Abstract: The goal of this article lies in the analysis of migration policy of the EU member and candidate states, including with regards to transit migrants. The authors examine such aspects of the topic as the advancement of NATO and European Neighborhood Policy, highlighting the factors of securitization of definition of the key characteristics of transit countries. An assessment is conducted of the EU policy and separate transit countries pertinent to migrants from European and Asian countries, on the example of Greece and illegal transit migrants. The materials for this research contain the official documents of EU member states, mass media publications and scientific works in the area of international migrations, Eurostat statistical data, UNHCR and European Commission (2010-2016). A conclusion is made that transit countries deal with a large migration flow; some of the transit countries play a role of a “buffer zone”, form regional transit migration flows. The changes in national migration policy can serve as the foundation for emergence of the new transit migration flows already of international level. The authors suggest dividing transit migrants into two groups: the first one – labor and other migrants; the second one – refugees. The latter are prone to continuous migration, while labor migrants seek multiple ways leading to the European Union, and look for better opportunities. Prolonged stay of migrants in transit countries can be a result of the intended acts of the governments, increasingly concerned about the fact that transit migration undermines the relations with neighboring countries, which are a desirable destination for migrants.  

Abstract: The subject of this article is the examination of risk factors of the social exclusion of elderly population of the Russian Federation based on the integral estimation of the index components of social exclusion. The authors suggest the model for assessing the factors of social exclusion of the elderly people considering the economic-structural and sociocultural aspects. The article offers and tests the specific indicators of evaluation of the social exclusion of elderly people leaning on the assessment of socio-economic (financial) deprivation, deprivation of social rights (access to social institutions and services), deprivation of security, deprivation of social engagement, cultural (normative) disintegration and social autism. The authors highlight a number of micro-level risk factors of exclusion, a part of which is nonadjustable, while another part is adjustable. The nonadjustable (independent) risk factors of social exclusion contain: gender; age (for females above 55, for males above 60); single living; status (working/non-working retiree); size of pension; marital status; religion; independent living skills; type of settlement (city/village). The adjustable (dependent) risk factors contain: physical activity; health condition; absence owned property; low level of education; coping-strategies; evaluation of financial status; unadapted after retirement.  The estimation of exclusion of the elderly population in three regions of the Russian Federation was conducted based on the results of sociological survey, which took place in Altai Krai, Zabaykalsky Krai, and Kemerovo Oblast in 2016, and involved 779 respondents in the above 55 (female) and 60 (male). Conclusion is made that the status of being socially excluded does not imply experiencing deprivation in all aspects of exclusion; the loss of physical abilities, health and mobility restrictions do increase the risk of social exclusion; practically each of the examines risk factors by increasing the contribution of some components of the overall social exclusion, inevitably reduces the contribution of other components of the exclusion.

Abstract: The subject of this article is the examination of risk factors of social exclusion of the older population in the Russian Federation based on the integral assessment of indexes of the components of social exclusion. The author suggest the model for assessing the factors of social exclusion of the elderly that is developed with consideration of the fact that social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon, which reflects the economic structural, and sociocultural aspects. The work puts forward and tests the specific indicators of assessment of the social exclusion of the elders that is based on estimation of the socio-economic (material) deprivation, deprivation of social rights (access to social institutions and services), deprivation of safety (safe environment), deprivation of social inclusion, cultural (normative) disintegration, and social autism. The authors highlight a number of the micro-level risk factors of exclusion, which a partially unmanageable, and partially manageable. The unmanageable (independent) risk factors of social exclusion imply: age (above 55 for women, and above 60 for men); solitary living; status (working/non-working pensioner); scale of pension; marital status; religion; ability to live independently; years of pensionable service; type of settlement (town/rural area). The manageable (dependent) risk factors imply: mobility; state of health; absence of privately-owned dwelling; low level of education; coping strategies; estimation of financial situation; lack of adaptation retirement. The assessment of social exclusion of the senior citizens in three regions of the Russian Federation (Altai Krai, Zabaykalsky Krai, and Kemerovo Oblast) was conducted using the results of sociological survey of 2016, with participation of 779 respondents in the age of 55 (female) and 60 (male). The main conclusion consists in the following statements: 1) being socially excluded does not imply experiencing deprivation in all aspects of exclusion, but rather its separate spheres; 2) disablement, restrictions in health and mobility definitely increase the risk of social exclusion; 3) each of the examined risk factors, by increasing the share of some components of social exclusion, inevitably decrease the share of others components of exclusion.

Abstract: This article presents the results of sociological research in a form of expert interview, the goal of which was the examination of the illegal work migration as a risk to social exclusion on the Altai Krai job market, and the development of propositions on optimization of regional policy of regulation of the migration processes and the employment of population. The conducted analysis is aimed at the determination of peculiarities by the work migrants of the individual perception of the state and situation of social exclusion/inclusion on the job market (including the illegal work migrants and population of the Krai), the relationship between the illegal work migrants and the government authorities and other actors of job marker, as well as the assessment of the migration policy and the vector of its effect upon the state and development of the regional job market. The conclusion is made that currently, due to the low level of legal culture among population and low level of legal responsibility among the employers, as well as “loyal” attitude of the supervisory authorities, inability for government authorities to have control over situation, absence of real mechanisms of the normative-legal regulation, are created the favorable circumstances for using the mechanisms of informal (undocumented) employment. According to the expert evaluation, migration currently is not a real threat to the regional security, because the migrant flow is still moderate. However, if not apply additional measures of legislative regulation and not control the migration behavior of the population, it can in future be dangerous for the bordering regions.

Abstract: The article contains a sociological research analysis of data regarding problems of reproduction of such social risks as nationalism, extremism and xenophobia. Conclusion that extremist practices are present in all spheres of social life and have universal non-specific character was made basing on data from the six regions of Russian Federation. It is revealed that the contents of such indexes as attitudes towards representatives of other nations, fear to be a victim of national hostility and sense of national hostility has regional specific features. It is possible to mark a disposition of respondents towards estimating high probability of terrorist acts in their place of residence  without any connection with the rational security estimation.. The fear of terrorist act and evaluating its possiblity  are the interconnected variables. Generally, the perception of possibility of a terrorist act is determined by psychological causes.