The spelling of compound adjectives with quantitative numerals in the first part in the XVIII–XIX centuries

Kaverina Valeriia Vital'evna ORCID: 0000-0003-2788-7804 Doctor of Philology Professor; Faculty of Philology; Lomonosov Moscow State University 1-51 Leninskie Gory str., office 962, Moscow, 119991, Russia kaverina1@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Khu Chenlu Postgraduate student; Faculty of Philology; Lomonosov Moscow State University 1 Leninskie Gory, building 51, office 962, Moscow, 119991, Russia. 327596974@qq.com

The problem of distinguishing between the combined and hyphenated spellings of complex adjectives is one of the most urgent in modern Russian writing. A special place among them is occupied by a group of formations with a quantitative numeral in the first part. According to the latest electronic resource OROSS "Spelling commentary of the Russian dictionary" by E. V. Beshenkova, O. E. Ivanova, E. V. Tenkova: complex adjectives, the first part of which coincides with the form of the quantitative numeral, are written together, for example: two-storied, five-headed (https://oross.ruslang.ru /). Let's consider the history of the formation of this norm.

In the National Corpus of the Russian Language (http://ruscorpora.ru /), a subcorpus of the XVIII century. Complex adjectives of this group can be written together, hyphenated and separately. However, fused spellings significantly predominate, while the rest are rather isolated. So, compound adjectives with the initial three are combined 13 times, for example:

But unto the first three years posl the death of ih on Crom Blago no inaho to put on not really, but swarthy and after this three-year mourning dress needs to be plain. [About Chinese funerals // A store of generally useful knowledge and inventions with the addition of a fashion magazine, colored drawings, and musical notes.Part one. from January to June, 1795];

After the tariff*, which took place last year, 1724, on the morning of 31 days, it was necessary to take at the ports of St. Petersburg, Vyborg and Narva a fee for the release of boards and wooden poles of all kinds in ephemera, and by name: three-set planks, a dozen of fifty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen two-set forty kopecks, a dozen dozens of 1 1/2 fathoms by two hundred kopecks, the cost of wooden poles of every kind, from 100 to fifty kopecks; and in the city of Arkhangelsk, the cost was imposed against the above-mentioned fourth part. [M. D. Chulkov. Historical description of Russian commerce (1786)].

At the same time, hyphenated complex adjectives with the initial three are formed 4 times, for example:

Perhaps, despite three years of inexperienced youth, the habit of novelty would have come true, if the elderly and the elderly around the tsar had formed a unanimous guard around him, not leaving him, but especially at the very beginning, not for a single minute ... [A. S. Shishkov. Notes (1780-1814)]

In two of the four cases, semi-alphabetic spellings are caused by the uppercase letter of the second part.:

They took three prisoners who were there, a rebellious Pasha and one Colonel. [Von Raan. A list of his own journal during the conquest of Moldavia and Bessarabia from 1787 to 1790 (1792)];

There was a Three-armed Pasha Osman with an advance guard consisting of 3,000 cavalry (No. 115), and the infantry who were with him retreated to Focshany. [Von Raan. A list of his own journal during the conquest of Moldavia and Bessarabia from 1787 to 1790 (1792)].

In three cases, the spelling is marked separately, for example:

Out of curiosity, we broke through our marsh tire for a month, and after emptying three fathoms, we could not reach the bottom of the swamp. [I. I. Lepekhin. Continuation of the Diary notes of the journey of academician and medicine Dr. Ivan Lepekhin through various provinces of the Russian state in 1770 (1770)].

Note that all hyphenated and separate spellings with the initial three- assume the completion of the first part with the final B, whereas this does not happen in a word formed together. At the same time, the formation of double digits is written in the usage only together (10 times). We believe that hyphenation and separate formatting remain for some time in cases where the first part of a complex word can function as an independent word form (for example, three), otherwise a single spelling is established (for example, two-).

In the first edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1789-1794), the combined design of all formations with a numeral prevails significantly: One-oared ^{[1, p. 663]}, Two-day ^{[2, p. 582]}, three-year-old, three-year-old ^{[2, p. 167]}, four-oared vessel ^{[1, p. 301]}, etc. in the 1806-1822 edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, the situation does not change: homogeneous ^{[3, p. 125]}, One- dimensional ^{[3, p. 390]}, Two-week ^{[3, p. 1218]}, ambiguous ^{[4, p. 43]}, tripod ^{[5, p. 771]}, four-part ^{[5, p. 15]} and etc.

O.I. Onatskaya found isolated cases in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences when the spelling of complex adjectives does not correspond to modern writing rules, among which are "complex adjectives, the first part of which is expressed by a numeral: Sukhoverki. Grass. The seed chamber is four-separate... (II, part 6, p. 609). Shcherbot. A deliberately large four-oared vessel (II, part 6, p. 1401)" ^{[6, p. 140]}.

So, the combined design of complex adjectives, the first part of which coincides with the form of the quantitative numeral, was established already in the XVIII century.

In the 1st half of the 19th century, in the subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian language, complex adjectives of this group were still written mostly together, but the number of hyphenated spellings was increasing. For comparison with the previous century, here are the statistics of spellings with the initial three-. There are 22 combined spellings here, for example:

Gutskov was put on trial in the Baden Grand Duchy, and sentenced to three thousand arrests! 28 days abroad or a day in Germany. (1835)];

"Well, now, take a lantern, go there, take out the first one you come across, a man's coat, a parka, a three—cornered hat, and an antique robe with figs, and bring it all here. [D. N. Begichev. The Kholmsky family. Parts 5 and 6 (1832-1841)];

The houses are usually two or three-tiered, and are almost always built of red brick; in Cairo, they are also poorly built of raw brick, which is covered externally with thin square slabs of yellowish limestone... [Travel through Lower Egypt and the inner regions of the Delta. A. Rafalovich // "Moskvityanin", 1850];

It is necessary, in addition to the English flag, to throw out a three- color: It will be decent to enter Le Havre. [Alfons Carr. On the seashore // "Moskvityanin", 1850].

Unlike in the previous century, when writing together, the first part of the three-letter often ends with an er, and not only before the letters of the so-called iotized vowels, where B performs a separating function (for example, three-tiered).

Hyphenation cases account for 50% of the number of combined spellings, for example:

Saxon peasants dress in blue caftans and wear three-cornered hats. Ivanov. Notes written during the travels of Empress Elisaveta Alekseevna in Germany in 1813, 1814 and 1815. Part one. Traveling in Germany. 1813 and 1814 (1813-1814)];

The 2nd Austrian corps was so far from the battlefield that it could not provide any help; therefore, after a three-hour bloody battle, the Austrians were forced to retreat to Goito. [Bibliography. New books. Petersburg Literature // Sovremennik, 1850].

In 4 cases, such complex adjectives are written separately, for example:

"During our three-week stay on the Hobart raid, I repeatedly and always with new pleasure walked through the mountainous surroundings of the city. [A. P. Lazarev. Voyages around the world on the sloop Ladoga in 1822, 1823 and 1824 (1832)];

...as soon as we had time to raise the anchors, the crew saluted the Imperial Flag with 11 arrows, then a merchant three-masted ship saluted, which came from Port Zhakson... [A. P. Lazarev. Voyages around St. Petersburg on the sloop Ladoga in 1822, 1823 and 1824 (1832)].

During this period, hyphenated spellings appear even in cases where the first part of a compound word cannot function as an independent word form, for example, in formations with an initial two-:

This account is already the result of controversial, almost two-day, completely exhausting your trading. [A. P. Bashutsky. The Coffin Master (1841)].

One separate spelling with a compound numeral written with a hyphen was found.:

It is unheard of, exclaims one of them, for a twenty-four-year-old Autocrat to leave His Kingdom in order to learn how to reign better. [Ivan Golikov. Historical depiction of the life and work of the glorious Genevese, Franz Yakovlevich (Francis Iyakov) Lefort (1800)].

There are isolated cases with two hyphens.:

Vsevolod Yaroslavich, as we shall see below, unto thirty-five years of age, and when they came to the presentation of contemporary incidents, of course, could not foresee how far it will last his life and where he prinoides be to stay. [P. V. Answers a new question about Nestor, a Russian writer // Sovremennik, 1850].

O.I. Onatskaya's article does not provide statistics on the ratio of fused, hyphenated and separate spellings, however, it provides a large number of examples demonstrating the variety of word uses of complex adjectives with the first part of the numeral, arranged semi-alphabetically: three hundred, ninety-long, twelve-long, and many others ^{[7, p. 79]}. At the same time, the researcher justifies the hyphenation of such formations: "The lexical and morphological principle underlies the hyphenation and complex adjectives with the first component - the numeral, endowing it with great semantic independence. This is exactly the spelling N. M. Karamzin adhered to: twenty-five-year-old, fifty-year-old. But if such a word is complicated by a part with a "hanging" hyphen, then the spelling corresponds to the modern one: axes- or ten-year-old. In writing complex adjectives with a numeral in the first part, A. S. Pushkin follows N. M. Karamzin: three-storied, six-tiered, four-pound, however, there are also merged spellings: thirty-year-old, six-month-old" ^{[7, p. 80]}.

In the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian in 1847, the words of this group with connecting vowels are written together.: ONE-HEADED; ONE-BLOODED ^{[8, p. 30]}; TWO-DAY ^{[9, p. 313]}, AMBIGUOUS ^{[9, p. 314]}, TWO-SHAPED ^{[9, p. 314]}; TWO-LAYERED ^{[9, p. 313]}. TWO-LEGGED ^{[9, p. 314]}, THREE-HEADED ^{[10, p. 294]}, TRIANGULAR ^{[10, p. 294]}, TRIANGULAR ^{[10, p. 294]}, FOUR-ROW ^{[10, p. 438]}, FOUR-LAYERED ^{[10, p. 438]}, FOUR-PART ^{[10, p. 438]} and many others.

There is only one hyphenated spelling of the word with a connecting vowel — ten-pound ^{[9, p. 24]}.

In constructions with homogeneous terms expressed by complex adjectives with a common second part, words formed according to this model are usually written in hyphens, and in the same dictionary entry there is a combined spelling of the same word in single use: a two- and one-axis system ... having two optical axes. Biaxial mica; BINOMIAL, th, th, etc. Having two terms. A binomial quantity. A binomial period. — Two- and one-term system ^{[9, pp. 314-315]}.

At the same time, formations with the -ex and -uh interfixes are sometimes used with a hyphen: two-hydrogen gas ^{[9, p. 394]}; on three-deck ships ^{[8, p. 302]}; three-storey ^{[10, p. 295]}; Three-yard ^{[11, p. 87]}; in four-wheel looms ^{[10, p. 129]}, Four-hour flask ^{[11, p. 133]}.

The tendency towards such spelling differentiation is evidenced by a dictionary entry where a word with a connecting vowel is written together, and with an ex-hyphenated prefix.:

TREKROVNY , aya, oe, ave. — ven, vna, oh, Tserk ave. There are three dwellings, one above the other: a three-storey one. Sunrise to the middle, and from the middle to the three-blooded. 3 Kings VI. 8 ^{[11, p. 295]}.

However, in the headings of dictionary entries, only merged adjectives with the prefix -ex are used: TWO-set, and I, o e, etc. Consisting of two sets ^{[9, p. 315]}; TRICOLOR, and I, o e, etc. Having three colors. Three-colored flag ^{[11, p. 297]}; FOUR-class, and I, o e, etc. Divided into four classes ^{[11, p. 438]}.

In codifying writings, the rule of using a hyphen in compound words with the first part of the numeral appears quite late. According to our data, the principles of using the hyphen in such structures were formulated for the first time in the grammar of 1831 by A.H. Vostokov.: "3. A numeral ending in a semivowel B is connected by means of a single sign with possessive signs beginning with a vowel letter; for example, three-arshinny, four-storied. But when a numeral ends in a vowel, as well as when a B is thrown out between two consonants, then the alphabetic sign is not needed; for example. Triangular, five-pointed, twenty-pointed, two-pointed, three-pointed, four-footed" ^{[12, p. 370]}.

As can be seen from our analysis, this rule is not followed either before or after the publication of the grammar. This is evidenced by the examples of fused spellings noted during this period with a combination of B and a vowel (triangular and three-tiered), or hyphenated before consonants (three-foot, two-horse), or even hyphenated without B before vowels (three-storied).

In the National Corpus of the Russian language, a subcorpus of the 2nd half of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century. (until 1917), compound adjectives of this group are written together with rare exceptions. 113 combined spellings of complex adjectives with the initial three- were found here, among which only in 8 cases a B is written at the end of the first part. Of the 8 merged spellings with the initial three, 5 are marked before the vowels, for example:

The most remarkable phenomenon in January of this year should be recognized as the three-act comedy of G. Pisemsky "Split". [A.V. Druzhinin. Letters from a nonresident subscriber about Russian journalism (1853)];

His woman is a three—inch chump, grunts and bends over, and Ivan Petrovich looks at her and seems surprised - they say, you see what a heavy thing to protect, it's time for a peasant! [V. G. Starostin. My friend Wagon and his parents (1870)];

You will always recognize her by her two minarets. It has only two three-tiered minarets. The bottom and the end of the bridge. [N. A. Leikin. Visiting the Turks (1897)].

However, the variants without the B at the end of the first part (106) significantly predominate, for example:

To open navigation on the Amur river unto the upcoming extreme Nam Sammy in case it should, it may be true; but the real civil wars BB China represent the mean and total convenience, and the success and safety of three actions on our Ustyany Cupid (Sungari) are faithful and guarantee further success. [N. N. Muravyov-Amursky. Confidential note submitted to the Grand Duke Admiral General. (1853)];

On his chest was a cotton bib sewn from triangular cotton rags, like Harlequin's. [A. K. Sheller-Mikhailov. V razbrod (1869)].

There are much fewer hyphenated spellings with the initial three - only 16 before consonants, for example:

If you don't mind reading for two or three hours, I added, addressing the whole company, "then I'll read you something from my father's Memorial." [F. M. Tolstoy. Three Ages (1853)];

All three of them with sleds, just like a three-headed bell ringer rolling down a snowbank. [E. A. Salias. The Petersburg Action (1880)].

In 4 cases, formations with an initial three- before vowels are written with a hyphen, for example:

Some kind of three-yard old woman was taken to the girls. [A. K. Sheller-Mikhailov. Gol (1882)];

Zechnovo is a small village, all consisting of large two— and three-storey houses, adapted to the worship of pilgrims. [S. A. Rachinsky. A school trip to the Nile Desert // Russian Bulletin, 1887].

One separate spelling was also noted during the specified period.:

Unto those cases where the Patriarch will be recognized that Postanovlenie decisions do not meet the benefit and good of the Church, he is given the right of appeal, which must be claimed by the Patriarch Tom unto session and then izlozheny unto trehy days from the date of the resolution decision, the term unto writing... [Definition of the Holy Council of the All-Russian Orthodox Church: (07.12.1917)].

There were also several spellings with two hyphens, forming formations with complex numerals, for example:

Therefore, in comparison with her peers, Chiara could be considered a twenty-two or twenty-three-year-old woman. [F. M. Tolstoy. Three Ages (1853)].

However, such formations can be formed with a single hyphen.:

Twenty years older than his wife, he was jealous of her throughout their twenty-three-year married life, reluctantly endured the fact that she was surrounded by all the brilliant male society. [E. I. Apreleva. Guilty without guilt // "Bulletin of Europe", No. 7-8, 1877].

So, by the reform of 1917-1918, a very stable pattern was developing, according to which Vostokov's grammar rule of 1831 was only partially observed with respect to merged spellings, and hyphenated spelling of formations with the second part on the vowel was not widespread. After Vostokov's grammar, the spelling rules of the words of the group in question were not formulated before the reform.

The undertaken research has shown that the combined form of complex adjectives, the first part of which coincides with the form of the quantitative numeral, was established already in the XVIII century.. In the 1st half of the 19th century, complex adjectives of this group were still written mostly together, at the same time, the number of hyphenated spellings was increasing, which indicates a desire to emphasize the independence of the first part of the compound word. However, in the 2nd half of the century, such spellings disappeared, which is probably explained by the inability to independently use the second part of formations such as three-headed, three-hundredth, three-coal. By the end of the period under study, in conditions of insufficient codification, a fairly stable usage had developed, suggesting the merging of complex adjectives with the first part of the numeral. It is important that the stability of this norm is determined not by the morphological criterion ^{[13, p. 264]}, according to which the rule in the OROS "Spelling commentary of the Russian dictionary" by E. V. Beshenkova, O. E. Ivanova, E. V. Tenkova is formulated, but rather by the morphemic criterion ^{[13, p. 264]} and is based on lack of independence the second part of a compound adjective.