Abstract: Philosophical ideas in scientific practice serve as the basis of a research position, a set of methods that implement the idea within the framework of the specialty. Philosophy is able to provide clarification of the broadest context and is reflected in the content of reasoning and conclusions. Philosophy is most widely used in the formulation of questions, the formulation of topics that make it possible to actualize the heuristic potential of humanitarian specialties, serves to include problems and ideas in the list of research tasks and goals. This is especially true of those topics that, for a number of historical reasons, were ignored and kept silent. Among these, the theme of religiosity occupies a prominent place.   The main conclusion of the study is the statement that research in the field of Russian religious philosophy is the foundation of modern humanitarian work. It can be produced in a separate region of the country as a pillar of humanitarian knowledge. Scientific practice, which is expressed in the dissertation process, in the genre of a scientific report, is based on the texts of Russian philosophers who were written at the turn of the XIX - XX century. It was concluded that Russian philosophical thought forms a communicative field in scientific processes, which allows for a constructive dialogue between various subjects of the scientific process.

Abstract: The object of this research is the philosophical works of the Russian religious thinker P. A. Florensky. The subject is the extensive concept of religious philosophy, which brings certain clarity to the question of separation of the unity of philosophy and religion that takes place in modern thought. Throughout centuries, the philosophy has been defined in relation to religion. Only in the Renaissance Era, scholars and philosophers came to the conclusion that these two sciences can exist separately and pursue their initial goals. Theology should be proving the existence of God and comprehensibility of God for human mind and, most importantly, for faith. The theme of philosophy is human and existence. The main conclusions of lies in the statement that philosophy and religion do not contradict each other, neither on the subject matter nor in the fundamental cognitive attitudes that develop the ideas of human in their being. In the early XX century, the following situation has formed in Russia: if the philosophy does not acknowledge the existence of God, it no longer is considered a full-fledged science and should cease to exist. Only the materialistic trend in philosophy denied the existence of God. It has been overcome by such thinkers as N. Berdyaev, S. Frank, P. Struve, S. Bulgakov, and other. The aggravation of this issue at the turn of centuries resulted in the fact that the scholars have found  the religious topic particularly painful and fatal for the individual.

Abstract: The object of this research is the works of the prominent Russian writer F. M. Dostoevsky. The subject of this research is the opinion whether F. M. Dostoevsky first and foremost is the Russian philosopher and thinker, and only then a writer. The author examines the peculiarities of such roles in culture as philosopher, thinker and writer, which gives grounds to question unambiguous reference of the works of prominent Russian writer as activity of the thinker. The peculiarity consists in the fact that F. M. Dostoevsky’s literary texts is so rich in images and themes, that shifting the specificity of his artistic image into the background is not quite justified. Special attention is given to clarification of the essence of activity of the philosopher and the writer. The key research method is the comparative analysis of the facts of such types of social practice as the profession of writer, philosopher and thinker in their relation to the fundamental concepts of time, space, text and nature of its perception from the outside perspective .The main conclusion consists in the statement that the philosophical text maintains neutrality in relation to time, as is being written from the standpoint of eternity. Literary text, in turn, is “submerged” in time and space of the events taking place within it, and relies on recognizability of the characters and their existential characteristics. F. M. Dostoevsky appears to the audience as the creator of storylines and images, rather than a person who sets the trends and concepts of social movements.

Abstract: The object of the research is existential literature. The subject of the research is several existential novels and stories in Russia and abroad that illustrate circumstances giving rise to existential thinking especially in literature. The XXth century became a culminating point of philosophical ideas being expressed in a literary form. One of the versions of what caused that phenomenon is that philosophical discourse could no longer handle the great number of meanings that were supposed to be conveyed by a philosophical text. The structural functional method became the basis for research and allowed to define structural correspondences between philosophical generalisations and literary techniques. The method allowed to reveal literary techniques that performed the role of philosophical thought in literary images and events. The structure of a literary text intensifies the intrigue without letting knowing the reader about events. Philosophical essay implies operation with generalized substances to convey the message disregarding the fact whether the reader is ready to perceive it. Another important factor is the news opportunity that is given by a literary work.  The literary form of philosophical ideas in Russia was influenced by the peculiarity of a Russian classical thought closely connected with philosophical approaches and problems. Ancient logos without contributions of the European culture of the Modern Time is an ontological issue that organizes the philosophical discourse and gives space to literature and other philosophy-related areas. 

Abstract: The object of the study is I.A. Bunin's creation in the postwar period. The subject of the study is the novel The Life of Arseniev and most significant stories Mitya's Love, Mashenka, collection of short stories Dark Avenues, in which author's dependence on European concepts, extensively discussed in modern philosophy, expressed itself most vividly, specifically, 'nothingness', 'status of nature in human perception of the world', and also 'time as a fundamental category in the perception of the phenomena of the world'. The interest in images, which uniquely fix the well-known concepts of European metaphysics, was shown. The methodology of the study is based on the closest to each other methodological approaches. A comparative method is a basic one, which consists of a comparison of different understandings of the same categories and images in literary and philosophical discourse. A historical-genetical method allows tracing the development of a concept or an image from page-to-page, novel-to-novel, and also in different periods of creative work. The text consists of philosophical categories and concepts which are clarified and illustrated with images from I.A. Bunin short novels. Such concepts as 'absence', 'revolution', 'respite', 'nothing', 'existence' expose and confirm its essentiality in author's literary material. Bunin did not give any famous comments on philosophy, due to this fact it is more interesting to trace his dependence on these concepts in his work. Russian writer appears not only as a great poet and novelist but also a European intellectual, who indirectly uses the key concepts and construction in his creative work.