Abstract: the article presents an analysis of the ideas of great modern Russian scientist-humanist professor Igor Yakovenko. It examines the views of the author on the problem of repression as one of the basic problems of understanding the national and world history. Yakovenko draws attention to the strengthening of the repressive and neoarchaistic trends in the current world of “ post-modernization” — the tendencies that are in flagrant contradiction with the objective increases of the personalistic and creative aspects of the modern human society

Keywords: Russia, the philosophy of history, repressions, protest, state, anarchy, criminals, post-modernization, the principle of correlation.

Abstract: the article is devoted to analysis of information about ancient ancestor of the royal dynasty Ryurik in the Primary Chronicle. It is concluded that the editor of the Chronicle puts Ryurik and his people (original Rus) in Denmark. This could be due to the receipt of information about the origin of Rurik, received during the conclusion of the Russian-Danish marital union in 1116.

Keywords: history, Russia, Middle Ages, state, chronicles, Ryurik, the Varangians, Denmark, Schleswig, Rorik.

Abstract: the article presents characteristics of the relations of the Russian Cultural Society and Italy. Based on the material of the XVII century it shows that in terms of educated Russian, except Russia, namely Italy has a genuine historical and cultural value in Europe and that the Italians, as well as Russians, clearly stand out among the nations of Europe.

Keywords: history, the Moscow court, Russian-Italian ties, Italian, Latin, Rome, fryags, foreign prints, “the Italian icon”, the historical and cultural value.

Abstract: the article focuses on the initial period of the history of the newspaper “Moscow Vedomosti”. It raises the question of what was the role of the founders of the Moscow State University Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov in the organization of this university press. This article reviews opinions on this issue that exist in historiography. Analysis is based on both long-known material and new documents issued in connection with the 200th anniversary of the death of Igor Shuvalov (1998) and the 250th anniversary of Moscow State University (2005).

Keywords: history, the Moscow State University, the decree of the Senate, Igor Shuvalov, Mikhail Lomonosov, the newspaper “Moscow Vedomosti”, the founder of the newspaper, typography, the Academy of Sciences, university magazines.

Abstract: in 1934 in the Russian State Archive of Film and Photographic Documents received the negatives of ethnographic content from the Institute of Nationalities of the USS. Based on the data collected from these photo documents, it has been suggested that they represented a range of photo collections of the Moscow ethnographic expeditions 1920-1931. The article shows how and why these visual sources dropped from the academic use, describes the work to restore their original line-up and making a List of photo collections based on the resulting documentary based. The results of this work again confirms the correctness of the position of a fund statement on archival records of documentary photographs, whose main task is to preserve the use of documentary photographs as a historical source.

Keywords: archiving, photographic documents, source study, CMN, history, ethnography, Yakovlev N.F., Schilling M.E., Pchelina E.G., the Caucasus.

Abstract: the article discusses the gradual formation of symbolic spaces in Maikop and positive mythology in the historical discourse. It explains the rationale for the emergence of myths: “Maikop — the City of Military Glory”, “Maikop — the Green City”, “Maikop — the City of classical Russian culture”, “Maikop — the City-Worker”, “Maikop — the center of the urban culture of ethnic Circassians”. It is concluded that the combination of polyphonic symbolic spaces and urban myths is the basis of psychological comfort and security of multi-ethnic and multi-confessional population of the city.

Keywords: history, urban planning, the province, a symbolic space, urban myths, mythologems, cultural policy, architectural appearance, ethnicity, multi-confessional.

Abstract: the article deals with the religious ideas and the resulting political steps of Marguerite de Valois (1553- 1615) in the civil wars in France during the second half of the XVI century. Based on the “Memoirs” of the Queen, contemporaries and other sources, the author concludes that, as, in her own words, “the true Catholic”, Marguerite tried to actively mediate between the warring camps — Catholic and Protestant. Following the ideals of Neo-Platonism, which she professed, the Queen of Navarre sought to maintain interfaith peace through diplomatic and political efforts, as well as religious tolerance. Individual manifestations of the religious hostility were associated only with threats to her life and diminish the prerogatives of the royal rank.

Keywords: history, the Valois, the Huguenots, Catholic, Queen, Marguerite, Navarre, religious wars, France.

Abstract: the article analyzes the relationship of Denmark with the European Economic Community, the reasons for entry into it, and especially participation in the EEC/EU. Particular attention is paid to the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in Denmark and providing the country a number of exceptions from the general rules of the EU. Denmark had the opportunity not to participate in the four areas of cooperation: European citizenship, the European single currency, European defense and cooperation on justice and home affairs at EU level. Author considers how these exceptions affect the position of countries within the EU in practical and political terms. Saving the “Danish reservations” reduces the impact of the country in the EU, but allows it to save more autonomy within the framework of European integration. This “integration dilemma” is constantly on the agenda of the Danish government. Currently, Denmark is an active debate about the possibilities of withdrawal of some reservations, which is certainly in the interests of the country.

Keywords: history, Denmark, European integration, European Union, the Maastricht Treaty, “the Danish reservations”, the Lisbon Treaty, integration dilemma, the referendum, the European single currency.

Abstract: being based on a large number of published and archival documents the article reconstructs the history of the process of diplomatic recognition of Italy by the Soviet Union. It shows the struggles of the anti-Hitler coalition countries for Italy out of World War II, reflects the British and U.S. attempts to dominate the economy and politics of Italy, to prevent the Soviet government to negotiate with the democratic and anti-fascist forces of Italy to accept the surrender. It analyzes domestic and foreign policy problems Italy faced in connection with its exit from the Hitler coalition and the country’s transition to democratic rule. Author proves the primacy of the Soviet Union in recognition of the government of liberated Italy, de jure and significance of this event for the state.

Keywords: history, USSR, Italy, war, fascism, Benito Mussolini, Stalin, democracy, agreement, policy.

Abstract: the focus of the article’s author is on the destruction of two grand imperial palaces (the Tsaritsyno and the Pella) at the end of the XVIII century soon after their construction. These dramatic “architectural event” considered in the context of the struggle for power in the Russian Empire at that time. Article analyzes the development of the artistic language of this type of constructions, from 1775, when Russian architecture began to gain unusual lineaments.

Keywords: history, cultural history, architecture, Catherine II, Paul I, the Tsaritsyno, the Pella, change in the artistic forms, the idea of sovereignty as a source of victories, the question of succession.

Abstract: the article presents an original interpretation of the phenomenon of the Tree of Life — The Cross Tree in the teachings of the Bogomils and Strigolniki, which the Christian Church considered heretics. The author sees the Bogomils as one of the most significant phenomena of social and cultural life, religious identity and the moral philosophy of the Middle Ages. Perception has become a powerful anthropo-creative, social and reformative force for the followers of this doctrine. In this area, the influence of Bogomils’ philosophy in medieval freethinkers from the Balkans to the Iberian Peninsula and from the Balkans to the Urals is particularly noticeable.

Keywords: history, the Middle Ages, the Church and heresy, Bogomils, Strigolniki, Cathar, The Tree of Life, the Cross Tree, Cross as a symbol, stechka.

Abstract: the article reveals that in Russia until the XVIII century the ancient terms “theft” and “robbery” designated cowardly and courageous theft, respectively. Their later appliance to the German forms of non-violent and violent theft in the Military Article of Peter I and in the laws of Catherine II led to the imposition of the old division (in names) onto the new (in meanings). Thus arose the division of theft into an “open violent”, “secret non-violent” and “open non-violent”.

Keywords: history, Peter I, Military Article, Catherine II, Order of Catherine II, theft, robbery, fraud, theft, stealage, violence.