Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of the historical scientific-practical experience of mutual insurance in pre-revolution Russia and during the USSR era. Based on the study of a substantial amount of historical and modern publications it is demonstrated that the mutual (non-commercial) insurance was widely used in the Russian Empire. The main objective of this work and its scientific-educational value lies in the increase of knowledge and informing of the broad reader base on the history of mutual insurance as a relevant financial instrument of risk protection. The article demonstrates the role and significance of the mutual insurance in Russia, including its industry application. The authors come to the conclusion that this experience can be successfully applied even today, if supported by the scientific community with regards to informing a broad spectrum of interested parties, development and proliferation of scientific-theoretical and scientific-practical materials dedicated to mutual insurance.

Abstract: This article is a second part of explication of the research results on the problems of modern Russian higher education, and represents a direct continuation of the first part. The author analyze the goals, tasks and problems of such participants of the national educational process in higher school as the faculty members, students, parents of the students, and employers. Leaning on the conducted research, each of the indicated four groups of stakeholders of the educational process, the author formulates a number of key conclusion and provides specific practical recommendations. In the course of this work were applies the methods of analysis and synthesis of the information of open sources, including modern articles and monographs of the Russian and foreign experts in the area of higher education. The author’s personal pedagogical experience was considered. The key results of the second part of the case study include the profound analysis of the four groups of stakeholders of the educational process, with subsequent formulation of the corresponding conclusions and recommendations. The article provides the generalized conclusions on both parts of research, as well as conclusions and recommendations on the vectors of modernization of the modern Russian system of higher education.

Abstract: This article emphasizes that the issues of modern Russian higher education cause direct damage to socioeconomic development of the country, thus there is a need for optimization of the system that will consider the interests of all participants of the educational services market. Accent is made on the necessary change in the approach towards understanding of goals of the educational process, tasks of the government and boards of the higher educational facilities. The author analyzes the erroneous and questionable decisions in the field of state policy as a whole, as well as the actions of the boards of the universities at the local level in particular. In the course of this research, the author applied personal organizational-pedagogical experience, methods of analysis and synthesis, information from the open sources, including modern monographs of the national and foreign experts in the area of organization of higher education. The main results are the following: introduction of the concept of “stakeholders of educational process”; determination of six groups of such stakeholders, each one has its own goals, interests, and demands. At the same time, the author indicates that the key problem at the present stage is the disagreement between the knowledge and skills of the university graduates and the requirements of the current job market and innovation economics. Solution of the aforementioned problem lies in the aligning of interests of all groups of stakeholders through identification, analysis, and overcoming of the problems of each group. The author conducted a comprehensive analysis of the first two groups, which allowed formulating a number of conclusions and particular recommendations.

Abstract: The article is devoted to developing the methodology for comprehensive assessment of all the combination of 'external effects' and 'socio-economic efficiency' of infrastructure projects. The author of the article gives necessary definitions and provides a broad list of effect groups that can be assessed. He also provides variants of indicators for each group of effects to assess relevant effects. The comprehensive analysis of project efficiency will extend the list of criteria that can be used in the decision making process concerning whether to implement an infrastructure project or not. This will allow to assess the impact on the society in general and encourage the best investment decisions. The results of the present research were obtained using analysis and systematisation of researches in this sphere combined with the author's recommendations and findings. The main results of the research that represent the scientific value thereof is, first of all, the synthesis of different methodologies and socio-economic impact indicators used in these methodologies within the framework of one research. Secondly, results of the research can be used, and suggested to be used, by all those who are involved in developing the unified basic methodology of socio-economic impact assessment to be further used by infrastructure project designers, executives and assessors including state authorities which would allow to reduce the time and resource consumption when searching and/or developing the methodology. The author also makes a conclusion that such a unified methodology will contribute to making an infrastructure project to be a driver of innovation-based economic growth as a result of the comprehensive assessment of all socio-economic impact assessement of such an infrastructure project implementation.

Abstract:  
This article is dedicated to the question of assessing the activity efficiency of top management in the Russian state-owned enterprises (SOE). The author examines the motivational aspects of the executives in proprietary’s interest and application of the just system of material incentives. The focus on state-owned enterprises is substantiated by their significant weight in economic sector of the Russian Federation. Special interest present the universal for all SOE methodological guidelines provided by the Federal Agency for State Property Management aimed at establishment of the system of assessment and motivation of the chief executives. Special attention is given to the principal – agent problem. Leaning on the analysis of the existing methodological guidelines alongside the study and systematization of recommendation of the Russian and foreign specialist on the problem of assessment and motivation, the author makes suggestions on amendments and improvements of such provided by the Federal Agency for State Property Management. The importance of the acquired results consists in possibility of their implementation for increasing efficiency of the system of assessment and motivation of the executives at the level of a singular SOE as a whole, and its separate projects in particular. Special relevance is presented by the author’s propositions on implementation of various schemes of financial incentives depending on a project run by an executive: creation of new business, support and development of the already existing commercial project, realization of cash-consuming projects necessary for achieving certain goal of a corporation.
 

Abstract: In his article Brovkin describes the main principles and approaches that may help young professors to adjust to their teaching at a university, learn pedagogical methods and find the right approach to students. The author reveals peculiarities of scientific, methodological, teaching and educational activity. He also defines and analyzes problems related to teaching at a higher school as well as their possible solutions. Brovkin studies personal features of university professors and factors that influence success of teaching activity. The author presents results of his own experience in increasing efficiency of teaching methods in the process of teaching. Special attention is paid to the methods of encouraging students' motivation. The results of the present research were obtained through analysis and systematisation of researches conducted by the author himself and other researchers as well. The main results of the research are the following: the author has proved to need to improve the Russian system of education in order to shorten the gap between theory and practice; he has also covered the main problems associated with teaching at a high school and their possible solutions; offer efficient methods of increasing students' motivation; and define what qualities and competences a student should have in order to successfully work on their self education and self improvement.