Structural, grammatical and linguocultural aspects of the meteorolexeme "halun" in the Mongolian languages

Barinova Bairta Valer'evna ORCID: 0000-0003-4158-3786 Senior Lecturer; Department of Kalmyk Language, Mongolian and Altaic Studies; Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov 358000, Russia, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, A.C. Pushkin str., 7 bbarinova@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Mushaev Vladimir Naranovich ORCID: 0000-0001-8321-7667 Doctor of Philology Professor, Head of the Department of Kalmyk Language, Mongolian and Altaic Studies, Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov 7 A.S. Pushkin str., Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, 358000, Russia mushaev_vn@mail.ru

Climatic and weather phenomena occupy a special place in man's perception of the world, and affect his life and behavior in the world around him. A person fixes his knowledge about atmospheric phenomena in meteorological names - special lexical units that serve to denote meteorological phenomena.

The works of Yu.V. Normanskaya ^[1], E.R. Tenishev ^[2], M.M. Kondratenko ^[3] are devoted to meteorological vocabulary. Some components of meteorological vocabulary in the Kalmyk language were considered by G.C. Pyurbeyev, E.P. Bakaeva, E.C. Bardaev ^{[4, 5, 6]}. Individual meteorological names in the Kalmyk language were considered in comparative coverage by Ts.D. Nominkhanov, V.And Rassadin ^[7-8].

In this article, we consider words and phrases in the Mongolian languages that characterize hot weather. Russian Russian Dictionary" ^[9], "Kalmyk Dictionary" by G. I. Ramstedt ^[10], "Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary" by A. Pozdneev ^[11], Dictionary of the Oirat language of Xinjiang by B.H. Todaeva ^[12], Etymological Dictionary of Mongolian languages ^[13-15], "Mongolian-Lessing's English Dictionary ^[16].

To this lexical and semantic group we have assigned lexemes characterizing hot weather from moderate to high degree of heat manifestation.

Kalm. halun "heat, heat; hot, sultry; hot" ^{[9, p. 570]}, letters.- Mong. qalayun (qala-yun), khalkh., bur. khaluun, kalm. halun, dagh. halun, duns. kalun, mngr. halu? "hot, hot" ^{[15, p. 23]}, stp.-kalm. ?al-n "hot, burning" ^{[10, p. 164]}, Mong. xala g un/haluun "hot (also to taste), warm; heat, heat" ^{[16, p. 916]}. In the dictionary of the Oirat language of Xinjiang, Haluun (haluun) "heat, heat; hot, sultry; hot." For example, udiin haluunda malmuud usani oore amarnaa "in the midday heat, cattle rest by the water"; haluunasa ahad, malaan uulda avaad harkha "afraid of the heat, go with cattle to mountain pastures"; zuniin haluu daahada yir kuchir bolva "it is very difficult to endure the summer heat" ^{[12, p. 381]}.

G.C. Purbeev notes that in "Dzhangara" the lexeme halun has the meaning of "heat" and refers this meteorological name to weather conditions. ^{[4, p. 35]}.

Summer in the Republic of Kalmykia can be very hot, which is reflected in the vocabulary of the Kalmyk language. To denote hot weather in the Kalmyk language, words and phrases with the halun lexeme function.

The Halun lexeme in the Kalmyk language is used as a part of speech noun, and as an adjective. The adjective halun "hot, sultry; hot" is used with nouns such as odr, zun, narn, salkn, tsag. The nominal phrases halun odr "hot day", halun zun "hot summer", halun narn "hot sun", halun salkn "hot wind", halun cag "hot time" characterize the weather with a low degree of heat, typical for the summer period.

For example, August sarin neg khalun odrar dach daalhvran kutsahad, haru harhlarn, Arysh turskn Halmgin hazr deegar Nis? yovv "on one of the hot days of August, when, having completed the task and returning back, Arysh flew over his native Kalmyk land" (NKKYA, Ilyumzhinov N., 2005). Modd shavshad urhad, khalun tsagt seru tatna, sahn tsetsgas sedkl bayrlulna "in hot weather, coolness blows from the trees, beautiful flowers delight the soul" (NKKYA, Halmg unn, 2006-04-18). Madn shuvran ogchasn, zunin khalun tsag bila "It was a hot summer time when we passed the exam." Khalun zunyn edr bolvchn, holyn kiitn usn mahmudym harv "despite the hot summer day, cold river water doused the body" (NKKYA, Ilyumzhinov N., 2011). Khavrin khar balchg khalun narnd khatad, shavr bolad, shavrasn uurad, shora Bol? burgna "spring mud dries up under the hot sun and scatters into fine dust particles" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., 1979). Tengrin baedl ?il bolhn adl bolhsh, zarmdan zun halun, hagsu bolhla san urhts avdhsh "The weather is not the same every year, sometimes when the summer is hot and dry, there is no good harvest."

The noun halun "heat" is used in the Kalmyk language as a separate lexeme, as well as in phrases and phraseological units. The halun lexeme "heat" characterizes the weather with high air temperature in the summer with a low degree of heat manifestation. For example, halun boltl orun ert bosad, serund koedlmshan eklna, udl halund khotan uhad amrna, dak narn soutl koedlna "waking up before the heat, starts work in the cool, having lunch, rests in the heat, then works until sunset." Haha sar urhad namr eklsn biyin khalun togtnahsh "despite the month of September and the onset of autumn, the heat does not recede." En halun zuni duusn Basn ows zou "Basang was hauling hay during this hot summer."

In the Kalmyk language, the noun halun "heat" can be combined with adjectives such as ik "strong", aagm "stuffy, sultry", bug?im "stuffy, stuffy", kuchr "strong, sultry", butu "stuffy", dogtion "strong, sharp" characterizing hot weather with a high degree of heat manifestation. The phrases ik halun "intense heat", kuchr halun "intense heat", dogshn halun "intense heat" denote a high thermal state of the air. For example, ik halun es bolhla salk orulad haruldmn "If there is no strong heat, then they graze against the wind"; dogshn halun hoon namrin serun edrmud irv "after a strong, sweltering heat, cool autumn days have come." The phrase dogtion halun "intense heat" characterizes the incredible, intense, exhausting, exhausting heat that affects the physical condition of a person.

Phrases such as aagm halun "stuffiness, heat", bug?im halun "heat, stuffiness", butu halun "stuffiness" characterize stuffy, stale, sultry hot air, making it difficult to breathe. For example, zuni sohin butu halun "the stuffiness of a summer night".

The lexeme Ha? in the Kalmyk language has the meaning "drought, lack of food (from drought); arid, sultry" ^{[9, p. 156]}, letters.- Mong. yang [kit. (?) gang], khalkh., bur. gan(g), kalm. Ha? "drought, lack of food from drought" ^{[14, p. 19]}. In the dictionary of the Oirat language of Xinjiang, han (han) "drought, lack of food"; ur?inan ?il manaa ende ike han bolva "the year before last we had a severe drought here" ^{[12, p. 100]}.

G.C. Purbeev identifies in "Dzhangara" such meteorological names as haidu "drought", shirmin ik khalun "sizzling heat", characterizing a high degree of heat manifestation, and relates them to weather conditions ^{[4, p. 35]}.

The word Ha? in the context often has the meaning of "incredible heat, heat", characterizing hot weather with a high degree of heat manifestation, as a result of which drought and lack of food appear. For example, Zuna en odrmudt haza han zogsana "it's hot outside these summer days."

This lexeme in combination with the noun halun "heat, heat" forms the phraseological units Ha? halun "heat, heat", Ha? ik halun "incredible stuffiness, heat, heat". For example, zug en odrmudt han halun bolad, edn koedlmshan nevchk zogsakh zovt bolv "these days it was incredibly hot, and they had to suspend their work" (NKKYA, Halmg unn, 2006-08-17).

The onset of intense heat brings its own difficulties for cattle breeders. On such hot days, the gadfly maturation period begins, the cows become restless and, raising their tails, run away from the gadfly. For example, zunar, han halund, malyg turgn Khaz zovakhla, tedn shoodrldad, suulan orgchkad guuldtshadmn "in summer, in the hot heat, when a gadfly bites cattle, they lift their tails and run away from the gadfly."

In the Kalmyk language, the phraseologism noha ha?nm halun is often used, which has the meaning "the heat is such that the dog screams" ^{[9, p. 157]}. In the phraseological dictionary of the Kalmyk language, this phraseologism has the meaning "scorching heat, unbearable heat" ^{[17, p. 69]}.

Kalmyk writer Konstantin Erendzhenov describes such heat in detail in his work "Achuchin kovun" (Son of a hunter). In this story, there is a variant of noha ?ммм halun, which can be explained by a dialect difference ^{[18, p. 3]}.

Kalmyks use this phraseology noha ha?nm halun, noha ha?nm halun on a hot summer day, when rainwater formed in pits and puddles comes to a boil. In this heat, it is impossible to walk without a hat, to walk barefoot, as the ground is so hot that it burns your heels. Cows with their tails up, running from the gadfly, sheep hiding in each other's shadows, panting, standing in a bunch. In such an incredible heat, the mirage in the steppe flickers indistinctly. By lunchtime, the air becomes like steam from a boiling cauldron. But it was in such incredible heat, scorching heat, that the Kalmyks went hunting wolves. It was the most favorable time for hunting wolves, when they always returned with prey, since the incredible heat exhausted the animals as well ^{[18, p. 3]}.

In the Kalmyk language, there is a synonym that characterizes high air temperature, more often summer, before a thunderstorm, constraining breathing and saturated with fumes in calm weather. Kalm. tsuntsg "heat, stuffiness; sultry, stuffy" ^{[9, p. 641]}, stp.-kalm. tsunts ? g "humid, hot air (for example, indoors, on a hot, windless summer day)" ^{[10, p. 434]}, stp.-kalm. ?un?uyy "heat, stuffiness (from the heat of the sun, stale air)" ^{[11, p. 254]}, letters.- Mong. ?un?uyy, kalm. zuntsg "stuffy, hot (about the air on a windless summer day)"; ? (?) Kirg. chunchu- to exhaust oneself; to get tired ^{[13, p. 158]}. Based on the etymological dictionary, this lexeme is found only in the Kalmyk language, and it is assumed that this word originated from the Turkic language. In the dictionary of the Oirat language of Xinjiang, there is a tsuntsag (tsuntsug) "heat, stuffiness; sultry, stuffy". For example, yahasan tsuntsag odervi! "what a stuffy day!"; udiin tsuntsagta tesi bolal ugaa baehe "not to withstand the midday heat" ^{[12, p. 433]}.

In the Kalmyk language, the cuntsg lexeme can be used both as a noun and as an adjective. The noun zuntsg "heat, heat" is found in such phrases as udin zuntsg "midday heat", zunn zuntsg "summer heat".

The adjective tsuntsg "sultry, stuffy" is found in such phrases as orshog uga tsuntsg halun "merciless sultry heat", zunyn tsuntsg so "summer sultry night", zunyn tsuntsg halun "summer sultry heat", tsuntsg halun edmud "sultry hot days", shataah tsuntsg narn "scorching sultry sun ". For example, "Zuni tsuntsg sod Tsasta edna oor haza ya? es untsmb?.." "why did Tsasta not sleep on the street near them on a hot summer night?" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., 1979). August sarin shataah tsuntsg narnd enun chira deerahar ik-ik dusalar hashun davsta kolsn ho?ad ba?, thorn ndnd, huur url tusad, Tes? es bolmar tednig khorshana "under the scorching sultry sun of August, bitter salty large drops of sweat flowed down the face and got into the eyes, on dried lips, and unbearably they brought pain" (NKKYA, Ilyumzhinov N., 2005).

Such sultry heat, windless weather, stuffiness affected the physical condition of not only humans, but also animals. For example, tsuntsg halun edrmud bila, murd koshad baadmn, tednig turgn-turgar usl kergt boldmn "there were sultry hot days, the horses were exhausted, and they had to be watered quickly" (NKKYA, Ilyumzhinov N., 2005).

From the noun zuntsg "heat, stuffiness" with the help of the suffix –l, the verb zuntsglh "to become stuffy (sultry)" is formed. For example, Kitdin neg bidn han halun tsuntsglad baha, taldan zahd amd toot korh kiitn zovtan orsn baen "when in one part of China the incredible heat becomes sultry, then in another part there comes a cold that freezes all living things." In the context, the verb cuntsglh shows an increase in the degree of manifestation of heat.

To indicate a decrease in air temperature, its decline, verbs such as nomh "calm down, calm down", sev gih "subside (about the heat)", then "calm down, weaken", urh "stop" are used. For example, halun nomhrv "the heat has subsided", halun nevchkn sev giv "the heat has subsided a little", halun togtana "the heat is weakening", halun urv "the heat has subsided".

The adjective halun in the meaning of "hot" is used not only to denote a natural state, but also to denote a physical state that is very warm or has a high temperature. For example, halun ca "hot tea", halun hot "hot food", halun usn "hot water", halun besh "hot stove", halun mahmud "hot body", halun kolsn "hot sweat". Kolya khalun us avch irv "Kolya brought hot water" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 2, 1979). Ogun idad, khalun usarn Darul avad, guldad khartshav "After eating bread, drinking hot water, they ran out" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 2, 1979). Amnasn harsn ur, aahga khalun tsahas harchah ur met, irvlzad baan "the steam coming from the mouth flickered like steam coming from hot tea" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 1, 1979). Batan chichrsn khalun mahmud Tsastan tsogtsla, tokhala shirvldv "Bata's trembling hot body came into contact with Tsasta's body and elbow" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 1, 1979).

The halun lexeme in phrases can be used in such figurative meanings as "cordial, sincere, sincere, friendly" ^{[9, p. 570]}. For example, halun zurknas "from the bottom of my heart", halun mend "warm (heartfelt) greetings", halun nulmsn "sincere tears". The phrase halun zurknas is usually used by Kalmyks in congratulatory speech on holidays, birthdays, significant events, which shows his sincere, sincere, cordial attitude towards the addressee. For example, san odrlatn khalun zurknasn yoranev! "I sincerely congratulate you on your significant day" (NCCA, Halmg unn, 2006-10-14). Hazr deher tov nun ?irhl deldsn zormg dachnrt mana halun zurkni khanlt "gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the brave soldiers who ensured peaceful life on earth" (NKKYA, Halmg unn, 2006-05-06). The phrase halun mend "warm (cordial) greetings" shows the close, friendly, sincere attitude of the subject to the addressee. For example, ek-etsktan halun mend kurgchk "give my warm regards to your parents." The phrase halun nulmsn "sincere tears" can convey both joyful experiences and sad ones. For example, en ulsas emalhn ugahar bayrin khalun nulmsan tsald-tsald askhrulv "without being shy of these people, let out sincere tears of joy" (NKKYA, Xiang-Belgin H., 1970). En duuhan duulad orkhlan elkn urssn bolad, khoir nydn khalun nulmsar duurad harhan San zurkn teslulna "when I sang this song, thinking about returning home, my eyes filled with sincere tears, making me feel and suffer greatly" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 1, 1979).

In the Oirat language of Xinjiang, the lexeme haluun (haluun) It is also used figuratively to mean "hot; cordial, sincere, sincere." For example, nadaasa ahadaan khaluun mende kele "give my heartfelt greetings to your elder brother"; tadanda khaluun bayaraan kurgiy "we give you warm greetings" ^{[12, p. 381]}.

In the Kalmyk language, the nominal phrase halun tsusta "letters. with hot blood" characterizes not only a hot-tempered, unrestrained, easily excitable person, but also a person full of energy and life. For example, khalun tsusta, amd zurkt kun yir hamaran khalahad tiim nul uga adustur haran orgdv? "a man with a living heart, hot blood beats harmless animals wherever he looks." "Halun tsusta, shumatr bahchud gidgtn en", Gi? dotran Sanad, bah-duvr nasan Sanad, ik shar zalu edna ardas enkrl? halav""that's what hot, active youth means," thinking so to himself, a tall, bright man, warmly remembered his younger years, watching them" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 2, 1979).

The halun token is often found in stable combinations. Phraseological units of halun murn "letters. hot on the trail", halun chikn deern "hot on the trail", halun Osr? deern "hot on the trail" means to act immediately, quickly, immediately, without delay. Khalun osrn deern khantsad khuurt gi? bidn chamd kellahn "I told you that in hot pursuit, immediately converge" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 2, 1979).

The Kalmyk people have experienced many difficulties and hardships in their history, which is reflected in stable combinations. In the Kalmyk language, phraseological units are often found that convey the suffering of these life difficulties, adversities, trials through phrases with the lexeme halun. For example, the phraseologism halun cholu dolah has the meaning "to know all the hardships of life, to visit different bindings" ^{[9, p. 570]}. In the phraseological dictionary of the Kalmyk language, the phraseologism khalun cholu dolakh has the meaning of "experiencing the hardships of life" ^{[17, p. 106]}. For example, ter yungad gihla bahdan "halun cholu" es dolasn uls khovr "there are few people who did not experience difficulties in their younger years" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 2, 1979). Stable combinations of halun-kiitin daah "to endure adversity, hardships", halun-kiitn khoirig uzh "to experience a hard life" characterizes a person who has gone through great difficulties. For example, tiigad damshltta khoochig khoirhil dahad, arba chirad, hot kedg dasad, khalun kiitn khoirig uzsn halmg ors khoirin dombrtn biilad avsn, zovar ongta, old tangdg biidan zov khooch bolv "with an experienced shepherd for two years pulling watermelon, learning to cook, enduring adversity and living at the behest of Kalmyk and Russian, he became a rather attentive and recognizable shepherd" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 1, 1979).

To express fright, fear, there are such phraseological units as halun usnd biyan shatasnla adl ah "scared of letters. it was like being scalded with hot water", halun tsog barsn met "letters. like holding hot coals."

When a person gets sick and the body temperature rises, then in the Kalmyk language such a phrase as halu durh "to temperature" is used, and when recovering and lowering the temperature, the expression halun harv "the temperature has dropped" is used.

The khalun lexeme is found in Kalmyk proverbs and sayings. In the proverb udin khoon khalun uga "there is no heat in the afternoon", udas ul khalun uga, uksna khoon khul uga "there is no heat in the afternoon, there is no happiness after death" means that after "fighting with fists do not wave", everything in this world is impermanent, i.e. you can contrast another proverb khalun tamrig halun deern davth kergt "forge iron while it's hot" ^[19]. Tsastahas salsan kumn kevta tsalh itkul kergta, bolad basn ter, tomrig khalun deern davth kergta, Gi? Sima selvgan ogv. "That you broke up with Tsasta, you need to explain humanly, forge iron while it's hot, - Sima gave advice" (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 2, 1979). "Tomrig halun deern davt" gidg ug es mednch? "don't you know that expression, that you forge iron while it's hot."

The names of some diseases are formed with the halun lexeme. For example, halun gem "typhoid fever", halun korth "rash". Namag beachknd, 1918-gch ?il mana ork-bul nems halun gemar gemtad unla, mana oor baas uls manas tserled, hanzhn mana hahrha har gerig gemt ulstahin haichkad nuhad Yov? odtshala "when I was little, in 1918 our whole family fell ill with typhoid fever and fell ill, our the neighbors, fearing to get infected, left We moved our poor caravan with all the sick people alone." (NKKYA, Erendzhenov K., book 2, 1979). En kuchr baedlas kolta, 1944-chilin ekltsar halmgud halun gemas olar khorad baetskhev "because of these events, in early 1944, many Kalmyks died of typhoid fever" (NKKYA, Ilyumzhinov N., 1900-2011).

Thus, the Halun lexeme is quite often and extensively used in the Kalmyk language in the direct meaning of "heat, heat; hot, sultry; hot", characterizing hot weather, and in the figurative meaning of "cordial, sincere, sincere, friendly".

Abbreviations

bur. — Buryat language

Dagur – Dagur language

Duns. – the Dongxiang language

Kalm. — Kalmyk language

kirg. — Kyrgyz language

mngr. – the Mongolian language

Mong. – the Mongolian language

nkkya – the national corpus of the Kalmyk language

letters.-Mong. — written Mongolian language

khalkh. — Khalkha language