The Concept of Job Burnouts in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic

Andreeva Ekaterina Yurievna ORCID: 0000-0001-9953-4958 PhD in Philology Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages and Intercultural Communication, Faculty of International Economic Relations, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation 125993, Russia, g. Moscow, Leningradskii prospekt, 49 KATERINA88557@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Kleshnina Mariya Olegovna Student, the department of International Economic Relations, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation 125993, Russia, g. Moscow, ul. Leningradskii pr-T, 49 mrkleshnina@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Introduction

It would not be an overestimation to say that nowadays more and more employees are suffering from the "emotional burnout" [Freudenberg, 1974]. In the end, there is often long sick leave or complete occupational disability.

The issue has been studied by a significant amount of Russian and foreign scholars including V. V. Boyko ^[2,3], G. A. Makarova ^[7], N. E. Vodopyanova ^{[4, 5]}, A. A. Isaev, G. S. Nikiforov, E. A. Rodionova ^[6], A. A. Baytimirova, I. N. Konopleva ^[1], E.Yu. Cherniakevich, E.V. Pogodina ^[9], E. Maher ^[18], Ch. Zastrow ^[28], C. Maslach ^{[19, 20, 21, 22, 23]}, Tukaev S. V., Vasheka T. V., Dolgova O. ^[8].

Job burnout is a comprehensive symptom of physical, mental and energy exhaustion caused by long-term work stress, which includes three dimensions: 1) emotional exhaustion; 2) dehumanization; 3) personal accomplishment ^[19]. It often begins with excessive zeal. If there is no "reward" for work, there is an "imbalance" between what one does and what they get for it. In addition, especially now, at the time of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, the working pressure in companies is increasing. Moreover, if employees postpone or shorten their vacation because of work or the current epidemiological situation, take work home regularly, they are at risk of a burnout. The first signs of a burnout are exhaustion, irritability, and a feeling of inner emptiness.

The present paper is devoted to the study of job burnout symptoms in the time of the pandemic and the ways to cope with them.

Methods

The present paper examines the key symptoms, causes, possible consequences and proposes the ways of overcoming the problem in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Two research methods were combined for the purpose of the study. The first is discourse analysis of written online-communication on the popular chat platforms, forums and social networks (Facebook, Instagram). The communicative situations where people describe the symptoms of job burnout were selected by means of continuous sampling from the forums devoted to the issue of job burnouts.

Second, convenience sampling method was used to analyze the problems connected with the issue of job burnout. A questionnaire consisting of 8 questions about both physical and emotional state of employees at work and home during the period of the pandemic was used in the survey. This method enabled quick gathering of the data and its convenient comparison.

Results and discussion

It is of paramount importance for modern people to take the first signs of burnout seriously. One is already in the middle of a burnout when he or she torments themselves to work in the morning, becomes indifferent to people important to them or if they do not see any sense of doing their work, are depressed and constantly feel exhausted. Such people cannot finish work on time for weeks, hardly spend time with family and friends and do not sleep through nights. On the weekend, they constantly think about their jobs instead of recovering from the week.

The problem is that few employees know exactly what a burn-out is and can therefore do nothing to prevent it at an early stage ^[22]. After a long period of extremely high level of physical, emotional, and mental pressure and stress, they no longer have the energy to perform their tasks. They are completely burnt out and, in the end, are not able to cope with their everyday responsibilities.

Another very dangerous exhaustion syndrome, still quite unknown, is the "silent burn-out" ^[17]. It often overtakes people who work with a lot of passion and commitment. This is a creeping process in which those affected by it, find it increasingly difficult to relax and gather their strength. They are constantly energized, quickly irritated, feel inner restlessness, sleep poorly, and slip further and further into a negative spiral of overthinking things. Silent burn-out is therefore often seen as a precursor to a complete burn-out.

Job burnout symptoms

Burnouts are usually caused by chronic stress at work, with which people can no longer cope. There is no clear definition - but multiple studies agree on three main symptoms. First: people experience extreme exhaustion and feel very tired. Secondly, they distance themselves more from their work, can no longer do their job, possibly become cynical. And thirdly, they are less powerful, concentrate worse and often take longer to complete tasks.

According to some models, burnout takes place in several phases. In the initial phase, the affected are still very committed to the job. They work and do a lot but are still tired. At the same time, they can be very ambitious and perfectionist and have too high expectations of themselves. Focusing on the job can also cause them to neglect their own needs. They may meet with friends less often, take less time for hobbies or sports. Then they become more and more exhausted, irritable, restless. In the final phase, they often have a feeling of inner emptiness, are indifferent to work. Burnout syndrome can also cause physical symptoms, such as sleep disorders, headaches, digestive problems, or back pain.

One of the best-known instruments for measuring burnouts is the Maslach Burnout Inventory test ^[19]. It is divided into three areas: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (i.e. those affected experience feelings, thoughts, actions or their own bodies as foreign, unreal) and performance unsatisfaction. The test can help to assess the situation better. However, it does not replace the conversation with a doctor or therapist.

If the affected have sleep disorders over a longer period or notice that their concentration decreases significantly, they should go to the doctor. In psychotherapy, patients can learn to take time off again and recognize why they feel so overwhelmed.

Not everyone whose working life is exhausting and demanding or who is confronted with an additional burden automatically reacts with a burnout. In general, there are three leading symptoms that characterize burnouts:

1. Mental and physical exhaustion. A person feels mentally and physically burnt out. Mentally, this exhaustion can be manifested, among other things, through constant depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, having difficulty concentrating, feelings of guilt and hopelessness. In addition, physical complaints often occur, such as hearing falls, vertigo, chest pain, headaches and limb pain, back pain and herniated discs or heart problems. 2. Change in personality. Affected people change - usually without realizing it. Work that used to be fun is often only perceived as torture. Just like contact with customers and colleagues. People affected by the syndrome withdraw noticeably or react with cynicism, depending on their personality. 3. Decreasing work performance. Because they now lack energy and concentration, people have the feeling that they are no longer doing a good job. They can no longer use creativity and competence as they used to. False ambition is the result and causes them to work even harder. That is how the downward spiral begins.

Within the research conducted by the authors of the article, 50 working part-time students and young specialists aged 20 to 35 years old from the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation took part in a questionnaire answering the questions related to both physical and emotional state during the period of COVID-19 pandemic. In the table below the data of the survey is represented.

Table 1: The Symptoms of the Job Burnout Questionnaire

Possible causes and consequences of job burnout

Many factors play together in burnout syndrome: for example, according to the discourse analysis of the messages on the forums devoted to the issue of burnouts, these can be an exaggerated understanding of duty fulfillment and performance, lack of recognition and/or a false picture of oneself. And contrary to what is often claimed, burnout is by no means a "manager syndrome". It can basically affect anyone, especially in the difficult time of the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. Whether the person is in a management position, in training, 50 or 20 years old: if the stress level at work can no longer be controlled and too high expectations generate great pressure, the risk of contracting a burnout increases. Physical and psychological pressure can go well for some time, which sometimes causes burnouts to be detected very late.

According to the survey, during the period of COVID-19 pandemic the majority of the respondents noticed they feel run down and drained of both physical or emotional energy (Yes – 45,8%; Maybe – 31,3%). More than a half of the respondents confirmed that they now see their friends less often than before the pandemic (Yes – 42,6%; Maybe – 17%). Moreover, many participants tend to feel annoyed by COVID-19 protective measures (Yes – 38,3%; Maybe – 25,5%). These facts can be regarded as the possible causes of job burnouts nowadays.

A number of cross-cultural studies have discovered the links between job burnout and a myriad of health problems, including excessive stress and emotional exhaustion ^[27], insomnia ^[15], depression ^{[11, 26]}, alcohol or substance misuse ^[12], cardiovascular diseases ^[24], obesity ^[13] and diabetes ^[25], musculoskeletal pain ^[10]. Almost a half of the respondents confirmed that they feel their physical condition had become worse during the pandemic (Yes – 29,4%; Maybe – 19,6%).

Handling job burnouts

Finding a more varied work can sometimes be the key to getting rid of the problem. Doing routine work and concentrating on work alternating helps most of the times. The sooner one can organize the work, the more self-determined they become. Further self-education and training can also provide a different perspective, especially for the young people.

Moreover, it can be recommended to rethink how high the demands people place on themselves are. Following the well-known expression ‘’Nobody is perfect’’, setting realistic goals might be the best thing. The use of relaxation techniques such as autogenic training can also be helpful. More than that, it is highly important to remember that accepting help from colleagues is not a sign of weakness. The results of the conducted research show that a very insignificant number of the respondents (4,3%) try to avoid conversations with their co-workers. That means that the vast majority of the participants are ready to take emotional support from their colleagues and also give them a helping hand in the difficult times of the pandemic. The analysis of the online-chats and forums on work problems has revealed that some employees tend to seek professional help from a psychotherapist.

If a person has a stressful job, they should take breaks. Employees ought to take some weekends off and stop responding to emails for some time. It also helps calm down from time to time, look out the window, take a walk, listen to music.

It is important to really enjoy the time away from work. Ultimately, it does not matter whether the person meets others, plays chess, or just sits on the sofa and watches TV or listens to music. The online forums and chats in the social networks show that a large number of people regard these simple things as a panacea in the harsh reality of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In addition, employees can ask themselves where the stress comes from, what burdens them the most. Is it the workload? Maybe they can talk to the supervisor and hand in some tasks. Can employees not influence their tasks or how their working day is structured? Here, too, a conversation can help to possibly get more influence and control. Are the working atmosphere and the mood in the team bad? Maybe it is possible to address this - if there is no improvement, employees should perhaps even think about changing jobs. The survey has revealed that nearly 57% of the respondents are completely satisfied with their current job and do not want to change it.

The possible decision for the staff members can be a change of the inner setting. For example, ask themselves: ‘Do I set unrealistic goals?’; ‘Do I want to do everything perfectly?’; ‘Do I judge myself if I make mistakes?’ Through self-reflection or therapy, those affected by such problems can learn to be less hard on themselves or to set more realistic goals. According to the survey, 66% of the young specialists studying and working at the Financial University do not feel less competent in the new reality of the pandemic.

Sports or relaxation techniques such as yoga or autogenic training can help relieve stress. It is important not to consider the compensation as an additional item on the to-do list. It should be fun. For example, when one goes jogging, the focus should not be on running as far or fast as possible. Otherwise, there is the risk of transferring perfectionism from work to sport.

To sum it up, there are four tips on how to find a way out of the stress spiral.

Tip 1: Take a close look. It is essential to find the reasons that lead to high load. Does it appear because of too high expectations or the unattainable targets of the superior? Is the current workload permanent or is it foreseeable that it will decrease again in the next few days and weeks? The employee has to take the time to find out exactly what robs the sleep. Moreover, it can be helpful to ask friends and family for a piece of advice. Together, it is often easier to get to the bottom of the causes. Simce only those who recognize the problem can tackle it.

Tip 2: Change a work situation. The changes do not necessarily have to be accompanied by a job change. But permanent overtime or tasks that exceed the area of activity are not an option in the long run. Therefore, for an employee it is very important to exchange ideas with the colleagues and not be afraid of talking to the company doctor and supervisor about possibilities of taking a break. It is also in the interest of the employer that the employee does a good job and prevents a long-term loss of work place. If you encounter incomprehension, consider whether this is the right working environment in which you want to work for the next few years.

Tip 3: Set limits. A man is not a machine. Work does not always have to be done immediately and the person does not have to be always available. Therefore, it can be recommended for an employees to turn off the work cell phone in the non-working time, enjoying the simple things and setting limits on him- or herself, the customers/clients/students, and the employer.

Tip 4: Balance work. Many psychologists vindicate the idea that the best thing for any person is to plan free time in advance and take a few minutes during working hours to focus attention on beautiful and pleasant things. In general, it is important to pay attention to a healthy lifestyle, such as a balanced diet, fixed bedtimes, enough exercise, and fresh air. These strengthen the body and automatically increase a well-being of an employee. The analysis of the chats on the forums and social networks shows that a lot of employees have changed their quality of life and health when they started to do sports and stick to a diet.

Conclusion

To sum up, it can be observed that the issue of job burnouts among young specialists has become quite urgent nowadays. On the one hand, with the development of various programs and devices the life and communication with colleagues and friends have become easier. On the other hand, in the reality of the deadly COVID-19 pandemic a common fear of the disease, job loss, protective measures increase the stress levels which can lead to dire consequences with both physical and emotional health of a person. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for the modern people to notice the first symptoms of exhaustion and be ready to protect themselves by taking a break. Burnout does not occur overnight. That is the process that should be stopped at the early stages.