Abstract: Today, the essence of digital law is reduced to the regulation of a new digital form of old relations. In these conditions, the artificial intelligence should be considered innovative, the regulation of which is only at the initial stage. Due to the fact that the process of learning artificial intelligence has already moved to the level of self-learning, the classical approach to determining the subject of digital relations seems debatable. Thus, the issue of endowing artificial intelligence with legal personality will become one of the key issues in the next decade. The rapid development and application of new technologies requires its thorough regulation, and first of all, in matters of responsibility. The analysis of the development of information technologies in the field of artificial intelligence presented in this paper allows us to conclude that a clear legal regulation is a prerequisite for the development of relations using artificial intelligence. The evolution of digital technologies, their specificity and wide application in all spheres of society requires innovations in law. It seems necessary to develop the theoretical and legal foundations of this technical concept, to shift digital algorithms into legal norms in order to protect the rights and freedoms of human and citizen, public and private interests, society and the state.

Abstract: The advancement of information technologies, change of expectations and consumer habits, as well as transformation of the social, economic, and political situation in the world entailed infiltration of digital technologies into all spheres of social life. Due to the need for the development of adequate legal regulation of relations arising in the digital sphere, determination of the limits and capabilities of artificial intelligence used for solution of versatile issues, the author highlights the priority direction for the development of law and its theoretical framework and practical aspects in the technologically advanced countries of the world. The progress of information technologies contributed to the development of law, having established its new institution of digital law. However, the essence of digital law is currently being reduced to regulating the new digital form of previous relations. The revolutionary achievement of digital law became the institution of artificial intelligence. The novelty of this research is lies in the statement that the achievements of digital technologies and transformations caused by them have received the name of the “third industrial revolution”, and usually, the revolutionary achievements find their legislative consolidation. Development and implementation of new technologies require their thorough regulation, namely with regards to formulation of concepts, criteria, and the subject matter. The development of the Institution of artificial intelligence actualizes the question of the parties to digital relations. Thus, the issues united by the concept of “digital law” do not fully reflect its essence and do not foresee the upcoming changes.

Abstract: Budget is the key concept of financial system of any country and reflects its socioeconomic policy. The absence of the uniform understanding of budget as a phenomenon necessitates to trace the process of its legislative establishment and adaptation, particularly in the countries of the Arab East, which have walked a centuries-long path towards regulation of budget relations that has a number of striking features. The goal of this work is to determine the importance of reception of the concept of “budget” in the Arab countries. Determine its consequences for the development of budget relations in the countries of the region. This study is first to explore the institution of budget in the countries of the Arab East in a historical retrospective. The conducted analysis allows concluding that the reception of the concept of “budget” did not lead to modification of the content of budget relations, but rather consolidated the achievements of the countries of the Arab region with regards to their regulation.

Abstract: In her article Ryzhkova analyzes the legal regulation of value added tax in Bahrain, the third state of the Persian Gulf after Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates that implemented the Gulf Cooperation VAT Agreement. The Agreement was signed in November 2016 and Bahrain introduced VAT in January of 2019. The author of the article analyzes economic and historical prerequisites for the implementation of VAT in Bahrain and describes the main elements of the tax. To analyze the legal grounds of VAT in Bahrain, the author has applied formal law and comparative law methods. Bahrain was forced to implement value added tax as a result of their growing budget deficit. At the same time, despite the antisocial nature of VAT, Bahrain tried to find compromise between the Western model of taxation and fundamental Islamic grounds and applied the beneficial regime for socially important goods. 

Abstract: This article examines the theoretical positions on the role and place of Islamic finances within the system of public finances of the countries of the Arab East. The author substantiates the need for differentiation of the notions of “public finances”, “private finances”, and “Islamic finances” in the countries of the region, as each of the listed institutions has own individual peculiarities. It is also worth noting that in the countries of the Arab East the problem is exacerbated by the presence of the own system of values based on religion. The conducted analysis allows concluding that the division of finances into public and private in the Islamic world is problematic. At the same time, despite the substantial differences in the approach to finances in the Western and Islamic science, it is not possible to completely disassociate the Islamic finances from public.

Abstract: This article examines the theoretical positions on the role and place of Islamic finances within the system of public finances of the countries of the Arab East. The author substantiates the need for differentiation of the notions of “public finances”, “private finances”, and “Islamic finances” in the countries of the region, as each of the listed institutions has own individual peculiarities. It is also worth noting that in the countries of the Arab East the problem is exacerbated by the presence of the own system of values based on religion. The conducted analysis allows concluding that the division of finances into public and private in the Islamic world is problematic. At the same time, despite the substantial differences in the approach to finances in the Western and Islamic science, it is not possible to completely disassociate the Islamic finances from public.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal regulation of a new tax for Saudi Arabia - value-added tax that was introduced in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on January 1, 2018. Even though indirect taxation is widely used in the modern world, it had never been common for Middle Eastern Countries as a result of particular features of the fair taxation principle in these countries. The author of the article analyzes economic and historical prerequisites for introducing VAT in Saudi Arabia and studies the main elements of tax. In the course of analyzing the legal grounds for introducing VAT in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the author has used formal law, historical law, and comparative law methods. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the object research, i.e. Saudi Arabia, as one of the first states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf that implements the principles of the Single Agreement for Value-Added Tax issued by The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. The author's contribution to the topic is the conclusion that Saudi Arabia does not only take into account the experience of the foreign states in regulation of tax relations but also to preserve Islamic taxation traditions including the fair taxation principle which was reflected in the description of the main elements of VAT. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the constitution of the Arab countries that has certain particularities as the source of tax law. These particularities are conditioned not only by the specifics of their historical origin and development but, first of all, by the fundamental principles of taxation such as the principles of taxation universality and enforceability and tax burden equity and fairness, the principles which contents are different from their Western analogues. The author of the article notes that Shariat standards have left a certain mark on the regulation of tax relations at the constitutional level because thse are the standards that take precedence over all other legal norms in the Arab countries. When analysing the legal grounds of tax relations in the Arab countries, the author of the article has applied formal law, historical law and comparative law research methods. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author chooses the Arab World constitution as the object of research since these constitutions are subject to constant changes as a result of the instable political situation in a number of countries and Muslim states' integration in the global society. The author's contribution to the topic is her conclusion that the opinion of Western politicians that the religious law is archaic does not prove to be true for Muslim countries where fundamental principles of Islam are fixed at the constitutional level and create the basis for building the kind of society that is oriented at defending interests of physical entities including taxation issues. The analysis carried out by the author of the article allows to conclude that in Arab countries regulation of tax relations at the constitutional level is based on the symbiosis of the Muslim tradition and recent advances of the Western law.