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National Security
Reference:

Savchenko, D.A. Legal guarantees of political security: experience of the Moscow State in XVII century

Abstract: The article is devoted to the legal means of protection of the bases of political order in the Russian centralized poly-ethnical state in the middle of XVII century. The author analyzes the text of the pledge of alliance of the people to the tsar and the Code of 1649. Special attention is paid to the provisions on the protection of personality and status of the king as the key element of the political system. It is compared with the legislation of one of the main foreign political rival of the Moscow kingdom – the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It is noted that at the turn of the XVI – XVII centuries the legal norms aimed to guarantee the political order of the Russian state become more complicated and were improved within the framework of general strengthening of the centralized states under the influence of political crises and conflicts which often ended up on military clashes, which threatened the very existence of an independent Moscow kingdom. As a result of the abovementioned matters by the XVII century the legal guarantees of political security were established by a rather well-developed system of regulative and law-enforcement norms. The religious pledge of alliance to the king served as preventive means in order to guarantee the political security of the Moscow state. The Council Code of 1649 contained protective provisions, aimed to guarantee the implementation of obligations provided for in the text of the pledge. The author comes to a conclusion that when the Council Code of 1649 appeared the original system of legal protection of political security was finally formed in the Moscow state. It was a complex system which was characterized by the combination of preventive and punitive measures. The system included state law, criminal law, and procedural provisions, which mutually complemented each other. The main objects of political security were personality and status of the tsar. At the same time legal (secular) rules for the protection of political order were much supported by the religious institutions.

Keywords:

political order, political security, Moscow state, tsar, religious pledge, the Council Code, system of norm, honor of a king, capital punishment.

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