Abstract: The subject of the research is the prospects for the development of ostrich farming in the Russian Federation. The article analyzes the historical experience of breeding ostriches in the Russian Federation. The authors study domestic and foreign practice of ostrich farming. It has been established that from a commercial point of view it is more profitable to breed South African ostriches. The authors substantiate the prospect for using a client-oriented approach in ostrich farming and the expediency of using an electronic accounting system that will reflect all life cycles of each specimen. On the basis of the SWOT analysis, the opportunities and risks of Russian ostrich farming have been established. Research methods include monographic, the systems method, the method of qualitative and quantitative expert assessments, economic and statistical, questionnaire survey, logical, sociological, analysis and synthesis. The study of opportunities for the development of domestic poultry farming, including ostrich farming, acquires special significance in terms of the sanction regime. The authors conclude that the ostrich meat market is not saturated, and there is no strong competition for market access due to the increased demand for poultry meat; there is a need to invest in the study and development of feed for domestic poultry.

Abstract: This article examines the problem of development of the Russian sociology during the period of 1920-30’s. Special attention is given to the peculiarities typical for the post-revolutionary period, as well as their effect upon the process of expansion of sociology in Russian society. The author determines the pattern of influence of the party elite upon the character and purpose of theoretical doctrines in sociology, as well as points at how it conforms to the theme of the conducted sociological research. The theory of historical materialism as a doctrine, which forms the basis of the state ideology and spreads its influence over all spheres of social life, is being thoroughly examined. The author reveals that the situation formed in the first decades after the revolution, was not favorable for the development of the objective sociological knowledge in Russia. But despite this fact, sociology was able to advance its own methodological base, gain rich experience in the field of sociological research, as well as gather an extensive statistical material.

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the question of mutual rights and obligations of the representative and third parties, as well as the represented and third parties within the framework of legal relations of the representation in Russian and American legal systems. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the legal relations of the representation within Russian and American legal systems on the example of legal regulation of mutual rights of the main parties of legal relations with third parties. The author also examines issues such as: emergence of mutual rights and obligations between the represented and third parties; informing third parties by the represented party; right (obligation) of the representative to enter into relations with third parties and the circle of his authority; limitation of rights of the representative to enter into relations with third parties for the purposes of acting in their interests. It is substantiated that the legal relations of the representation, as well as their legal regulation within Russian and American laws are rather similar. It is confirmed by the possibility of highlighting principles that are in common in both laws and the elements of these legal relations, the main of which are the rights and obligations of third parties in their cooperation with the main parties to legal relations of the representation.

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the question of mutual rights and obligations of the representative and third parties, as well as the represented and third parties within the framework of legal relations of the representation in Russian and American legal systems. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the legal relations of the representation within Russian and American legal systems on the example of legal regulation of mutual rights of the main parties of legal relations with third parties. The author also examines issues such as: emergence of mutual rights and obligations between the represented and third parties; informing third parties by the represented party; right (obligation) of the representative to enter into relations with third parties and the circle of his authority; limitation of rights of the representative to enter into relations with third parties for the purposes of acting in their interests. It is substantiated that the legal relations of the representation, as well as their legal regulation within Russian and American laws are rather similar. It is confirmed by the possibility of highlighting principles that are in common in both laws and the elements of these legal relations, the main of which are the rights and obligations of third parties in their cooperation with the main parties to legal relations of the representation.

Abstract: The subject of the present research article is the phenomenon of agon (competition principle) from the point of view of the culture-historical approach. In particular, the author studies the dependence of the competition principle on the ancient archaic mythology as well as peculiarities of the Olympic religion that had been created thereupon. As the implementation of the competition principle in socio-cultural environment, the Greco-Roman agon tradition is being viewed from the point of view of socio-economic and political peculiarities of the ancient civilization, first of all, the key feature - ancient city-states called polises that had been created by the VIth century. The methodological basis of the research includes the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, the historicism principle and comparative analysis. The novelty and conclusions of the research are the following. As the implementation of the competition principle, agon appeared in the Greco-Roman tradition due to the peculiar nature of the ancient archaic myth and Olympic religion that eliminated dogmatized standards and regulation of individual behavior and therefore any limits of social activity. The motif of becoming a hero encouraged an individual to put forth super efforts towards free and honest competition for the purpose of achieving apotheosis. The absence of a developed thanatological aspect made an individual to try to achieve success in the sphere of the immanent. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of the reflection in accounting of net assets of non-commercial autonomous organizations from the position of efficiency assessment of non-commercial organization within the system of analysis of the public sector. The program of realization of administrative and budget reforms, established in the normative documents, including the Executive Order of the President of the Russian Federation from 06.28.2007 No. 825 “About an Assessment of Efficiency of the Activity of Executive Authorities of the Subjects of Russian Federation” predetermines the need for developing methodological support of the assessment and management of the efficiency of the sector of government administration. Development of the efficiency indexes in this sector is an important stage in achieving the set goals of reform. This article offers the approach towards the assessment of the elements of net assets on the basis of fair value (expense approach) and initial cost in the amount of investments directed into non-commercial organization in form of government sources of financing. This will allow combining various approaches in assessment of assets of a non-commercial organization in the reports on net assets, which will provide users with information on the results of the efficiency of the investment process and investments of government resources, as well as with regards to the dynamics of the cost of a venture as a whole.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the procedure of transfer of a residential building of specialized real estate resources into a separate category – social housing. The author demonstrates that despite the formal regulation of such procedure in the legislation of the Russian Federation, for the properties of state-owned real estate it is practically unenforceable. In addition to that, for specialized residential buildings of municipal real estate there are developed mechanisms that successfully perform their duty. This circumstance leads to an inequality of the citizens’ rights in realization of their residential rights set by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes the mechanisms and conditions of a transfer of specialized municipal reals estate into the category of public housing. Referring to the positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the author highlights the possible violations of the constitutional rights of the citizens, which result from the inability of the transfer of government housing into public housing. The novelty of this research consists in the proposal of two versions of solution to this issue on both, the executive, as well as legislative levels.  The realization of either of the proposed version is capable of eliminating the issue of lack of mechanism for transferring specialized government housing over to public housing.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the essence and content of the definition “terms of social housing” as one of the fundamental categories of property law. The author demonstrates that despite the presence of this category in property law, its nature and content are not clarified in the legislation. This circumstance leads to limitation of citizens’ rights to privatize the residence they occupy. A proposal is made to implement these elements as the content of the definition of the “terms of social housing” into the law of the Russian Federation from 07.04.1991 No. 1541-I “About privatization of housing stock in the Russian Federation”. Overall, the legislative recognition of the content of this definition will allow organizing the legal relations in the area of privatization of housing. Reviewing the legal precedent, the author highlights the elements of the terms of social housing ruled by the courts in recognition of the housing rights of citizens. The novelty of this research consists in formation of original set of elements characteristic for the terms of social housing. The version proposed by the author reflects the substance of the processes in the modern judicial practice and is capable of resolving the issue of lack of legally defined terms for social housing in Russia.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the essence and content of the definition “terms of social housing” as one of the fundamental categories of property law. The author demonstrates that despite the presence of this category in property law, its nature and content are not clarified in the legislation. This circumstance leads to limitation of citizens’ rights to privatize the residence they occupy. A proposal is made to implement these elements as the content of the definition of the “terms of social housing” into the law of the Russian Federation from 07.04.1991 No. 1541-I “About privatization of housing stock in the Russian Federation”. Overall, the legislative recognition of the content of this definition will allow organizing the legal relations in the area of privatization of housing. Reviewing the legal precedent, the author highlights the elements of the terms of social housing ruled by the courts in recognition of the housing rights of citizens. The novelty of this research consists in formation of original set of elements characteristic for the terms of social housing. The version proposed by the author reflects the substance of the processes in the modern judicial practice and is capable of resolving the issue of lack of legally defined terms for social housing in Russia.

Abstract: The subject of the research of the present article is the phenomenon of glamour as a mode of competitiveness in the context of modern mass culture, its genesis, stages of formation and the degree of its influence on the European (Western) public consciousness. In the article the author considers the influence of British (Scott, Byron) and French (the image of Napoleon I) traditions on the formation of mythology, ideology and aesthetics of glamour as a means of realisation of the competitiveness principle in order to reveal the success coefficient and determine the status of the competitors in this segment of mass culture. Methodologically the study is based on the method of ascension from abstract to particular, the principle of historicism, and comparative analysis. The novelty of the article lies in consideration of the phenomenon of glamour as a way of displaying (mode) of the competitiveness principle in the context of sociocultural evolution, the genesis of this phenomenon, its mythology and aesthetics. The main conclusion of the article is that in the modern era and in the context of the formation of mass culture, glamour has become not only a significant aesthetic phenomenon, but also, which is even more important, a way to implement competitiveness, a criterion for determination of the success of an individual under the conditions of  growing competition and social dynamics of European (Western) society. 
 

Abstract: The subject of the research in the present article are motivational tools and mechanisms of human resource management that contribute to the stimulation and increase of labour motivation. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that the present state of the systems of workers’ motivation stimulation currently used in Russia is aimed at the satisfaction of the instantaneous needs of employees. That is why it seems necessary to disclose the opportunities to reach the balance of the interests of employers and employees, which requires introduction of a combined model of corporate management into Russian companies. Under such circumstances it it expedient to elaborate a motivational mechanism of involvement of the staff into corporate property. To solve this task the article used the methods of generalisation and systematisation, as well as the methods of structural and comparative analysis, classification of existing theoretical trends. The conducted research allowed to propose the author's approach to the improvement of the staff motivation system, which characterises a motivation system that implies not only the growth of the employees' interest in labour and own earnings, but also the stimulation of their interest in the general development of the company. From the authors' point of view, if such method is implemented, the employees will be most motivated to develop and increase the profit of the company, since this development will bring the increase of their own prosperity.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the concept of “The Responsibility to Protect”, the main positions of which are contained in its primary document – the report of International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) (2002). A significant attention is given to such components of the concept “The Responsibility to Protect” as responsibility to respond, responsibility to prevent humanitarian crises, and restoration afterwards. Analysis is conducted on the key criteria for forced intervention, including: right authority, just cause, right intention, last resort, proportional means, and reasonable prospects. The scientific novelty consists in the author’s revelation of the fact that this concept laid the foundation for conflict of laws with regards to a number of fundamental norms and principles of modern international law. As a result of the analysis the author comes to a conclusion that the concept of “The Responsibility to Protect” a priori contained a potential attempt to review a number of norms and principles of international law, and revise the positions of the UN Charter and work of this global organization.

Abstract: The subject of the study is the essence of microfinance and the factors that influence its development. During the analysis of a range of factors the author demonstrates the content of microfinance and the features of its mechanism. The article defines two types of functions that make microfinance competitive. Social functions: a means of poverty reduction, stimulation of entrepreneurship, a mechanism to minimise business criminality, reduction of shadow economy, and, a consequence, growing transparency of loans. Economic functions: growing financial sustainability of small businesses, distribution of small business, increase of range and quality of microfinance services, general improvement of Russian financial system, creation of the history of customer financing under small loans - increased financing opportunities. The methods of the research are systems analysis, which allows to define the features of microfinance and the factors of its development, as well as statistical analysis, that gives an opportunity to evaluate the dynamics of the microfinance market. 
Novelty and conclusions. It has been justified that the main factors defining the microcredits are the short terms of the credit and significant credit rates. At the same time it has been shown that microfinance services are intended to satisfy the need for financial resources of small companies that cannot afford the services of banks and other credit institutions which are not particularly interested in operations with small loans. The research also specifies the range of microfinance institutional structures: formalised, semi-formalised, formalised, hybrid.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the concept of “The Responsibility to Protect”, the main positions of which are contained in its primary document – the report of International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) (2002). A significant attention is given to such components of the concept “The Responsibility to Protect” as responsibility to respond, responsibility to prevent humanitarian crises, and restoration afterwards. Analysis is conducted on the key criteria for forced intervention, including: right authority, just cause, right intention, last resort, proportional means, and reasonable prospects. The scientific novelty consists in the author’s revelation of the fact that this concept laid the foundation for conflict of laws with regards to a number of fundamental norms and principles of modern international law. As a result of the analysis the author comes to a conclusion that the concept of “The Responsibility to Protect” a priori contained a potential attempt to review a number of norms and principles of international law, and revise the positions of the UN Charter and work of this global organization.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the criminal legal norms and institutions that cover responsibility for violations of the copyright laws (intellectual property), as well as criminal legislation during the period of establishment and development of the Soviet state (Criminal Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1922, 1926, and 1960). In addition to that, the author conducts a legal analysis of the legislative acts (decrees) of the congresses of the Councils of All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic passed during the first years of the Soviet power, and regulations and maintaining legal relations in the area of copyright. The novelty of this research consists in the following: Soviet legislation, including the legislation on intellectual rights is characterized as ideological; the annulment of the legislation on copyright of the Russian Empire and formation of the Soviet legislation, including introduction of criminal legal protection of intellectual property, but with consideration of state ideology, serves as a proof to that regard. Thus, the research does not confirm the positions of the authors on the contradiction of legislation on both, intellectual property, as well as its criminal protection.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the turning point in the history of establishment of the legal state in Russia during the late 80’s and early 90’s. The author follows the fairly short span of time during which the concept of legal state have transformed from the initial concept of a socialist legal state, to the final removal of all competing concepts (such as the concept of socialist legality) and establishment of domestic legal political thought as the flagship for coming decades. The author examines the key milestones of acceptance of this concept at the government level, including the legislation of the late post-Soviet period, and the vectors of scientific cognition of the concept of legal state within the legal sciences of the early 1990’s. The author characterizes the peculiarities of the interpretation of this concept in the various constitutional projects developed in that time, as compared to the final version of the text embodied in the acting Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993.

Abstract: The subject of the study in the present article is the research on the model of reinforcement of the rule-of-law principle in the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation in the context of the interrelation of this model with the basic concepts of legal consciousness - positivist and libertarian-juristic. The author justifies different understandings of the rule-of-law state within the framework of each of these concepts of legal consciousness, in connection with critical distinctions in the views of the supporters of these concepts on the correlation between the state and the law. At that, the article examines historical aspects of choosing the model of reinforcement of the rule-of-law state in the constitutional projects in the early 1990s, analyses transformation of the idea of the rule-of-law state from a draft to the regulatory reinforcement within another legal concept. Methodologically the research is based on the dialectic method, as well as general scientific (logical, ascension from abstract to particular, etc,) and particular scientific (comparative legal studies, systems-structural analysis, interpretation of law, etc.) methods. The final constitutional model of reinforcement of the rule-of-law state is based on the principle of legitimacy, strict compliance with the Constitution and laws, regardless of subjective evaluation of a certain person. Only this approach complies with the aims of establishing stable public order and creating real - not declared - guarantees of rights and freedoms.

Abstract: The subject of the research is staff engagement in the creation of an organisational offer recognised as a common issue in international economics. In the article the author analyses the interconnection between the competitiveness of the organisation and staff engagement in the formation of an organisational offer. The author also considers the mechanisms of satisfaction, loyalty and engagement, as well as the interconnection of those with the employee incentive programme. The article considers particular cases that show that the system of material and non-material stimulation built on fair resource exchanges can serve as a base to increase loyalty and engagement, while the violation of such fairness lead to a decrease of those. The article considers the expedience of using non-material stimulation in an organisation as a tool of providing engagement. The author studies the efficiency of various non-material stimulation tools to form and promote satisfaction, loyalty and engagement. Methodologically and theoretically the present study is based on complex analysis and systems approach. Empirical analysis is conducted based on statistical data of secondary research published or presented on the web-sites of companies, as well as the materials of applied sociological research conducted under the author's guidance. The complex research correlates and collates the notions of satisfaction, loyalty and engagement, and also demonstrates characteristic features of the resource contributions of the employees. It has been determined that the efficiency of the organisational structure is increasing progressively as the employee transits from satisfaction to loyalty and engagement. The conclusion is drawn regarding the need to preserve and increase the engagement of employees to enhance the competitiveness of the organisation. The author states the importance of non-material stimulation for the promotion of staff engagement. The article proves the importance of fair resource exchanges in the organisation as a correspondence of the employee's contribution to the volume of material and non-material stimulation to promote the staff engagement. The article discloses the patterns of the negative influence of the fair resource exchanges on the degree of staff engagement. 

Abstract: The subject of the research is the combination of methodological features of evaluating and recognition of net assets of autonomous nonprofit organizations based on the Russian and international approaches considering the specifics of the economic/legal status of the property of an autonomous nonprofit organization. In her article Legenkova touches upon the debating points of accounting at organizations of the government administrative sector based both on Russian standards and International Financial Reporting Standards for the public sector enterprises. The main target of the research is the analysis of the problems related to justification of the rules for keeping records of net assets of autonomous nonprofit organizations and evaluating their elements. The research methods used by the author include comparison, synthesis, analysis, logical approach, system approach and other research methods. The novelty and conclusions of the research involve the scientific research results provided in this article and summary of the features and problems of recognition of net assets of autonomous nonprofit organizations in compliance with the national standards, draft federal accounting standards developed for the government administrative sector and International Financial Reporting Standards as well as guidelines for alternative methods of evaluating a recognized property and assessing its value when calculating net assets of autonomous nonprofit organizations. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the criminal legal norms and institutions that cover responsibility for violations of the copyright laws (intellectual property), as well as criminal legislation during the period of establishment and development of the Soviet state (Criminal Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1922, 1926, and 1960). In addition to that, the author conducts a legal analysis of the legislative acts (decrees) of the congresses of the Councils of All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic passed during the first years of the Soviet power, and regulations and maintaining legal relations in the area of copyright. The novelty of this research consists in the following: Soviet legislation, including the legislation on intellectual rights is characterized as ideological; the annulment of the legislation on copyright of the Russian Empire and formation of the Soviet legislation, including introduction of criminal legal protection of intellectual property, but with consideration of state ideology, serves as a proof to that regard. Thus, the research does not confirm the positions of the authors on the contradiction of legislation on both, intellectual property, as well as its criminal protection.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the turning point in the history of establishment of the legal state in Russia during the late 80’s and early 90’s. The author follows the fairly short span of time during which the concept of legal state have transformed from the initial concept of a socialist legal state, to the final removal of all competing concepts (such as the concept of socialist legality) and establishment of domestic legal political thought as the flagship for coming decades. The author examines the key milestones of acceptance of this concept at the government level, including the legislation of the late post-Soviet period, and the vectors of scientific cognition of the concept of legal state within the legal sciences of the early 1990’s. The author characterizes the peculiarities of the interpretation of this concept in the various constitutional projects developed in that time, as compared to the final version of the text embodied in the acting Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993.

Abstract: The subject of the study is the structure of social network communications within the framework of modern social network web-services and related information resources. The article considers the factors that influence network information exchange, compatibility of programming interfaces of applications that unify the process of information transactions between program platforms of different types. Classifications and types of network communications have been considered. The article examines the process of establishment of network communications and development of the Internet, as well as its impact on social communications. The author considers political significance of network communication. The methodology of the study is based on systems and comparative approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modelling, as well as informational-political approach. In course of the research the author outlines the classification of modern social network web-services, based on functional characteristics which are supposed to be in four types of modern social network communications: discourse, content generating, resources accumulating and organisational coordinating social network communications. The author gives a definition of each of the types of social network communications, reveals their main essential characteristics and possible directions of their display in social-political sphere. The classification suggested by the author can be used as a structural component of the research tools for the empirical studies of the peculiarities of display and influential impact of modern social network communications on political process. 

Abstract: The object of the research are the state transformations conducted in the Russian Empire in the beginning of XX century. In this respect the influence of the Western concept of the rule-of-law state has been evaluated. The author thoroughly examines internal essential characteristics of the rule-of-law state as the unity of four criterial complexes: ideological criterial complex (key significance of the rule of law principle in the state ideology), formal criterial complex (advanced legislation that consolidates a wide range of human rights and freedoms), practical criterial complex (real legislative execution and provision of rights and freedoms by effective guarantees of practical implementation), psychological criterial complex (high level of legal consciousness in the society, broad support of the rule of law principle among the population). Methodologically the research is based on the dialectic ontological method, complex of general (logical, historical, ascension from abstract to concrete thinking, etc.) and particular scientific methods (comparative legal studies, system structural analysis, explanation of laws, etc.). Scientific novelty of the study lies in the elaboration of a system of criterial complexes: ideological criterial complex, formal criterial complex, practical criterial complex, and psychological criterial complex for the evaluation of essential characteristics of a rule of law state. The article evaluates pre-revolutionary Russia with regard to its correspondence to the idea of the rule of law state using the elaborated system of criterial complexes. 

Abstract: The article focuses on rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation which are considered from the standpoint of the general systems theory as an integral interrelated system; the author reveals the internal patterns of its development, the key hierarchical sub-system levels, and some mechanisms of the system links. On the base of the analysis the article considers the historical mutability of the scientific and practical understanding of the system of rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The author analyzes the perspectives of enhancement of constitutional legalization of the system of rights of man and citizen in the Russian Federation in the context of the Russian legal statehood development. The methodology of the research is based on the dialectical method of reality cognition, and the set of the general scientific methods (the logical method, an abstract to concrete shift in thinking, etc.) and the special scientific methods of cognition (comparative jurisprudence, the systems and structural analysis, interpretation of law, etc.). The scientific novelty of the research lies in the substantiation of untimeliness of the Constitution enhancement from the standpoint of the constitutional legalization of the system of rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Russia. The author also assesses the perspectives of enhancement of constitutional legalization of this system of rights in the context of development of the Russian legal statehood. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the norms of the Russian legislation that regulate inheritance by will, public relations, set by the norms of inheritance law that are directly linked to the rights of the testator: actions of realization of the freedom of will; legal norms that provide the concept, terms of execution, limits and protection of the freedom of will. The author examines he work of the law enforcement aimed at ensuring the realization and protection of the freedom of will, rules of maintaining confidentiality of the will, as well as materials of notary and legal precedent and their application. Based on this research of the state of the legal theory and specificity of the realization of the principles of inheritance by will, the author conducted a complex analysis of the positions of this sphere and proposes a number of theoretical and practical recommendations on solution to the problems in legislation, as well as original view on several debatable points within the theory of civil law.

Abstract: The article considers particular aspects of physical bodies bankruptcy as a special sphere of legal regulation reflecting the connection between law of substance and law of procedure. Special attention is paid to the procedure of bankruptcy and the Federal Law of 29 December, 2014 No 476-FZ inuring on 1 July, 2015. The author studies its positive innovations relating to physical bodies bankruptcy: consideration of bankruptcy declarations of citizens by the courts of general jurisdiction (bankruptcy cases of self-employed and former self-employed whose money obligations have appeared in the result of their entrepreneurship are considered by arbitrage), the possibility of debt restructuring, the possibility of amicable agreement with creditors. The author uses the following methods of research: the dialectical method of scientific cognition, the method of logical analysis and synthesis, the systems method, normative-logical analysis, the method of comparative jurisprudence. The author concludes that the formation of the institution of bankruptcy of citizens is dynamically developing. The positive moments of the Federal Law No 476-FZ are: introduction of the possibility of debts restructuring (with the plan of restructuring), the possibility of amicable agreement with creditors. For the purpose of bankruptcy case opening the personality of an insolvent including its legal capacity and status shouldn’t be a decisive factor. In bankruptcy cases over inherited property the debtor is an heir. 

Abstract: The topic of the study are regulatory legal acts of the Russian Empire and the norms of common law in Karachay and Balkaria that comprised the basis that regulated property relations connected with the public assets, including those all-national and rural (aul), in mountain societies of Karachay and Balkaria in the post-reform period. The article investigates the relations in the field of land commerce and changes in its regulation that happened in the course of reforms in 1860-70s in mountain regions of the Northern Caucasus. Attention is paid to the issue of land ownership by village communities that first were granted the right to be the subject of property relations in the end of XIX century. It was the period of time when the traditions of common law (adat) were substituted by the legal tools of regulations in the form of regulatory documents. Methodologically the research is based on dialectic materialistic analysis of historical events and facts that allowed to examine the process of institutionalisation of village communities in Northern Caucasian mountain societies during the liberal reforms of 1860-1870s. The author notices that a certain part of the adat norms was included in the national legal framework, and the introduced regulatory innovations had positive results. Demesnial legal reforms conducted by the government in the Northern Caucasus were of evolutionary nature, which allowed to avoid social upheaval and provided the stability of the "Muslim outskirts" of the empire.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the review and analysis of the non-defined means of influencing a debtor within the system of ensuring fulfillment of obligations, which are currently insufficiently researched within the science of civil law. The article also clarifies such notions as non-defined contract and all possible non-defined means and ways of affecting the debtor. The author also unravels and describes the important role of the institution of ensuring fulfillment of obligations. In this article the author uses and applies specific examples from precedent, as well as offers original classification of non-defined methods of ensuring fulfillment of obligations and illuminates the aspects of legislative regulation of each of the presented groups. The author comes to the conclusion that there is currently no clearly formulated mechanism for legal regulation of all non-defined means of ensuring fulfillment of obligation in civil legislation.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal consequences resulting from dissolution of a loan agreement. The author examines the main methods of dissolving a loan agreement. This research presents an analysis of issues that emerge in legal precedent due to dissolution of loan agreements, including the information on which violations of a loan agreement can serve as sufficient grounds to request the dissolution, while the loan agreement can be dissolved as a result of significant changes in the circumstances. The article presents legal precedent on each of the means of dissolving a loan agreement. The author proposes criteria for allowing dissolution of a loan agreement due to significant violations of the agreement or changes in the circumstances. The author concludes that there are three main ways of dissolving a loan agreement, and states that the permissibility of dissolution of the credit agreement in each specific case can only be resolved by analyzing the legal precedent. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the generalization of views of various pre-revolution scholars on the legal state, its concept, criteria, differentiation from similar legal state concepts, as well as other aspects used as an example for demonstrating the deeply indigenous interpretation of this category by Russian legal science. Out of the multifariousness of views and approaches of the pre-revolution Russian scholars towards the problems of legal statehood the author highlights generalized trends and aspects, and compares the ideas of legal state and absolutism. The author examines the concept of criteria for legal state, and highlights the character trait of the entire pre-revolution Russian concept of criteria for legal state: priority of moral and ethical criteria and non-governmental social regulators in the structuring of legal statehood. Analysis of the pre-revolution era of development of Russia’s legal science has demonstrated that the notion of law and legislation were not sufficiently demarcated, and were largely thought to be one and the same. The ideas of pre-revolution scholars on impermissibility of absolutization of the concept of legal state become rather relevant in the current political and legal conditions.

Abstract: The topic of the research in the present article is the generalisation of some trends of the post-classical stage in the development of the concept of the "rule-of law" state in Western countries, including the development of the ideas of the "rule-of-law" statehood in the works of contemporary foreign legal experts, as well as peculiarities and problems of modern international legal confirmation of the category of a "rule-of-law" state. The analysis of the text of international documents allows to say that regarding the concept of the "rule-of law" state, there is generally no unified terminology - international acts adopt both the rule of law and the rule of legislation. At the same time, the rule of legislation is fixed in some international documents. The lack of terminological uniformity in the understanding of the concept of the "rule-of law" state in international documents does not entirely comply with the aims and objectives of the implementation of this concept into the relations between modern states on the international level. In this connection, the principle of the rule of law is of higher priority. Contemporary western legal studies has been showing a trend that negatively impacts the condition of scientific elaboration of the doctrine of the "rule-of law" state - namely, the number of works on fundamental problems of constitutional law is decreasing. The methodological basis of the research is comprised by the fundamental provisions of the theory of state and law, comparative analysis of the research principles of different schools and approaches, the method of the analysis of publications existing in this field, traditional scientific methods (deduction, induction, system approach, comparative method, etc.), as well as special scientific methods: historical and formal legal. The article draws a conclusion about the necessity to realise the difference of matrixes of the "rule-of-law" statehood existing in modern multipolar world, to compare their advantages and disadvantages, to determine the future-oriented ways of the development of the concept of the "rule-of law" state, taking into account the changing realia of contemporary world and real practical experience of establishing the "rule-of law" state in different countries. The concept of the "rule-of law" state can and should be transformed by the legal science and practice of every state in compliance with the peculiarities of its state and legal model, traditions of statehood, the objective level of the national legal consciousness  and civil society. The principle of evolutionary organic establishment of the "rule-of-law" statehood based on the national legal traditions should be admitted to be the governing principle in the new millennium.

Abstract: The subject of the research is a formal criterial complex helping to assess the fulfillment of the concept of law-governed state in Russia. The essential features of a law-governed state form a unity of four criterial complexes: the ideological criterial complex, the formal criterial complex, the practical criterial complex, and the psychological criterial complex. The formal criterial complex is of a special importance for the assessment of a modern Russian law-governed state as the most practically achievable by means of a direct governmental impact and measures aimed at the legislation enhancement. Legislation reforming should be based on the concept of consultative democracy as a means of provision of a wide participation of citizens in the processes of the law-governed state formation. First of all, it is necessary to provide the premises for a wider use of the institution of referendum in the Russian governmental and legal practice. One of the measures of legislation enhancement is the creation of the institution of civil assemblies dealing with the problems of electoral reform on local and regional levels. The methodology of the research is based on the fundamental provisions of the theory of state and law, the comparative analysis of research principles of different schools and scientific directions, the method of analysis of the existing studies, the traditional methods of scientific cognition (deduction, induction, comparison, the systems method, etc.), and the special scientific methods such as the formal logical and the historical methods. The author offers the ways of Russian legislation and law-enforcement practice enhancement which can further the compliance with the formal criterial complex. The author substantiates the necessity of the Federal Constitutional Law of 28.06.2004 “On the Referendum of the Russian Federation” amending with the regulations, moderating the conditions and requirements for the organization of referendums. It will allow a wider use of a potential of this form of consultative democracy in Russia. The author offers to adopt a federal law on the establishment of a consultative institution of civil assembly dealing with the questions of electoral reform in the Russian Federation. On the base of the analysis of the voting system functioning in Russia the author offers to adopt a positive foreign experience of electronic voting and the practice of Russian experiments in this sphere in electoral process on the state level.  

Abstract: The subject of this research is the dangers and threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation in the area of innovation security. The object of the research is the quantitative trends of development in the sphere of R&D, more specifically: staffing of R&D, the current situation in the area of financing of R&D and activity of subjects of various forms of property. Innovation security represents the key factor that ensures the economic and national security of the country. The relevance of this works is justified by the importance of growth of the R&D sector of Russian economy, as well as the ability to ensure national security and expanded reproduction of national economy. The goal of this article is to research the quantitative trends in the dynamic of the system of objects of innovation security such as science and personnel, techniques and technologies, products and services, realization and commercial use. The results of this analysis allowed the authors to conclude on the existence of the processes that limit the work on research and development. In the conditions of the increase in scientific and technical aspects of international competitiveness, these trends pose a threat to the national security of the Russian Federation and increase the vulnerability of Russian economy to the domestic and foreign threats.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the norms of the Russian legislation that regulate inheritance by will, public relations, set by the norms of inheritance law that are directly linked to the rights of the testator: actions of realization of the freedom of will; legal norms that provide the concept, terms of execution, limits and protection of the freedom of will. The author examines he work of the law enforcement aimed at ensuring the realization and protection of the freedom of will, rules of maintaining confidentiality of the will, as well as materials of notary and legal precedent and their application. Based on this research of the state of the legal theory and specificity of the realization of the principles of inheritance by will, the author conducted a complex analysis of the positions of this sphere and proposes a number of theoretical and practical recommendations on solution to the problems in legislation, as well as original view on several debatable points within the theory of civil law.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the review and analysis of the non-defined means of influencing a debtor within the system of ensuring fulfillment of obligations, which are currently insufficiently researched within the science of civil law. The article also clarifies such notions as non-defined contract and all possible non-defined means and ways of affecting the debtor. The author also unravels and describes the important role of the institution of ensuring fulfillment of obligations. In this article the author uses and applies specific examples from precedent, as well as offers original classification of non-defined methods of ensuring fulfillment of obligations and illuminates the aspects of legislative regulation of each of the presented groups. The author comes to the conclusion that there is currently no clearly formulated mechanism for legal regulation of all non-defined means of ensuring fulfillment of obligation in civil legislation.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal consequences resulting from dissolution of a loan agreement. The author examines the main methods of dissolving a loan agreement. This research presents an analysis of issues that emerge in legal precedent due to dissolution of loan agreements, including the information on which violations of a loan agreement can serve as sufficient grounds to request the dissolution, while the loan agreement can be dissolved as a result of significant changes in the circumstances. The article presents legal precedent on each of the means of dissolving a loan agreement. The author proposes criteria for allowing dissolution of a loan agreement due to significant violations of the agreement or changes in the circumstances. The author concludes that there are three main ways of dissolving a loan agreement, and states that the permissibility of dissolution of the credit agreement in each specific case can only be resolved by analyzing the legal precedent. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the generalization of views of various pre-revolution scholars on the legal state, its concept, criteria, differentiation from similar legal state concepts, as well as other aspects used as an example for demonstrating the deeply indigenous interpretation of this category by Russian legal science. Out of the multifariousness of views and approaches of the pre-revolution Russian scholars towards the problems of legal statehood the author highlights generalized trends and aspects, and compares the ideas of legal state and absolutism. The author examines the concept of criteria for legal state, and highlights the character trait of the entire pre-revolution Russian concept of criteria for legal state: priority of moral and ethical criteria and non-governmental social regulators in the structuring of legal statehood. Analysis of the pre-revolution era of development of Russia’s legal science has demonstrated that the notion of law and legislation were not sufficiently demarcated, and were largely thought to be one and the same. The ideas of pre-revolution scholars on impermissibility of absolutization of the concept of legal state become rather relevant in the current political and legal conditions.

Abstract: The subject of the research is the analysis of clusters as a practical instrument of territorial development. In modern practice there is no unanimous opinion about what structures should be referred to clusters, which creates problems for the elaboration of regional development strategies based on the cluster initiatives. The aim of the present article is to evidentiate the distinctive features of clusters and to determine, whether territorial economic structures that are being actively implemented in Russia at the present time, can be referred to clusters. Our analysis allows to state that clusters, being network (hybrid) structures, possess important distinctive features. From our point of view, the key feature, together with the territorial base of formation, should be the fact, that while consisting of different organisations, they do not establish a common mechanism of coordination of cooperation. Instead, a vast diversity of partnerships is formed. Cooperating with each other, these partnerships become a basis for a cluster. Examination of territorial structures created in Russia demonstrates that they cannot be referred to clusters, first of all, due to the administrative voluntary mechanism of their formation.
 

Abstract: The subject of the research are the legal provisions, which create the basis for the succession under the will, as well as the examination of the legal framework and theory of civil law, defining the essence, typology and peculiarities of implementation of the principles of the succession under the will alongside with analysis and systematisation of the problems of Russian legislation and legal theory regarding the systematisation and peculiarities of implementation of the principles of succession under the will.At the same time, legal theory lacks comprehensive research on the principles of succession under the will, which also adds relevance to the chosen topic.The methodological basis of the research is comprised by the latest achievements of the cognitive theory. General philosophical, theoretical, empirical methods (dialectics, systematic approach, analysis, synthesis, analogies, deduction, observation, modelling), as well as traditional legal (formal logical) methods were applied in the course of the research. At the same time, the  comparative law method has been used, which allowed to conduct the analysis of the foreign legislation and the experience of implementation of the principles of succession under the will. The academic novelty of the research involves the fact that the examination of the conditions of the legal theory and the peculiarities of the implementation  of the principles of succession under the will has provided the basis for a comprehensive analysis of the features of the studied field and the proposal of some theoretical and practical recommendations regarding the problems existing in the legislation, as well as author's own view of some debating points in the civil law theory.

Abstract: The subject of the research includes the existing federal legislation, the local legislation of Russian regions, the departmental statutory acts of executive authorities in the sphere of improvement, the judicial practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and departmental lawmaking in general as one of the key spheres of activities of federal executive authorities which has a special place among normative legal regulators of social relations. The author considers departmental lawmaking as a professional system of juridical practice which provides the implementation of regulations of the existing legislation in the sphere of improvement. The methodology of the research is based on the historical-legal and the formal-logical methods of analysis of the abovementioned legal acts; their efficiency is revealed on the base of a judicial and law enforcement practice in general. The article reveals the absence of a uniform understanding and a legal definition; the author concludes that normative departmental regulation is sufficient, though it needs to be corrected in the area of elimination of norms, introducing prohibitions and responsibility for the violation of rules of improvement which are a part of administrative legislation; the author offers the ways of legal defining of guidelines of federal executive authorities in the sphere of improvement; the author concludes that legal regulation of the issues of improvement on the base of the norms of federal legislation is implemented through departmental statutory acts which are sufficient enough for the solution of the problems; at the same time, the study outlines the factors complicating the implementation of regulations of departmental acts. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the railroad transportation companies and the tasks of forecasting and determining occupational hazards that are based on the system of indexes of using primary assets and facilities. The author gives a detailed examination to such aspects of the topic as achieving priority strategic goals of development of national economy thorough proper level of development of transportation infrastructure. A special attention is given to such problems of railroad transportation as low technical level of maintenance base of primary assets and facilities and unsatisfactory condition of its operational and productive base. The conducted research allowed the author to make the conclusion on the fact that cutbacks in construction and reconstruction of infrastructure objects on the Russian railways, as well as the rate of renovation and replenishment of depots with newer equipment contribute to a significant degradation of technical state and their functionality. Thus, as the most optimal means for increasing efficiency of the railroad transportation the author proposes a system of forecasting and determining occupational hazards that is based on the indexes of usage of primary assets and facilities.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the “Responsibility to Protect” concept, the key positions of which are contained in its basic document – the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2002). The author interprets the “Responsibility to Protect” doctrine as a moderate version of the concept of “Humanitarian Intervention”. The author also conducts a comparative analysis of these two concepts from the perspective of controversy of the legal principle of state sovereignty and the moral imperative of protecting human rights. The scientific novelty consists in revelation of the fact that the concept of “Humanitarian Intervention” contradicts the international law while the “Responsibility to Protect” doctrine, if properly implemented on the international arena, represents the evolutionary development of this direction of international law, which requires devising criteria for practical realization of that concept by the global community.

Abstract: The subject of study in this work is the understanding of fractal invariance of consciousness at the level of concepts, memes,  and mental constructs. The human mind is a coexistence of a subject's information component and qualitative component as a phenomenological foundation for the mental representations of reality that is reduced to the fractal nominator. These two components can be considered as the "variables" of consciousness that are filled in during the life cycle. The author of the article shows that self-similarity as the basic principle of fractality embedded in the language and any mental structures. The qualitative states with a variety of substantive meanings act as a link between the item and representation and express fractal characteristics. The methodological basis of the research is based on the fractal-synergy concept involving the study of self-organization and structural self-similarity at the level of systems and subsystems of existence. To analyze individual problems of consciousness the author has used cognitive-informational and phenomenological methods. The scientific novelty of this paper consists in considering the phenomenon of consciousness through the prism of fractal. The application of the fractal approach to the study of the phenomenon of consciousness allows to detect self-similarity of the whole in all of its parts and the existence of links, branches of global structures stored in the mind, to small parts (concepts).

Abstract: The subject of this research is the structural and functional analysis of the activity of treasury chambers prior to the creation of the chambers of state property and determination of the causes for the reform of the system of branches of local management of state property in 1838. Based on the Code of Laws and materials from the Russian State Historical Archive, and State Archive of the Kirov Oblast the author analyzes the results of the work of the treasury chambers in various branches of managing state property: taxes, state peasants, land, tributes, forest plots, payoffs. The use of the principle of historicism allowed the author to examine the circumstances of the reform of the branches of local management of state property in 1838 in relation to specific historical circumstances of that time. The author enters new archival sources into the scientific circulation. The author makes a conclusion on the predominance of a fiscal function of the treasury chambers at the expense of its intended management function.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the concept of the “Responsibility to Protect”, the key positions of which are contained in its original document – Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2002). A special attention is given to the analysis of the application of the “Responsibility to Protect” concept during the armed conflict in Myanmar; research of the issue on violation of human rights and the possibility of application of this concept in the current situation; as well as analysis of the humanitarian basis as the cause for possible military intervention into the affairs of the sovereign state. The scientific novelty consists in the consideration of the possibility of implementing the positions of the concept of the “Responsibility to Protect” pertaining to a separate country, specific features of its military regime and antigovernment protest. The author comes to the conclusion that the attempt to apply the “Responsibility to Protect” had in essence the political rather than humanitarian motives.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the structural and functional analysis of the activity of treasury chambers prior to the creation of the chambers of state property and determination of the causes for the reform of the system of branches of local management of state property in 1838. Based on the Code of Laws and materials from the Russian State Historical Archive, and State Archive of the Kirov Oblast the author analyzes the results of the work of the treasury chambers in various branches of managing state property: taxes, state peasants, land, tributes, forest plots, payoffs. The use of the principle of historicism allowed the author to examine the circumstances of the reform of the branches of local management of state property in 1838 in relation to specific historical circumstances of that time. The author enters new archival sources into the scientific circulation. The author makes a conclusion on the predominance of a fiscal function of the treasury chambers at the expense of its intended management function.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the Insurance sphere as a legislative way of ensuring upholding of responsibilities. The purpose of this work is to present the aspects of making good on the commitments and ensuring that they are carried out within various socio-economic areas. The need for legislative support of such obligations is the basis of functioning of public education and social development as a whole. Application of the results of this work can be directed at the structuring of a balanced position on the controversial issues in ensuring contractual obligations. The instrument of the guarantee is the insurance institution. Each of the aspects defined by the fact that it is necessary to simultaneously develop countermeasures that would allow identifying those who do not exercise diligence. This position can be determined in the structural characteristics of private insurance institution. The research methodology is a complex of private industry-specific scientific methods, which contribute to the development of a civilized market of guaranteed protection from default of the counterparty or other parties involved in the contract. The result of this study is an indication that insuring can fulfill the guarantee of obligations in civil matters, although it cannot be considered a legislative method of making sure that the obligations are met. The author determines that this problem occurs primarily due to the lack of integral parts of the conceptual apparatus, as well as legal criteria for classifying these or other civil constructs as methods to enforcing the upholding of obligations.

Abstract: The subject of this research is substantiation of the need to research legal and organizational basis for joint actions of law enforcement agencies, as well as territorial branches of federal executive authority in the area of internal affairs, including police, and administration of Russian airports on ensuring safety in the area of civil aviation. The authors emphasize the need for harmonization of relations between various subjects of aviation safety, development of corresponding normative legal base, and creation of organizational environment that would help perfecting the government system of terrorism counteraction, and protection of life and health of the people using air travel. A generalizing conclusion is made that in the Russian Federation there is currently no complete and precise organizational-legal foundation for prevention and response to acts of illegal interference, including terrorist acts.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the system of mathematical modeling of the processes under the conditions of crisis management. Analysis of modern approaches towards solution of the problem of crisis management within enterprises demonstrates that they are based on financial analysis and bankruptcy forecasting using comparison of certain coefficients with the up-to-date values and state the fact of a presence of a final crisis state – bankruptcy. Mathematical modeling provides for a high level of justification of decisions, reduction of time needed to develop solutions, and the ability to deploy countermeasures in order to prevent bankruptcy. The author presents a mathematical model for forecasting crisis within a company based on its financial results. The devised complex of models will allow forecasting the start and development of a crises within a business based on an optimal assortment, structure and volume of products. The use of mathematical modeling and forecasting within the system of crisis management would allow managers and company executives to concretize the methods for preventing, neutralizing, and overcoming the crises.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the effectiveness of the government youth politics from the perspective of realistic participation of youth in socio-political activity. The article presents theoretical basis for culturological approach within the framework of research on the impact of political culture upon the political process. The author proposes a thesis that the impact of politico-culturological factors upon the political process can take place both, directly and indirectly. In order to devise strategical tasks of the government and community within the development of Russian society, it is necessary to determine the main trends and mechanisms of influence of political culture upon the political process in modern Russia. The author also presents a thesis that youth politics in modern Russia does not carry a systemic character, but rather executes only the mobilization function in electoral processes. The author also claims that in order to increase the effectiveness of state youth politics it is necessary to not only broaden the legislative base, but to also form a strong value set of the political culture that would define the political motivation of youth in socio-political activity.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the comparative analysis of the methods of assessment of the quantitative parameters of black market economy. In essence, in order to determine the volume of hidden economy, it is necessary to calculate the “shortages”. The article presents direct and indirect methods that are used by economists to assess and compare the black market economies of different countries. The black market economy is a complex and a diverse phenomenon. The authors of various theories interpret the nature of this phenomenon differently. The article gives an overview of the methods used in assessing the black market economy, and highlights their key merits and flaws. Amongst the methods of black market economic activity, the ones that have gained the most popularity are the statistical method of specific indicators, especially those such as the method of comparison of incomes and spending and method of currency demand. The author presents the results of assessment of black market economy in Russia using these methods.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the current state of criminality among individuals studying in college, which represents a significant threat to the criminal safety of the nation. The author talks about the term “student who committed a crime”, types of crime among students, and conducts analysis on repeat and group crimes of these individuals. The article also presents the trend of separate types of crimes committed by young people, including those who currently study, or with their participation (thefts, robbery, assault, murder, rape, drugs or psychotropic crimes, and other types of crime). The scientific conclusions presented in this article are based not only on the official statistical data, but also sociological polling conducted on the territory of Irkutsk Oblast among 310 students, 150 law enforcement agents, as well as expert opinions of 150 heads of educational facilities of Irkutsk Oblast. Based on the analysis of the official statistical data, the author also states that every twentieth crime is committed by a school or college student.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal regulation of the transactions made using electronic currency and the special aspects of electronic transactions within the systems of open and closed circulation. The author analyzes minimal requirements in the area of electronic transaction systems based on the flow of electronic money, which can vary depending on the type of electronic money, and are based on a level of openness of such systems. Depending on the level of openness the author subdivides them into closed or open circulation systems. Based on the conducted analysis, the author highlights the characteristic aspects of electronic money that have originated within a closed circulation system, as well as those that originated within the open circulation system. The author comes to a conclusion that openly circulation system of electronic money is characterized by a high level of flexibility and potentially large user base as compared to the closed circulating systems; it is more universal.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the Insurance sphere as a legislative way of ensuring upholding of responsibilities. The purpose of this work is to present the aspects of making good on the commitments and ensuring that they are carried out within various socio-economic areas. The need for legislative support of such obligations is the basis of functioning of public education and social development as a whole. Application of the results of this work can be directed at the structuring of a balanced position on the controversial issues in ensuring contractual obligations. The instrument of the guarantee is the insurance institution. Each of the aspects defined by the fact that it is necessary to simultaneously develop countermeasures that would allow identifying those who do not exercise diligence. This position can be determined in the structural characteristics of private insurance institution. The research methodology is a complex of private industry-specific scientific methods, which contribute to the development of a civilized market of guaranteed protection from default of the counterparty or other parties involved in the contract. The result of this study is an indication that insuring can fulfill the guarantee of obligations in civil matters, although it cannot be considered a legislative method of making sure that the obligations are met. The author determines that this problem occurs primarily due to the lack of integral parts of the conceptual apparatus, as well as legal criteria for classifying these or other civil constructs as methods to enforcing the upholding of obligations.

Abstract: The problem of religious extremism is currently the key threat to religious freedom of any nation, and is especially relevant for the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, at the core of which stand Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. As a result, the constant monitoring and improvements to the normative legal base on the fight with religious extremism in these countries remains a top priority. The authors offer a brief legal comparative analysis of the legislation pertaining to the fight against religious extremism within the EAEU and formulate recommendations on the use of the leading experience of Kazakhstan and Belarus in perfecting the Russia’s legislation in the area of fighting the religious extremism. Among the conclusions, the authors emphasize the need for a balanced system of law enforcement branches in order to wage an effective fight against the religious extremism. They note that there is currently a comparable system of the branches of law enforcement agencies within the EAEU that are responsible for the cooperation between religion and the government, which significantly simplifies the processes of the legislation unification in this sphere. The authors focus their attention on the fact that such branches should not possess authoritative powers, but should rather provide intermediary and consulting services to the branches of government authority and religious organizations.

Abstract: The problem of religious extremism is currently the key threat to religious freedom of any nation, and is especially relevant for the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, at the core of which stand Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. As a result, the constant monitoring and improvements to the normative legal base on the fight with religious extremism in these countries remains a top priority. The authors offer a brief legal comparative analysis of the legislation pertaining to the fight against religious extremism within the EAEU and formulate recommendations on the use of the leading experience of Kazakhstan and Belarus in perfecting the Russia’s legislation in the area of fighting the religious extremism. Among the conclusions, the authors emphasize the need for a balanced system of law enforcement branches in order to wage an effective fight against the religious extremism. They note that there is currently a comparable system of the branches of law enforcement agencies within the EAEU that are responsible for the cooperation between religion and the government, which significantly simplifies the processes of the legislation unification in this sphere. The authors focus their attention on the fact that such branches should not possess authoritative powers, but should rather provide intermediary and consulting services to the branches of government authority and religious organizations.

Abstract: The subject of the study is the Cossacks as a category of ethno-social representations based on the philosophy of freedom of expressions. Shows the need to integrate historical school of law Cossack association in modern society. Indicated that the Cossack communities at all times, there were two forms: social (military servitors) and ethnic (natural). The aim is to describe the situation that on the basis of socio-natural character of the duality of the Cossacks formed controversial history of the Cossacks. Research methodology is characteristic of comparative historical analysis, synthesis monographic study polemical analogy interpretation of generally accepted concepts. Result is that in the article the author regards the principles of Cossack Carta as the basis of ethnic ideology of the Cossack communities, as opposed to the state (Imperial) doctrine of the nature of the Cossack mentality and views. Ways of integrating traditional Cossack way of life of the internal control in the social dynamic environment. Jobs can be used to understand the role of the Cossacks in the development of the Russian state. Many historians directly and openly say that in the XV-XVI centuries., And up to the middle of the XVII century, by all indications Cossack ethnicity Russian statehood was perceived as a foreign element to it, harmful and dangerous. Modern Cossacks Cossack liberties removes the issue in the general concepts and structures of the Cossacks quite important. Conclusion. The paradigm of Russian Cossacks as Russian subethnos based on the recognition of historical facts forming the Cossacks of heterogeneous peoples, while maintaining Slavic, Great anthropological dominant and foundations. In Cossack social community, along with common to the entire population of the dominant ethnic Great features were essential specific group differences in culture, psychology, military servitors lifestyle.

Abstract: The author studies topical issues regarding the interactions among the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation with the law-enforcement bodies under the Russian legislation, and makes conclusions. The mechanisms of interaction in the public law can be regarded as a combination of organizational elements, allowing to implement the state powers based on mutual cooperation of two or more empowered subjects, holding equal position within the system of public power.  This issue has been an object of scientific studies for the last decade.  The authors pay much attention to the issues of functioning of the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal districts, supporting the thesis on the need to strengthen their role.  Since the provisions of various normative acts vary, the organs tend to stand apart from each other, each of them following its own normative basis. This is hardly an acceptable, sufficient or sustainable position.  Due to the absence of detailed legislative regulation the study of interactions between the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal districts and the executive bodies could facilitate the studies of the mechanisms of their interaction with the police, investigation and prosecution bodies.
 

Abstract: The author studies topical issues regarding the interactions among the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation with the law-enforcement bodies under the Russian legislation, and makes conclusions. The mechanisms of interaction in the public law can be regarded as a combination of organizational elements, allowing to implement the state powers based on mutual cooperation of two or more empowered subjects, holding equal position within the system of public power.  This issue has been an object of scientific studies for the last decade.  The authors pay much attention to the issues of functioning of the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal districts, supporting the thesis on the need to strengthen their role.  Since the provisions of various normative acts vary, the organs tend to stand apart from each other, each of them following its own normative basis. This is hardly an acceptable, sufficient or sustainable position.  Due to the absence of detailed legislative regulation the study of interactions between the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal districts and the executive bodies could facilitate the studies of the mechanisms of their interaction with the police, investigation and prosecution bodies.
 

Abstract: Modern companies have the following basic structural components: the structure of property, the structure of capital assets and the structure of corporate management. These structural components altogether are called 'financial structure of a company. The author of the article offers a detailed analysis of this system construction. 
Financial structure of the company means a 'financial design of business that covers property, form of incorporation, stimulus, financial funs and distribution of risks between investors'. The concept of financial structure assumes a complex approach combining ifferent structural components of a company. In order to develop this model in the future, we need to develop a new stage of the complex approach to moderling of corporate efficiency. Besides the structures of property and capital assets, a company has a number of other features defining the efficiency of its activity. These features include: 1) the size of the Board of Directors, 2) the number of independent directors, 3)legal form of a company and other factors covered by the term 'financial structure'. 

Abstract: The dominance of clusters instead of isolated companies is important for the economy of regions with high concentrations of interrelated business branches. In planning and implementation of cluster development strategies, the key success factor is an active outlook of lead business and constructive partnership between different regional entrepreneur groups, considering their interests and goals.
One of the main conditions of forming a regional cluster is the presence of specialized business branches. Specialization means a form of social division of labour which reflects concentration of different forms of production in independent sectors, manufacturing centers and specialized enterprises.