologisms as word creation

The peculiarities of word-making are usually studied by linguists in the context of the creation of literary texts ^[1], as well as in the framework of the study of the production of spontaneous speech of the speaker ^[2]. The process of word-making can be either arbitrary or intentional, in the latter case it is specifically aimed "at creating word forms and word combinations that have meanings and meanings that are absent in the normative language and thus generate voluminous multidimensional associations that contribute to a deep feeling of the author's text" ^{[3, p. 133]}.

Often, the products of word-making as a creative linguistic process are reflected in the vocabulary of a language, becoming an integral part of it and thereby changing it.

And phraseology is no exception in this regard.

When defining the concept of "phraseology", linguists put forward different criteria and propose different terms. In Russian linguistics, the terms "phraseological units", "phraseological turns" and "phraseological units (FE)" are used as absolute synonyms. In English-speaking authors, we most often find the terms "idioms" ("idioms") ^{[4; 5]} and "phraseological units (PU)" ("phraseological units") ^[6] to denote this concept. In French and Spanish, they are designated as "locutions" ^{[7; 8]} and "locuciones" ^[9], respectively. As a basis in our work, we took the definition of the concept of "phraseological unit" by A.V. Kunin, who understands by phraseological units "stable combinations of lexemes with fully or partially reinterpreted meaning, that is, with complicated semantics, and not formed according to the generative structural-semantic model of variable combinations" ^{[10, p. 89]}.

In modern linguistics, when studying phraseological units, the most problematic issues are the classification of phraseological units ^{[11; 12]}, the reflection of national and cultural identity in phraseological units ^{[13; 14; 15; 16; 17]}, as well as the features of the formation of new stable phrases of phraseological and non-phraseological character ^{[18; 19; 20; 21; 22]}.

Despite the originality of phraseological units, their formation in the language is based on certain patterns.

First of all, the peculiarities of the formation of phraseological units are related to the type of material on the basis of which they are created.

The lyrics in this regard often serve as material for the formation of new FE. For example: to swing from the chandelier – literally from English. "swing on the chandelier" (chorus line I'm gonna swingfrom the chandelier, from the chandelier from the cult song of the Australian singer Sia / Sia/), similar to the Russian phraseology "to go to the break"; they won't catch up with us – Not Gonna Get Us (the song of the same name by the group "Tatu"); the impossible is possible (words from the song by Dima Bilan); mood color blue (the name of one of Philip Kirkorov's hits) – to denote "on the drive", "on the edge", "off the hook", "on the slack".

The largest number of phraseological units is formed on the basis of free phrases. Such phrases receive a new meaning, transferred to them by the similarity of phenomena or their connection. For example: e go surfer – “a person who boosts his ego by searching for his own name on Google and other search engines" (https://www.vappingo.com/word-blog/great-examples-of-neologisms /).

 Another example is the phraseology cancel culture, which is so fashionable now in the English–speaking world – “call for the withdrawal of support from a public figure, usually in response to an accusation of a socially unacceptable action or comment” (https://ielts.com.au/articles/100-new-english-words-and-phrases-updated-2020 /). Indeed, over the past 5 years, the idea of "cancel culture" ("culture of cancellation", "culture of exclusion") has become widespread in Western minds – a modern form of ostracism in which a person or a certain group of persons are deprived of support and are condemned; a way to hold accountable for legal, social, ethical violations of a well-known and powerful person or group of persons through refusal of support and/or public condemnation, mainly on social networks. When something is "canceled", it means that it is canceled, ends, disappears like, for example, a TV show or subscription; when a person is "canceled", he is no longer publicly supported. The phenomenon of "cancellation culture" as a term and phenomenon is closely connected in the public consciousness with the #MeToo movement, when such monsters of the American film industry as producer Harvey Weinstein and Oscar-winning actor Kevin Spacey were "canceled" due to allegations of sexual abuse in their past. Other celebrities, such as, for example, actors Shane Gillis and Kevin Hart, were "canceled" for past racist and anti-LGBT statements. In the summer of 2020, Harry Potter's "mother" J.K. Rowling was almost "canceled", who dared to leave an ironic comment on one of the social networks regarding who is a woman, and thereby caused a wave of indignation from transgender people. Russian Russian music is being banned, Russian literature is being read and analyzed at Western universities, Russian conductors and performers are being suspended from performances at La Scala, the Metropolitan Opera and other theaters, and Russian athletes are being banned from the majority of performances, and now our Western partners are trying to "cancel Russia" by applying the technology of "cancellation culture" to our country through the ban on the performance of classical Russian musical works, reading and analysis at Western universities of Russian literature, the suspension of Russian conductors and performers from performances at La Scala, the Metropolitan Opera and other theaters, and Russian athletes from the majority international competitions, the introduction of numerous sanctions in order to "turn the Russian economy into ruins".

New phraseological units can be formed on the basis of terminological combinations of words, for example: to be / to become the CEO of – literally "to be/ become CEO of something" - "essentially something that you're very good at, hence making you the CEO of it" (https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/english-slang-terms-2021 /). For example:

- What does it mean to become the CEO of your life? To me, it means living the life you truly want. Doing what you want, when you want, the way you want. (https://ceoofyour.life/2016/11/8-steps-need-take-become-ceo-life/)

- My most important role is something more personal: being the CEO of my own life. (https://kimperell.com/3-ways-to-be-the-ceo-of-your-own-life/)

- This is a big one on Tiktok and is commonly a comment on what someone did in the video. If a person filled a shoe with baked beans (it gets weird over there), they might “be CEO of putting baked beans into shoes” (https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/english-slang-terms-2021/, 06.01.2021).

In the term toxic waste, the first element was reinterpreted and formed the basis of such phraseological neologisms as t oxic r elationship ("toxic relationship"), t oxic p artner ("toxic person / partner"). For example:

- What Is a Toxic Relationship and Major Types of Toxic Partners (https://www.marriage.com/advice/relationship/what-is-a-toxic-relationship-and-its-common-types/, 25.03.2021)

- Need a detox: how to recognize toxic relationships and get out of them (RBC, 27/09/2021)

The French terminological phrase des g ilets jaunes ("yellow vests") in Macron France was reinterpreted when in the fall of 2018, the French protesting against the increase in gasoline prices began to wear this accessory necessary for any motorist at a protest demonstration and, thanks to this, began to be called g ilets jaunes. In addition to the French language, this new phraseology has entered other languages in the form of tracing paper to denote this new reality. For example:

- Le minist?re de l'Int?rieur a comptabilis? 39.300 gilets jaunes en France samedi, dont 4.000 ? Paris, en repli par rapport ? la semaine derni?re o? 46.600 personnes avaient ?t? recens?es. (Paris Match, 03/03/2019)

- The gilets jaunes are back! My days on the road with France’s antivax convoy. That armoured vehicles had been deployed in the city since 2018, in response to the gilets jaunes (yellow vests) protests that caused havoc for almost a year. (The Sunday Times, 12/02/2022)

- Francia: Chalecos amarillos vuelven a las calles en medio de la pandemia de coronavirus (El Comercio, 12/09/2020)

- The "Yellow Vests" celebrated the anniversary and defeated Paris. The French police used gas against the "yellow vests" and opponents of QR codes. (NEWSPAPER.RU, https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2021/11/20_a_14226451.shtml, 20/11/2021)

Note that phraseological units also often underlie the formation of new phraseological units.

The analysis of the material showed that the main ways to replenish the phraseological fund of a particular language are:

1. Borrowing phraseological units.

The development of international relations in the modern era invariably leads to the expansion of the scope of borrowings in each national language. In this regard, the question naturally arises, "what are the features of linguistic and cultural interactions in the context of globalization: linguistic expansion or natural language development?" ^{[23, p. 440]}.

In the last few years, such phraseological units borrowed from English have firmly entered the Russian language as "Spanish shame" (English Spanish shame, which, in turn, came from the Spanish expression verg?eza ajena – literally "shame for another"), when someone commits an unseemly act without the slightest remorse, and shame on you, and "butterflies [flutter] in the stomach" (Eng. butterflies in one's stomach) to denote the state of falling in love. Speaking of romantic mutual attraction, attraction, the phraseological expression We have a good chemistry is used in English (literally, there is good chemistry between us, that is, we approach each other well) – "chemistry between us", "... and physics" were added to this by Russian-speaking Internet users to denote less sublime feelings.

Tracing paper from English – phraseology "Captain Evidence" is actively used both in Internet memes and in oral speech. It is pronounced to make it clear that a person has said something that everyone has known for a long time. Originally, the superhero of the American comics Captain Obvious (English Captain Obvious, abbreviations: K.O., CO., Cap) is partly a comical character, because he comes to the rescue where his intervention is not required at all, and his actions are usually accompanied by the proclamation of common truths, the abuse of platitudes and the statement of well-known facts.

As can be seen from the above examples, new stable phraseological phrases are often formed as a result of their calcification from another language. Thus, in the article "Calculus of English–language stable phrases as one of the productive ways of borrowing in modern French", it is noted that "some French stable phraseological expressions are full calques and half-calques of English sports FE, for example, (to get one's) second wind - a second wind, a new burst of energy > (trouver) un second souffle; saved by the bell – escaped knockout thanks to the gong (boxing) > sauv ? par le gong; make a come back – recover from failure, take revenge > faire un come back, faire un retour" ^{[20, p. 10]}. We also met similar examples:

-      Stromae pr?pare son come-back. (Paris Match, 15/07/2021)

-      Kirsten Dunst fait son come-back. (Paris Match, 05/12/2021)

-      En images : Mike Tyson, 54 ans, r?ussit son come-back sur le ring (Paris Match, 29/11/2020)

-      La course un Second Souffle. Samedi 23 octobre et dimanche 24 octobre 2021, rel?ve Le D?fi Sant? Saint-Eustache. Un Second Souffle, c’est l’occasion de promouvoir les bonnes habitudes de vie, mais surtout d’?tre fier de ce que nous accomplissons. (https://www.unsecondsouffle.com/defi-sante/, 02/10/2021)

-      Raphael, sauv? par le gong. Oublier tout ce que l’on savait de Raphael pour d?couvrir Super-Welter, album audacieux et lib?r? d’un chanteur que l’on n’attendait pas ? cette hauteur. (Les Inrockuptibles, 10/04/2015)

2. The formation of new FE by analogy.

For example, English phraseologybeer o'clock (“appropriate time of the day for starting to drink the alcohol beverage”) is formed by analogy with five o’clock.

In 2010, the neologism pink tax appeared in the United States to denote a situation when goods intended for women are several times more expensive than goods for men, for example, razor blades, shampoos, shower gels and others.

The other day, by analogy with the previous phraseology, the current US President Joe Biden, speaking to voters after the publication of the May inflation figures, which turned out to be the highest in more than 40 years, formed a new one - Putin's tax, saying that the US "has never seen anything like Putin's tax on both food and gas" ("never we have not seen anything like Putin's tax on food and gasoline at once"). For example:

- Biden says 'Putin's tax on both food and gas' is to blame for record-high inflation (FOXBusiness, 10/06/2022)

- The US president targeted Russian leader Vladimir Putin’s ‘tax’ and foreign shipping companies as inflation hit a new 40-year high of 8.6 per cent. (https://www.theaustralian.com.au/, 11/06/2022)

- Polyansky commented on Biden's words about "Putin's tax". (RIA Novosti, 11/06/2022)

3. Creation of author's phraseological units-neologisms.

Also, the names of books and films can serve as a source of new phraseological units. It is much easier to determine the source of the author's phraseological units. For example, it is possible to establish the origin of phraseological units that have arisen in a work of fiction with the same name: the title of the novel "Fifty Shades of Grey" (English Fifty Shades of Grey) by British writer E. L. James, written and published in 2011, is now used to delicately refer to BDSM relationships; the title of the 2008 novel by American writer Susan Collins "The Hunger Games" (Eng.The Hunger Games) is a phraseology applied to situations of survival in a hostile environment, in a hostile environment, when it's either you or you; a fantasy novel "Game of Thrones" (English: A Game of Thrones) by American writer George R. R. Martin, whose name has become a phraseology denoting underhand intrigues and an open struggle for the power of the powerful.

In modern French, it is, for example, a novel by Michel Houellebecq "The expansion of the space of struggle" (French Extension du domaine de la lutte, 1994) is a phraseology that metaphorizes what our life is.

In Spanish, as an example of phraseologization, one can cite the title of the film by the Spanish director Fernando Gonzalez Molina "Three meters above the sky" (SpanishTres metros sobre el cielo, 2010), reflecting the intensity of feelings at the first falling in love, as well as the name of Pedro Almodovar's cult drama "Women on the verge of a nervous breakdown" (Spanish Mujeres al borde de un ataque de nervios, 1988), which immediately became a household name.

Author's phraseological units-neologisms can come not only from the pen of a writer or screenwriter, they can also be created by famous personalities, public figures.

For example, the legendary Argentine footballer Diego Maradona introduced the phraseology la mano de into the Spanish languageDios – "the hand of God" (used to denote a situation when a misdemeanor committed by a person, not entirely honest behavior, is justified by the favor of higher powers) after an event that took place in 1986. The Hand of God (Spanish: La Mano de Dios, Eng.The Hand of God is one of the most famous football goals in history, performed by Diego Maradona in the quarterfinals of the FIFA World Cup against England on June 22, 1986 at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City (Mexico). At the beginning of the second half, with the score 0:1 in favor of the opponents, Maradona scored a goal with his left hand during the fight for the ball at the gate of the English, while he was under such an angle that none of the referees could see this violation. At that time, video replays were not yet practiced at controversial moments of the match, so when the referee scored a goal, thinking that the ball was scored with his head, there was no chapel to the indignation of the English players and fans, but they could not do anything in this situation. Four minutes later, Maradona scored the "goal of the century" against the British, which brought Argentina a 2-1 victory. At the post-match conference, the author of the goal stated that the disputed ball was scored "partly by Maradona's head, and partly by the hand of God." Following the results of the subsequent meetings, Argentina won the World Cup, becoming world champions. For all Argentines, this goal was a kind of revenge for Argentina's defeat in the Falklands War. After all, the game of the 1/4 finals of the World Cup between the Argentine and English national teams took place 4 years after the hostilities between Argentina and Great Britain because of disputed territories near the coast of Argentina - the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), which eventually went to Great Britain. Due to the strained relations between the countries, the English press dubbed this ill-fated episode "the devil's hand" (Eng.The Hand of Devil).

In domestic figure skating, the author's neologisms of 2020 were the FE "winter fun" by Eteri Tutberidze to denote blemishes on the ice made by skaters at competitions, as well as the FE "novice coach", launched with the light hand of Alexey Yagudin in relation to "the husband of his wife" and "the owner of the academy named after himself" Evgeny Plushenko. For example:

- «Novice coach": Yagudin subtly trolled Plushenko, who was indignant about refereeing at the Russian Cup. (Vote, channel on Yandex Zen, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/votum/nachinaiuscii-trener-iagudin-tonko-potrollil-pliuscenko-vozmuscavshegosia-po-povodu-sudeistva-na-kubke-rossii-5f95b77d98e57704a1bd6078 , 25/10/2020)

- After Trusova and Kostornaya returned to Eteri Tutberidze last year, it became clear that we would not see Evgeny Plushenko at adult competitions often. But, as some figure skating enthusiasts suggested, now the "novice coach" could concentrate on juniors, of whom he had a lot. (Here's such a calico!, a channel on Yandex Zen, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/kolenkor/chto-byvaet-kogda-vmesto-trenirovok-kataesh-elki-teorema-dokazannaia-odnoi-shkoloi-na-pervenstve-iuniorov-61ebe75a2972c870ccdbd623 , 22/01/2022)

- Evgeny Viktorovich himself trains skaters to wear out. And we are all very well aware of this. It is also known to the most novice coach. That's why I say - this is all we need to know about Plushenko. (Unbiased sport, channel on Yandex Zen, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/nepredvzyatiysport/vse-chto-nado-znat-o-evgenii-pliuscenko-trener-vyskazalsia-o-podniatii-vozrasta-62a7502c92615c0231700f8c , 13/06/2022)

Politicians also contribute by creating new phraseological units. Russian President Vladimir Putin has "launched a number of new FE into the people". Of the latter, the most common are "girls / women with reduced social responsibility" for the elegant designation of representatives of the first oldest profession. For example:

- Krasnoyarsk residents do not particularly favor women with reduced social responsibility. This was revealed during a survey conducted by an independent agencyZoom Market. (Komsomolskaya Pravda, https://www.krsk.kp.ru/online/news/3631779 /, 08/10/2019)

- Stanislav Duzhnikov: I have many different roles - from Don Juan to a woman with reduced social responsibility (Komsomolskaya Pravda, https://www.kp.ru/daily/27094/4167126 /, 20/02/2020)

Another example is the phraseological neoplasm fake news popularized by former US President Donald Trump(literally from the English "fake news"), entered as an unassimilated borrowing of fake news or a half-scale "fake news" in all modern languages. For example:

- Follow RT for details on ‘fake news’, which is a term describing a category of propaganda or yellow journalism (RT, https://www.rt.com/trends/fake-news/)

- Fake news: the world problem and ways to solve it (https://legalacademy.ru/sphere/post/fake-news-mirovaya-problema-i-puti-ee-resheniya , 22/01/2020)

- Fake news as a phenomenon of modern media space (https://vc.ru/media/131296-feykovye-novosti-kak-fenomen-sovremennogo-mediaprostranstva , 02/06/2020)

Folk word-making through blogs, social networks and comments on the Internet is also a fertile environment for the formation of new phraseological units. One of such examples in the Russian language is the phraseological neoplasm "daughter of Alsou", when not the best of the participants wins the competition at the expense of relatives' money or administrative resources. The history of the origin of this FE is as follows: the unfair victory of the daughter of singer Alsou and famous businessman Yan Abramov Mikella Abramova in the television song contest of the sixth season "The Voice. Children" in the spring of 2020 caused massive outrage, first of viewers, and then of the general public. The scandal has acquired such proportions that the First Channel conducting this contest in our country was forced to double-check the voting data, as there were suspicions of buying and vote-rigging, and even indirectly acknowledged the validity of the accusations made, declaring all finalists winners on the new special edition of the show's finale and handing each of the winners a cash prize of 1 million rubles, originally intended only for the participant who took the first place.

It is interesting that the "photojab" that has been walking on the Internet for several years with the award at the bodybuilders' tournament, when a puny pale-skinned boy with a medal for first place on a puny chest stands in the foreground, and next to him and behind him are handsome men without medals rubbed with cream with self-tanning, found after that the signature "son of Alsou" and it has become a full-fledged phraseological photomeme in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet.

Another similar example of folk word–making is the neologism of April-May 2022 "frightened patriots", used to refer to "suddenly tired", "urgently in need of a vacation" abroad "light men" who are for "world peace" and "against war". Initially, this new phraseology appeared in relation to "a very great patriot of Russia" (according to Dmitry Peskov in an interview with a Belarusian journalist) Ivan Urgant, who is "confused, did not understand anything and was afraid", as well as in relation to Ksenia Sobchak, Sergey Lazarev, Evgeny Mironov, Chulpan Khamatova and other "prominent figures", as well as hipsters, freelancers and IT specialists of all stripes, who suddenly left the Russian Federation en masse in late February-early March 2022, when our country launched a special military operation on February 24 to demilitarize and denazify Ukraine, and then, when "finances began to sing romances," they also urgently returned back. For example:

- The mummies are coming back. The frightened patriots, realizing that they don't just feed in western eden, return to Russia. They want to eat, and not just to eat, but tasty, a lot and with style. (The Internet channel YAplakal, https://www.yaplakal.com/forum1/topic2452876.html , 31/05/2022)

- We have a new kind of patriotism here. And a patriot, too. The frightened patriot is called. They explained to us that Vanya Urgant, it turns out, is also a patriot, but he was just very scared, and therefore rushed to Israel. This is a real manifestation of patriotism. (Russian Bulletin, 04/05/2022)

- "A scared patriot." What people wished Urgant and why Chulpan Khamatova is lying (Tsargrad TV, 23/04/2022)

- "The frightened Patriots" are coming back. And why did they leave at an important moment? ("Full Contact" on the Solovyov Live channel, https://smotrim.ru/audio/2634063 , 31.05.2022)

Speaking of neologisms, phraseological units, it is impossible not to mention the main source of word-making in 2020-21 – COVID-19, designated in Russian, among other things, by the phraseological units "Chinese infection / sore" and "fashionable sore". For example:

- A year has passed since the "fashionable sore", but I still have problems. I don't know how to handle it. I don't think I know of a single ailment that would bring so many changes to life. For me, the "Chinese sore" was swept by a tractor, leaving a lot of unpleasant memories about itself. (Blonde Yuxi channel, Yandex Zen channel, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/blonda_utah/posle-modnoi-boliachki-proshel-god-no-u-menia-do-sih-por-problemy-ne-znaiu-kak-s-etim-spravitsia-61a1bd18e66f163ea22c9b5d , 27/11/2021)

- Nick didn't have time to get to know you, as she was knocked down by a fashionable sore ... (Svetik and Co, channel on Yandex Zen, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/risorius/privet-ne-uspela-nika-s-vami-poznakomitsia-kak-ee-podkosila-modnaia-boliachka-6208b489a33ce52959a7f4a1 , 13/02/2022)

- I've picked up this now fashionable sore here. From, holy shit, a pricked employee. The employee believed that the sea was knee-deep to her and nothing could happen. But it can. And she fell down and pulled others with her. (The life and thoughts of an ordinary person, a channel on Yandex Zen, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fb383f7897e9910498db2f9/poka-beglov-borolsia-za-kody-v-klinike-sankt-peterburga-liudi-postradali-ot-obychnoi-procedury-61fd6e30831a571f7173552e , 09/02/2022)

Another example of "covid" FE is "covid dissidents" (by analogy with "political dissidents") – those who consider the danger of this disease to be greatly exaggerated, or those who deny its existence altogether. From English to Russian, the tracing paper "social distancing" and "social distance" (from the English social distancing – the action of practice of maintaining a specified physical distance from other people, or of limiting access to and contact between people). Similar tracing – Spanish la distancia social, fr. la distanciation sociale – we find in Spanish and in French, respectively, for example:

- COVID-19: EE. UU. considera reducir a un metro la distancia social. (https://www.dw.com/es/covid-19-ee-uu-considera-reducir-a-un-metro-la-distancia -social/a-56881550)

- Avec un variant anglais devenu dominant en France, il faudrait que 90 % de la population adulte fran?aise soit vaccin?e contre le Covid-19 ? la fin de l’?t? pour pouvoir faire table rase de toutes les mesures de distanciation sociale sans provoquer une nouvelle flamb?e de l’?pid?mie, concluent les auteurs de cette ?tude. (France 24, https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20210407-covid-19-pourquoi-le-retour-%C3%A0-la-vie-normale-passe-d%C3%A9sormais-par-90-d-adultes-vaccin%C3%A9s)

In English, we find such phraseological neoplasms associated with the coronavirus pandemic, such as, for example, contact tracing – “the practice of identifying and monitoring individuals who may have had contact with an infectious person”, as well as epidemic curve – “a visual representation in the form of a graph or chart depicting the onset and progression of an outbreak of disease in a particular population” (https://ielts.com.au/articles/100-new-english-words-and-phrases-updated-2020 /).

The skeptical attitude of people to Covid vaccines was expressed in the appearance in blogs (official media in all countries published and relayed only the point of view of the provaxers) of such phraseological ephemisms as "magic elixir", "life-giving liquid", "experimental trash", "cherished injection", "sacred vaccination". For example:

- No one forces the military to inject experimental stuff on pain of dismissal for disobeying the new regime. (America through the eyes of a teacher, a channel on Yandex Zen, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5d9229ecbd639600b14caede/na-dniah-hodili-s-jenoi-na-novyi-top-gan-s-tomom-kruzom-skazat-chto-eto-odin-62a63441976862692a248f4f , 14/06/2022)

- The scare of the last two years, which led to catastrophic consequences in the economy and living standards of people around the world, was canceled. But the desire to drive everyone under the coveted injection does not disappear. (The life and thoughts of an ordinary person, a channel on Yandex Zen, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fb383f7897e9910498db2f9/popova-snova-iscet-pugalki-pugalku-poslednih-dvuh-let-kotoraia-privela-k-62a9d412d6061f205e446d33 , 06/15/2022)

- And another doctor, cardiologist Barbaro, was suspended, "guilty", just think, of having dared to prescribe clinical tests before subjecting patients to a sacred vaccination! (belladonna on the neck, channel on Yandex Zen, https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fdd088d04245a31c70bf39d/orden-vrachei-rimaotprazdnoval-disciplinarnoe-razbiratelstvo-v-otnoshenii-62a4ab3f86dde05b8741aef0 , 11/06/2022)

Separately, we note cases when phraseological units that have become archaisms suddenly acquire a "second wind", returning to the category of neologisms. For example, recent events in a neighboring country have made the FE "human shield" and "cannon fodder" (tracing paper from the English phraseology cannon fodder) relevant again. For example:

- The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation: nationalists brought hundreds of civilians to the industrial zone of Severodonetsk to hide behind them as a "human shield". (Zvezda TV Channel, 14/06/2022)

- During the retreat from Severodonetsk, the nationalists deliberately took civilians out of the city to the Azot plant to use them as a "human shield". (RIA Novosti, 14/06/2022)

- "Cannon fodder": Western mercenaries complained about service in Ukraine (RIA Novosti, 13/05/2022)

- The Chinese Foreign Ministry believes that the West is using Ukraine as "cannon fodder" to weaken Russia (TASS, 06/05/2022)

- Brit fighters 'cannon fodder' in Ukraine with more than 20 feared to have been killed (Mirror, 30/05/2022)

Thus, the creation of phraseological neologisms is a creative word-formation process. At the same time, despite the originality of phraseological units, their formation in the language is based on certain patterns. Often the source of new phraseological units are the titles of books and films, as well as the words of songs, As the analysis of the actual material has shown, today the main ways to replenish the phraseological fund of English, Spanish, French and Russian in the context of word-making are: 1) borrowing of phraseological units, 2) formation of new FE by analogy, 3) creation of author's phraseological units-neologisms.