The ways of development of the academic science of Yakutia in 1947-1991.

Suleymanov Aleksandr Albertovich ORCID: 0000-0001-8746-258X PhD in History Senior Researcher, Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North of Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 677027, Russia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Petrovsky str., 1, room 403 alexas1306@gmail.com Other publications by this author

Introduction. The territory of the largest constituent entity of the Russian Federation by area – the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) – is a place of concentration of significant reserves of various minerals, the flora and fauna of the region are rich in diversity, and local landscapes contain a wide range of unique natural objects. The Arctic seas area adjacent to the coast of Yakutia acts as an important transport corridor, the importance of which is likely to only increase in the face of sanctions pressure and climate change. The ethnic palette of the region is diverse, including speakers of traditional northern cultures – Dolgan, Chukchi, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs and Yakuts (Sakha). In this regard, it is not surprising that Yakutia has been in the focus of the interests of Russia's leading scientific center – the Academy of Sciences, which celebrated its 300th anniversary this year - since the first years of its activity.

Such significant dates are a good reason to turn to the analysis of the results achieved and, possibly, the mistakes made, to try to understand the ways and mechanisms of the development of the activities of the jubilee organization. With regard to the history of research of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Yakutia, such circumstances, of course, are a purely formal reason. The real reasons that actualize the appeal to the reconstruction of various aspects of the scientific center's activities in the region, first of all, are the strategic importance of the Arctic and northern territories for the development of the Russian Federation, which has been repeatedly noted, including by representatives of the country's top leadership, and the need in this regard for a deep understanding of the historical experience of the development of high latitudes by key actors in this process. It is obvious that the Russian Academy of Sciences is one of such actors, whose activities are associated with the richest experience of intellectual exploration of high latitudes. Various aspects of this experience, including its organizational component in relation to ensuring an optimal academic presence in Yakutia, require in-depth historical analysis, especially given the current historiographical situation.

By now, a fairly solid range of works has been published, within the framework of which, including in connection with important anniversaries, interim results of the activities of various regional academic structures have been summarized ^{[21; 22; 24; 28, etc.]}, pages of the life of leading scientists have been reconstructed ^{[23; 33; 34, etc.]} The analysis of the directions and results of the work of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Yakutia was carried out

Material and m

^{[1; 2; 18; 25; 31 At the same time, attempts to determine the main ways of development of the organizational component of academic science in Yakutia during 1947-1991, which is the purpose of this article, have not been previously undertaken. The initial chronological boundary of the study is due to the creation of the Yakut base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (YANIB), the final one is the reorganization of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR into the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), whose further activities were carried out in fundamentally different conditions. Materials and methods. The source basis of the research is, first of all, documents from the archives of the years. Yakutsk, Moscow and Novosibirsk. Thus, materials from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Scientific Archive of the Siberian Branch (SB) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Archive of the Yakut Scientific Center (YANC) of the SB RAS and its Manuscript Fund were involved. In connection with the use of materials from the Manuscript Fund of the YANC SB RAS Archive, the author expresses gratitude to the CCF of the YANC SB RAS for the opportunity to conduct research on the scientific equipment of the Center No.13.CCF.21.0016. In addition, an array of disparate data presented in the scientific literature relevant to the research was accumulated and comprehended. The work was carried out as part of the implementation of the state task for the project "The Asian Arctic in the XX century: intellectual and industrial development, realization of the resource, natural and human potential of Yakutia in the Soviet period." For a long time, starting from the XVIII century, the main form of activity of the National Academy of Sciences in Yakutia was expeditionary. In particular, surveys were conducted in the region within the framework of the famous Kamchatka, Lena and Russian polar expeditions [36, pp. 41-211]}. In 1925-1930 . The Academy of Sciences of the USSR organized the largest Yakut complex expedition for its time ^{[17, pp. 7-8]}. In many ways, it was her activities that led to the emergence of the first stationary research institutions in Yakutia in the 1930s. In 1935, the Scientific Research Institute of Language and Culture was established under the Council of People's Commissars of the Yakut ASSR, in 1944 it received a new name - the Research Institute of Language, Literature and History ^{[34, p. 4]}. In 1941, the first permanent academic structure in Yakutia was organized – the Yakut Permafrost Research Station of the V. A. Obruchev Institute of Permafrost Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (YANIMS INMERO) ^{[23, p. 23]}.

In August 1946, the Council of Ministers of the Yakut ASSR petitioned the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the need to create a Yakut scientific research base for the purpose of "systematic study of the nature and natural resources of the territory of the Yakut ASSR, the history, language and culture of the peoples inhabiting it, ... unification and coordination of scientific works" ^{[1, p. 5-6]} USSR Academy OF Sciences. In September 1946, the first secretary of the Yakut Regional Committee of the CPSU(b) I.E. Vinokurov sent a letter to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.N. Vavilov, in which arguments were presented justifying the expediency and timeliness of the appearance of the YANIB, as well as proposals regarding the goals and objectives of its work. On April 28, 1947, after a letter from A.N. Vavilov, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted Resolution No. 1755 on the organization of the Yakut Scientific Research Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The corresponding member was appointed head of the YANIB. The USSR Academy of Sciences N.A. Tsytovich, his deputy – K. philos. N. A.I. Novgorodov ^{[1, p. 6]}.

The composition of the YANIB at its organization included 9 research structures: the sector of geology; the sector of geography; the sector of zoology and animal husbandry; the sector of soil science and botany; the sector of economics; the sector of art criticism; a chemical laboratory; a station for the study of cosmic rays, as well as the Institute of Language, Literature and History (IYALI) with the sectors of literature, language and history, which was transferred to the USSR Academy of Sciences and thus became the first academic institute in Yakutia ^{[4, l. 12.]}.

It is noteworthy that in 1947, the small number of scientific staff of the YANIB (74 people) included representatives of 7 nationalities: Russian (32), Yakut (29), Jewish (8), Belarusian (1), Bashkir (1), Greek (1), Korean (1) and Mari (1) ^{[4, l. 20-24]}. Among these researchers were specialists sent to Yakutia from various regions of the Soviet Union, as well as graduates of the Yakut State Pedagogical Institute (YAGPI) ^{[19, l. 1-148]}.

Within the walls of the YANIB, work has begun on the study of the language and culture of the Yakuts (Sakha) and Russian Arctic old-timers ^{[29, l. 5-17; 30, l. 1-24]}, the current state of agriculture ^{[7, l. 1-14]}, geobotanical characteristics of plant communities of Arctic and subarctic territories, ichthyofauna of the republic's rivers, soils and soil formation in central Yakutia ^{[11, l. 1-100; 12, l. 1-172; 13, l. 1-71; 14, l. 1-117]}, cosmic rays ^{[24, p. 27]}, Aldan iron ore deposits ^{[10, l. 1-88]}, coal resources ^{[16, l. 1-132]}, as well as such purely practical issues as, for example, the problem of sewerage system in Yakutsk ^{[9, l. 1-122]}, etc.

The creation of the Yakut Scientific Research Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences with the active participation of the leadership of the JASSR was an important step towards the rapid growth of the scientific potential of Yakutia in the following decades, a decision that predetermined the formation of the largest research center in the northeast of the Soviet Union.

October 6, 1949 The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences adopted Resolution No. 318 "On the establishment of a single name for branches and research bases of the USSR Academy of Sciences - Branches of the Academy of Sciences." In accordance with this document, the Yakut Scientific Research Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was reorganized into the Yakut Branch (JF) of the USSR Academy of Sciences ^{[3, l. 83-95, 98-102]}.

N.A. Tsytovich remained the head of the Academic Center of Yakutia as Chairman of the Presidium of the YAF of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and A.I. Novgorodov remained his deputy. Initially, in general, the organizational structure and personnel remained the same – in 1949, the YANIB employed 163 employees, including 98 scientific and scientific-technical, including 1 corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences, 2 doctors and 29 candidates of Sciences ^{[6, L. 4]}.

The system of organization of academic science in Yakutia underwent significant changes in the 1950s. Shortly after the establishment in 1957 of the Siberian Branch (SO) of the USSR Academy of Sciences with its center in Novosibirsk, the Yakut branch became part of it. By this time, about 400 people were already working in various departments of the JAF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 120 of whom were directly engaged in scientific research, including 8 doctors and 42 candidates of sciences ^{[35, p. 7]}. The staffing of the academic center was replenished both by attracting qualified researchers from the central scientific institutions of the Soviet Union, university graduates from other cities of the country, and specialists who graduated from Yakutsk State University (YSU, formerly YAGPI).

In general, both these years and the subsequent decades of the Soviet period were characterized by deepening the specialization of research, which, among other things, was reflected in the organizational structure and resulted in the emergence of new institutions. These changes took place under the leadership of the Chairmen of the Presidium of the JAF of the USSR Academy of Sciences, who, after N.A. Tsytovich left his post, were: D.B.N. V.P. Dadykin (1953-1957), corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1960) I.S. Rozhkov (1957-1964), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1980) N.V. Chersky (1964-1987) and corresponding member. THE USSR Academy of Sciences G.F. Krymsky (1988) is the first graduate of YSU to hold this post.

The logical consequence of the noted trend towards deepening the specialization of research, characteristic of the entire Union academic science, was the reorganization of the regional branches of the USSR Academy of Sciences into scientific centers. In accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences dated October 25, 1988, the Yakut branch was transformed into the Yakut Scientific Center. As part of these changes, the institutes that were part of the branch received much greater independence. The first chairman of the Presidium of the Yakut Scientific Center was G.F. Crimean (before 1992) ^{[1, pp. 4-7]}.

The increase in the number of employees of the Yakut branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and, in general, representatives of academic science in Yakutia did not stop throughout the entire period of its operation, having generally similar sources of recruitment noted earlier with the increasing role of the Yakut State University. So, in 1981, about 3 thousand people were employed in the Yakut branch of the SB Academy of Sciences of the USSR, including 2.3 thousand scientists, among whom 25 were doctors, 255 were candidates of sciences. As of 1991, 3,628 people worked in the YANC SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Of these, 3,080 people (76 doctors and 442 candidates of sciences) belonged to the scientific and scientific-technical staff ^{[35, pp. 9-10]}.

The scientific and organizational structure of the Yakut branch and the academic science of Yakutia as a whole, which was formed during the 1940s and 1980s, corresponded to the ethnocultural and natural-geographical features of the region noted at the beginning of the article, as well as the role actually defined by it in the union system of division of labor, where the republic acted primarily as an important source of natural resources ^{[32, pp. 7-12]}.

In the early years of its activity, first the YANIB, and then the YAF of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the only research institute that was part of it remained the Institute of Language, Literature and History (for a short time at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s, the word "arts" was also added to this name). The directors of the IYALI YAF (SO) of the USSR Academy of Sciences were: Ph.D. Philos.N. A.I. Novgorodov (1947-1950), Ph.D. Z.V. Gogolev (1949-1963), Ph.D. E.I. Korkina (1963-1984), Ph.D. V.N. Ivanov (1984-2008) ^{[34, pp. 13-23]}.

The priority activities of the Institute's staff initially included: recreating the historical past of Yakutia, scientific study of the Yakut language, and understanding the cultural heritage of the Sakha people. In the future, research began to be conducted on the issues of ethnography, languages and folklore of the indigenous small peoples of the North, the sociology of Yakut society and the peculiarities of interethnic relations. In addition, work on the identification of archaeological cultures and reconstruction of the history of settlement of the North-East of our country by ancient man received a significant impetus.

The structure of the IYALI developed and became more complex accordingly. As noted, when organizing the YANIB, this institute consisted of 3 sectors: literature, language and history. The art history sector, which had existed for several years, was soon created, the Northern philology sector appeared in 1969, the Archaeology laboratory in 1972, the Sociological Research laboratory in 1974, etc. The noted development would have been impossible without staffing: if in 1950 the staff of the IYALI included only 19 employees ^{[5, l. 21]}, then in 1991 - 153, of which 147 people belonged to the scientific and scientific-technical staff, including 10 doctors and 60 candidates of sciences ^{[35, p. 9]}.

The Institute of Biology became the second institute in the Yakut branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It began work in 1952 in accordance with the orders of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 17, 1951 No. 17262-r and the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR No. 2079 dated November 29, 1951. The Institute was created on the basis of biological profile units that were available in the JAF of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

V.P. Dadykin was the first director of the Institute until 1954. In 1954-1957, after V.P. Dadykin's transfer to work as Chairman of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Institute of Biology was headed by Dr. B.N.Y.L. Glembotsky. Further in the Soviet period of the Institute's history, its directors were: Doctor of Biological Sciences V.G. Zolnikov (1957-1960), Doctor of Biological Sciences V.A. Tavrovsky (1960-1968), Doctor of Biological Sciences I.P. Shcherbakov (1968-1986). All these researchers were natives of the central and western regions of the country and began research in Yakutia within various structures, including non-academic ones, in the 1930s and 40s ^{[33, pp. 11-19]}. In 1986, Dr. B.N.N.G. Solomonov became the head of the Institute of Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1990 – corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences) is a graduate of YAGPI ^{[33, p. 21]}.

The most important place in the activities of the staff of the Institute of Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from the first years of its work was occupied by the study of the soil cover, flora and fauna of Yakutia, their rational use and protection. With the deepening of the conducted research, laboratories were created and new directions of research appeared. An important event in the history of the institute was the organization of the Yakut Botanical Garden in 1962, where work began on the adoption of new plant species for the republic, the creation of unique horticultural technologies, and the collection of seeds. Such strengthening of the structure of the Institute of Biology was facilitated by the development of its human resources. If initially 57 employees worked at the institute, including 1 doctor and 15 candidates of sciences ^{[15, l. 13-15]}, then at the end of the 1980s there were already more than 200 specialists, including 5 doctors and 56 candidates of sciences ^{[35, p. 9]}.

The Institute of Geology became the third institute in terms of organization as part of the Yakut branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. This institution was established in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences dated January 18, 1957 on the basis of the Department of Geology, the Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of coal, the geochemical laboratory and the geological group of the Yakut Complex Expedition of the YAF of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The director-organizer of the Institute was Dr. Y.P. Ivensen. Subsequently, during the period under review, the Institute of Geology was headed by: Corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR I.S. Rozhkov (1957-1964), Doctor of Medical Sciences K.B. Mokshantsev (1965-1978), corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1984) V.V. Kovalsky (1978-1986) and D.G.-M.N. B.V. Oleinikov (since 1987) ^{[1, pp. 29-31, 50-62]}.

Initially, the institute consisted of 5 research sectors, an analytical laboratory and a grinding workshop, which employed 60 employees ^{[22, p. 4]}, including 1 doctor and 6 candidates of sciences) ^{[18, p. 276]}. In 1960, the Geological Museum of the Institute was opened, the funds of which began to accumulate samples of minerals, rocks, minerals, precious stones and metals collected by geologists during expeditions, as well as remains of ancient animals, including mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, bison, musk ox and cave lion.

Leading researchers from other regions of the Soviet Union were recruited to work at the Institute. Thus, I.S. Rozhkov was one of the country's largest specialists in the field of placer deposits of gold and platinum, who worked before moving to Yakutsk as deputy head of the Glavzoloto department ^{[1, p. 31]}. The national and gender composition of the Institute of Geology is interesting in this regard. For example, according to data for 1969, of the 275 employees, Russians made up 71.6%, Yakuts (Sakha) – 17.2%, Ukrainians – 3.4%, other nationalities – 7.8%. Slightly less than 1/3 (31.4%) of the Institute's staff were women ^{[20, l. 85-90]}.

The noted practice of inviting well-established specialists persisted until the 1980s, when, for example, the head of the Department of Regional and Applied Tectonics of the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.M. Parfenov joined the staff of the Institute. At the end of the 1980s, the Institute of Geology employed more than 400 employees, including 7 doctors, 75 candidates of sciences and 250 people with higher education, about half of whom were already graduates of Yakutsk State University. By this time, the Institute of Geology had 22 research units ^{[1, p. 62]}.

The activities of the staff of the Institute of Geology focused around the development of fundamental geological problems, the identification of patterns of formation and placement of deposits of diamonds, oil, gas, coal, tin and other minerals, the study of their internal structure and physical properties. Scientists paid considerable attention to the analysis and assessment of the prospects of mineral deposits, the compilation of tectonic, geodynamic, metallogenic maps, as well as maps of oil and gas, igneous and metamorphic formations, etc. ^{[22, pp. 43-190]}.

As noted, when the Yakut base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created in 1947, one of its structural divisions was the station for the study of cosmic rays. In 1952, the cosmic ray laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established on the basis of this station, which was reorganized 7 years later in connection with the expansion of research topics into the laboratory of physical problems. In 1961, on the basis of the laboratory, in accordance with the decision of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Yakut Geophysical Observatory of the JAF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences was organized. In turn, in 1962, in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No.3807-r, the observatory became the base for the creation of the Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy (ICFIA) of the JAF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences ^{[24, pp. 21-23]}. The permanent head of these structures until 1987 was the Doctor of Ph.D. (since 1970) Yu.G. Shafer. Then, until the end of the Soviet period of the history of Yakut science, the institute was headed by a graduate of YSU G. F. Crimean.

At the initial stage, the ICFIA operated 6 research laboratories, which employed 106 employees, including 17 scientists (3 candidates of sciences). In 1977, the ICFIA already had 80 researchers (3 doctors and 23 candidates of sciences) ^{[24, p. 19]}. In 1991, the Institute employed 425 people: 114 researchers (5 doctors and 50 candidates of sciences), 255 scientific and technical ^{[35, p. 9]}.

The ICFIA has developed research on various problems of astronomy and astrophysics, the study of auroras and outer space, including the physics of outer space and cosmic rays. In 1973, the Institute's specialists commissioned the largest installation in the world at that time for continuous recording of broad atmospheric showers, which is still in operation in our time. Oktemtsy, located about 50 km south of Yakutsk. During the 1960s and 1980s, ICFIA employees organized the operation of a network of stations for conducting cosmophysical observations. In particular, it included stations in Yakutsk, Zhigansk, Tiksi, where research was carried out as part of the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), as well as an occasional expedition point on Kotelny Island in the Laptev Sea. The Institute's staff has repeatedly participated in the registration of cosmic rays in Antarctica – for the first time in 1969 as part of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition.

In general, the Institute of Physical and Technical Problems of the North (IFTPS) was organized by similar institutes of biology, geology and ICFIA within the framework of the JAF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1970. Back in 1956, a small research group on energy issues appeared at the Department of Economics and Geography of the YAF of the USSR Academy of Sciences (established in 1953 by combining two relevant departments, which were organized, in turn, on the basis of the sectors of economics and geography in 1949) ^{[18, p. 261]}. In 1958, on the basis of this group, an independent department of energy of the JAF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established, the head of which was appointed Ph.D. in Economics G.M. Chudinov, the author of the first scientific program on the problem of "Energy of the Yakut ASSR" ^{[28, p. 3]}. The department conducted research aimed at identifying optimal options and substantiating energy supply schemes for Yakutia and its regions, which are different in their specifics ^{[18, p. 261]}.

In 1959, at the initiative of the then Deputy chairman of the JAF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences N.V. Chersky, a research group was allocated as part of the branch, which studied the state of equipment operated at low temperatures. In 1968, this group formed the core of the new department of the Yakut branch – the department of cold resistance of machinery and metal structures. The management of the group and the department was carried out by Ph.D. (since 1966) P.G. Yakovlev ^{[1, p. 91]}.

IFTPS JF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established in accordance with the decision of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 457 dated November 18, 1969 and the decree of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 76 dated January 29, 1970 on the basis of the departments named above G.M. Chudinov and P.G. Yakovlev, as well as the Laboratory of heat and mass transfer of the Institute of Permafrost Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The first director of the IFTPS was the head of this laboratory, Doctor of Technical Sciences N.S. Ivanov (1970-1973). After him, the institute was headed by N.V. Chersky (1973-1979), corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1981) Yu.S. Urzhumtsev (1979-1986). The last director of the IFTPS in the Soviet period was the corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1990) V.P. Larionov, who took up this post in 1986 ^{[27, pp. 90-92]}. In 1991, the Institute had 325 employees, including 92 scientific (5 doctors and 43 candidates of sciences) and 178 scientific and technical ^{[35, p. 9]}.

The key vectors of the research of the Institute's staff were the study of the cold resistance and operability of machines and structures in the conditions of the northern climate, obtaining fundamental scientific data to create equipment capable of operating under specific natural and geographical conditions of the Arctic and Subarctic, optimizing welding technology to extremely low temperatures, developing effective methods of designing and manufacturing materials that ensure an increase in resource and trouble-free operation transportation equipment and mining equipment.

If in most of the noted cases the institutes were organized on the basis of departments that functioned as part of the Yakut branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, then the next similar structure – the Institute of Mining of the North (IGDS) – was created in a slightly different way. The basis of the institute, organized in May 1980 again on the initiative of N.V. Chersky, which was supported by the leadership of the Yakut ASSR, in accordance with the resolutions of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 316 of March 20, 1980 and the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 256 of April 15, 1980, was the mining department of the IFTPS (head – Doctor of Technical SciencesN. Skuba). N.V. Chersky (1980-1986) became the first director of IGDS. After him, as part of the JAF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the YANC SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the institute was led by the corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1991) V.L. Yakovlev (1986-1995) ^{[21, p. 2]}.

In connection with the organization of the institute, well-known scientists from different regions of the Soviet Union were invited to work in Yakutia, including Doctors of Sciences S.A. Batugin, V.G. Grinev, N.G. Dubynin, V.Y. Izakson ^{[1, p. 101]}. Largely due to the purposeful activity of N.V. Chersky, the number of employees of the institute increased quite rapidly and by 1985 there were 288 specialists, including 4 doctors and 32 candidates of sciences ^{[18, p. 284]}. As of 1991, the number of IGDS employees was 285, of which 105 belonged to the scientific staff (8 doctors and 39 candidates of sciences), 150 to the scientific and technical staff ^{[35, p. 9]}.

From the very beginning, the most important place in the work of the Institute's specialists was occupied by the study of processes occurring in frozen rocks, the development of mechanisms adapted to the conditions of the Arctic and the North for the development of mineral deposits.

The more traditional way for the Yakut branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was to formalize an independent institute of economic structures. As noted, even when the Yakut Scientific Research Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created in 1947, the economic sector was organized, which was transformed into a department in 1949. In the 1960s, 4 sectors functioned as part of the Department of Economics of the Faculty of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1986, 86 people were its employees, including 2 doctors and 21 candidates of sciences.

The priority tasks of the department's staff were: determining the optimal trajectories of the development of the economy of the Yakut ASSR, ways to increase the economic efficiency of the main actors in the industrial development of the region, as well as agricultural enterprises, issues of rational use of labor resources ^{[18, p. 281]}. In addition, the staff of the department participated in the development of union regulations. In particular, in the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures for the further development of the economy and culture of the areas inhabited by the peoples of the North" in 1980, the provisions developed by Candidate of Economics V.N. Antipin and Candidate of Economics F.S. Donskoy ^{[8, l. 1-89]} found a place. In the 1970s and 1980s, the most important place in the research of economists was occupied by the problems of complex development of the BAM zone and the creation of the South Yakut territorial production complex ^{[1, p. 121]}.

On the initiative of the Yakut Regional Committee of the CPSU and in accordance with the orders of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 479 dated March 13, 1986, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 350 dated March 24, 1986, as well as the decree of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 1083 dated June 25, 1986, the Institute of Economics of Integrated Development of Natural Resources of the North (IECOPRS) JAF SB OF THE USSR Academy OF Sciences. The first director of the Institute was Doctor of Economics N.V. Igoshin (1986-1991) ^{[1, pp. 122-123]}. By 1991, the staff of the IECOPRS reached 152 people, of whom 101 belonged to scientists (2 doctors and 26 candidates of sciences), 41 to scientific and technical ^{[35, p. 9]}.

After the establishment of the institute, its staff generally continued their previous research, while taking an active part in the development of documents defining the strategy of socio-economic development of the Yakut ASSR for the coming years and the medium term ^{[1, p. 123]}.

In addition to the organization of institutes, the structure of the Yakut branch of the SB Academy of Sciences of the USSR continued to develop due to the formation of new departments. So, in 1972, the Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Engineering began working within its walls. Employees of the department were engaged in the development of mathematical models and numerical methods for solving problems that faced the institutes of the Faculty of Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences, carried out work on the automation of scientific research. In 1977, the Department of Nature Protection of the JAF SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established. The department's activities were focused on the development of scientific foundations for the conservation and improvement of the environment, the rational use of natural resources, as well as forecasting possible changes in the state of nature under the influence of intensive industrial development of the territory of Yakutia. The work of both departments continued until the end of the Soviet period. Later, on their basis, larger structures were also formed – the Research Institute of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science of YSU and the Research Institute of Applied Ecology of the North SB RAS.

Along with the above-mentioned research structures of the Yakut branch of the SB Academy of Sciences of the USSR, another institute that was part of the USSR Academy of Sciences system functioned in the republic – the previously mentioned Institute of Permafrost Science of the SB Academy of Sciences of the USSR. It was indicated above that, in fact, the research activities of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Yakutia, which were stationary in nature, began with the Yakut Permafrost Research Station of the V.A. Obruchev Institute of Permafrost Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, established in 1941. In 1956, the Northeastern Branch of INMERO was organized on the basis of the station.

In 1958, the bureau of the Yakut Regional Committee of the CPSU appealed to the Presidium of the SB Academy of Sciences of the USSR with the initiative to create an independent Institute of Permafrost Studies on the basis of the department. The initiative received support: The Institute of Permafrost Studies (during the period under review, the abbreviation IM was used when shortening the name of this institution, however, for the convenience of the modern reader, the more familiar abbreviation IMZ will be used) was established in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 1043 of December 6, 1960 ^{[1, p. 64]}. His Moscow "namesake" then actually ceased to exist in its former form in connection with the transfer to the jurisdiction of the USSR State Construction Committee. This process was largely related to the proposal made at the XX Congress of the CPSU on the rational placement of scientific institutions and their physical approximation to the production base. At the same time, as of 1960, 550 employees worked in INMERO ^{[26, L. 17]}. Some of these specialists went to work at the IMZ SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

At the time of the creation of the IMZ, about 160 people worked in it, including 42 researchers (2 doctors and 7 candidates of sciences) ^{[2, p. 42]}. The approved organizational structure of the Institute included 15 laboratories. In addition, the Igarsk, Aldanskaya and Anadyr permafrost stations were transferred to him (the latter was incorporated into the Far Eastern branch of the SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1961) ^{[1, p. 64]}.

The head of the station, department and institute in 1941-1987 was Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1981) P.I. Melnikov ^{[2, p. 20]}. After him, the institute, which became part of the YANC SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was headed by Dr. R.M. Kamensky. At the end of the Soviet period, all the main research units of the IMZ SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences were combined into 3 large departments: general geocryology, geophysics and geochemistry, engineering geocryology ^{[1, p. 79]}. As of 1991, the Institute employed 544 people and, according to this indicator, it was the largest in the composition of the YANC SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Of this number, 116 people were researchers (8 doctors, 50 candidates of sciences), 348 were scientific and technical staff ^{[35, p. 9]}.

The research directions of the staff of the IMZ SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences covered a wide range of problems, including the development of various processes occurring in the cryolithozone, their features and much more. Large-scale expeditionary research was launched at the institute, covering not only various regions of Yakutia, but also other regions of the country, as well as, for example, Mongolia; experiments unique in world practice were conducted, including in an underground scientific laboratory established in 1967.

An interesting fact is that P.I. Melnikov, despite his status, sought the revival of the INMERO analogue in the more western regions of the country. In particular, in 1969, he proposed to create an Institute of Earth Cryology in the "southern regions of the USSR", because there are more convenient working conditions and less staff costs than in Yakutsk ^{[20, l. 201]}. Later, he proposed to organize IMZ branches "in the intensively developing regions of the Far North" ^{[26, l. 11]}. Partially, these proposals were implemented in practice: the Chita and North-Eastern (Magadan) departments of geocryology, the Chersk Geocryological Hospital, as well as the Kazakhstan High-altitude Hospital (Alma–Ata, later the laboratory) appeared in the structure of the institute IMZ SB OF THE USSR Academy of Sciences ^{[1, p. 79]}. In 1991, the Institute of the Earth's Cryosphere was organized in Tyumen under the leadership of V.P. Melnikov, whose staff included some of the specialists of the IMZ.

During the period under review, the Yakut Branch (SO) of the USSR Academy of Sciences became the largest research center of the republic and held these positions until the end of the Soviet era. According to Yu.N. Ermolaeva's calculations, in 1990, the Yangtze SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences accounted for more than 65% of the scientific potential of Yakutia ^{[18, p. 282]}. Such a situation allowed the academic center to conduct a complex of largely unique research focused not only on obtaining fundamental, but also applied results of serious practical importance.

Conclusion. Summing up some of the results of the study, it should be noted that during the period under review, a network of academic institutions was formed in Yakutia, represented primarily by institutes. The organization of these institutes took place, as established, in three ways: the transfer to the jurisdiction of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the scientific research institute already existing in Yakutia; the creation of institutes based on departments that existed in the JAF of the USSR Academy of Sciences (the main way), as well as outside it (IMZ SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences); the formation of an existing academic institute on the basis of the department. The expansion of the network of institutes, among other things, was caused by a significant deepening of the specialization of research by scientists and was characterized by a rhythmic increase in the number of employees, as well as internal structural units. Such a development would not have been possible without changes in the recruitment pathways. If initially the backbone of academic structures in Yakutia consisted mainly of specialists invited from other regions of the country, then subsequently there was a gradual increase in the number of specialists trained at YSU working in them. Moreover, graduates of this university joined the leadership of academic institutions. At the same time, until recent years, the practice of inviting researchers, including those leading in their fields of knowledge, from different parts of the Soviet Union, has also been maintained, which undoubtedly only enriched the academic science of Yakutia.