The Phenomenon of Reduplication as a Method of Word Formation in Modern French, Spanish, English and Russian Languages

Minova Mariya Vladimirovna ORCID: 0000-0003-3554-1272 PhD in Philology Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages No. 3, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 117997, Russia, Moscow, lane. Stremyanny, 36 mariaminova543@gmail.com Other publications by this author     Kopylova Elena Viktorovna PhD in Philology Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages n°3, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (State University), 117997, Russia, Moscow region, Moscow, lane. Stremyanny, 36 kopylova_ev@mail.ru Kuznetsova Yuliya Andreevna PhD in Economics Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages n°3, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (State University), 117997, Russia, Moscow region, Moscow, lane. Stremyanny, 36 yulya_success@mail.ru Nikolaeva Elena Anatol'evna PhD in Sociology Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages n°3, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (State University), 117997, Russia, Moscow, Moscow, lane. Stremyanny, 36 yoltash82@mail.ru

Zhelamskaya Vera Anatol'evna PhD in Philology Lecturer of the Department of Foreign Languages n°3, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (State University), 117997, Russia, Moscow, Moscow, lane. Stremyanny, 36 zhelamskaya.va@rea.ru

This article is devoted to the study of the place reduplication occupies in the word-formation process of modern French, Spanish, English and Russian languages.

According to the figurative expression of E. S. Kubryakova, "word formation undoubtedly lies at the crossroads of many linguistic roads" ^{[1, p. 52]}. As O. Y. Kryuchkova rightly notes, "the important role of word formation in modeling the linguistic picture of the world is emphasized by the uneven and non-random activity of word-formation processes in different subsystems of the language, in its different semantic areas" ^{[2, p. 15]}. At the same time, "often the products of word-making as a creative linguistic process are reflected in the vocabulary of the language, becoming an integral part of it and thereby changing it" ^{[3, p. 41]}.

In the "Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary" reduplication (late lat. reduplicatio – doubling) is defined as "a phonomorphological phenomenon consisting in the doubling of a syllable, a base (in whole or in part) or the whole word" ^{[4, p. 408]}. And, as E. Sepir points out, "there is nothing more natural than the fact of the spread of doubling, in other words, the repetition of all or part of the root element. This process is usually used with self-evident symbolism to denote such concepts as distribution, multiplicity, repetition, ordinariness of action, increase in volume, increased intensity, duration" ^{[5, p. 59]}.

Various aspects of the phenomenon of reduplication have been actively investigated in recent years, both in the domestic ^{[6; 7; 8; 9; 10]}, so it is in foreign linguistics ^{[11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16]}.

The material for this study was the examples obtained by the continuous sampling method from the press and from open Internet sources.

First of all, reduplication in all the languages studied is manifested in onomatopoeia (for example, Russian tuk-tuk; fr. tchin-tchin– sound imitation of the ringing of glasses when clinking, toast "To You!"; English choo-choo – the hum of a steam locomotive; Spanish miau miau– the meowing of a cat) and when transmitting "baby babble" (for example, Rus. yum-yum; Fr.dodo – spatki, bye-bye, bed; English splash-splash – plop, plop; Spanish nana – nanny).

An interesting fact is that the reduplication of ku-ku – onomatopoeia, which transmits the sound of the cuckoo's cuckoo, has two homonyms in Russian: 1) in the meaning of "go crazy, be out of yourself, be crazy", for example: Are you really peek-a-boo?; designer chocolate DELICERT "You're peek-a-boo! That's why I love it :)" (https://delicert.com/dizayn-2-ty-ku-ku-za-eto-i-lyublyu ); 2) an interjection to attract attention in the meaning of "hello, here I am!", for example: the name of the channel about food on Yandex Zen "Peek-a-boo, yummy here!" (https://dzen.ru/tut_vkusnyatina ). The second meaning of the reduplicative unit ku-ku came from a children's game intended for very young children, when parents cover their face with their palms, "hiding", and then spread their palms and shout "Ku-ku!". Similarly to the Russian designation, this game is also called in France “Coucou, me/le voil?!”, giving onomatopoeia soisoi the above-mentioned additional meaning (Coucou, M arc! ?ava). As for the English-speaking and Spanish-speaking countries, although there is also a similar game for kids, however, its name does not contain a reduplication that imitates the sound of the cuckoo's cuckoo (for example, in English this game is called Peekaboo!).

It should also be noted that with the help of reduplication, neologisms are often formed in the languages under study.

For example, the reduplicative unit nyash myash is a phrase uttered at that time by the prosecutor of the Crimea, and subsequently by Natalia Poklonskaya, a deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the seventh convocation of the Russian Federation. The external attractiveness and similarity with the anime characters gave rise first among Japanese youth, and soon among Russian, to the image of the prosecutor in the image of "nyashka". To which Natalia Poklonskaya reacted like this: "Here I am the prosecutor, and therefore I will not allow any nyash-meatballs and the like." Now "nyashmyashny" means "funny", "cute" (https://myslang.ru/words/tag /).

Mimimi is a word from network jargon, an interjection or an adjective meaning something delightful, touching. In the meaning of the predicate, it expresses an extreme degree of emotion. Many people are sure that the reduplicative lexical unit mimimi is an English-language borrowing assimilated into the Russian language by transcription. However, it does not have an English-language analogue, it is a purely Russian-language reduplication. Producer Max Fadeev faced this problem at one time when, trying to enter the Western market with the group "SEREBRO", he began to translate their Russian-language song hits (and their song "Mi-mi-mi" as well) into English. According to one version, mimi's reduplication was formed in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet from the sound of mi-mi, issued by a touching–looking big-eyed baby lemur - a minor character in the American full-length cartoon "Madagascar" (2005).

Linguists distinguish different types of reduplications, most often based on the method of their formation.

According to N.M. Steinberg, reduplicative lexical units in the French language can be classified as follows ^{[17, p. 6]}:

1. "Pure" or "absolute" reduplication: words consisting only of a twice repeated element. This element can be a syllable, less often – a similarity of a word that has no separate meaning (syllabic reduplications), or it can be a meaningful word (lexical reduplication). Here are some examples:

- «Je me suis fait un petit bobo»: Amel Bent annonce une mauvaise nouvelle ? ses fans (Voici, 15/03/2023)

- Bient?t ? l’?cran dans Batman, The Dark Knight Rises, Tom Hardy s’appr?te ? jouer Al Capone dans une trilogie intitul?e Cicero. Un r?le qui devrait permettre au nouveau chouchou d’Hollywood de franchir une ?tape importante dans sa carri?re. (Gala, 11/01/2012)

- En l'entendant dire «Oh l? l?», ?a a ?t? le d?clic: «Je l'ai regard?e et je lui ai demand?e: “Tu te moques de moi ?”». (Voici, 30/08/2013)

Syllabic reduplications are also characteristic of English, Spanish and Russian. For example:

- I was only feeling so-so and decided not to go to a movie tonight. (http://www.correctenglish.ru/reference/idioms/so-so/)

- Donna wanted to keep it hush-hush until after the lock-in, and I agreed because I don't want any drama. (https://context.reverso.net/hush-hush)

- Fue la primera vocalista de Ol? Ol?, hace casi cuarenta a?os, y se despedir? despu?s del verano (?Hola!, 01/04/2022)

- Estas entrevistas son puro blablabl?. ^{[18, https://dle.rae.es/blablabl%C3%A1?m=form]}

- Look, what a swell has been found! (https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ogegova/263186)

As for lexical reduplication (repetition of the whole word), then, as the analysis of the factual material showed, it is widespread in Spanish and Russian and less typical for French and English, although it also occurs in them. At the same time, as E. emphasizes on the material of the Spanish language. Thus, "all significant categories of words are subject to lexical reduplication: nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs" ^{[14, p. 93]}. For example:

- To' lo que me digas, s?, as?-as?-as? (Farina & Maluma, Letras de la canci?n "As? As?", https://genius.com/Farina-and-maluma-asi-asi-lyrics)

- No le hagas caso, est? frenado frenado.- ?Quieres tomar un caf? con leche?

-?El caf? instant?neo? -S?. -No, gracias, prefiero tomar un caf? caf?. -Y a m? no me gusta nada el caf? de grano.

"He was wet, cold, and barely able to move his legs. (Udm-info.ru, 13/09/2022)

- Is "girl-girl" a state of mind or upbringing? (stranamam.ru›post/11989132/)

- Metro Exodus: de l’int?r?t de sortir du train-train quotidient. (https://jesuisungameur.com/2019/03/11/test-metro-exodus-ps4/)

- For breakfast I like to eat sandwiches and tea with milk, not with soya milk, but with milk milk.- It’s tuna salad?

-Not, I’ve made the salad salad.Also, even proper names may be subject to lexical reduplication, for example, toponyms: vivo en Barcelona Barcelona - ‘en la ciudad misma’ ^{[14, p. 94]}.

2. Partial or "complicated" reduplication, where the second element is not an exact repetition of the first, but differs from it by the presence of a final (in pronunciation) consonant. For example:

- Regarder des c?l?brit?s "faire la popote" est d?sormais aussi commun que commander un burger vegan dans un restaurant gastronomique. (Voici, 26/05/2021)

- Au moins, maintenant, il sait qu'avec un peu de volont? et de bibine, il est en mesure de la d?monter rien qu'avec les mains. (Voici, 12/05/2015)

- C?ur de Pirate lui a renvoy? un tacle bien senti: «D?j?, c’est pas cocote c’est madame, et je suis n?e en 1989». (Voici, 09/08/2019)

It should be noted that this type of reduplication is characteristic of the French language.

3. Words of three or more syllables with a doubled finite element.

- Il y a quelques semaines, Nicola Peltz, la jeune ?pouse de Brooklyn Beckham, mettait du rififi dans le clan en s'en prenant ? Victoria. (Voici, 06/10/2022)

- M?me quand j'?tais enfant, je n'ai jamais r?v? d'une belle robe blanche et tout le tralala. (Voici, 26/09/2016)

- La star a pris la pose dans un bikini riquiqui, et a mis toute la famille Kardashian d'accord. Attentionlesyeux! (Voici, 22/01/2021)

- Il suffit de regarder L'heure des pros de CNews quelques secondes pour s'en rendre compte: un brouhaha r?gne constamment sur le plateau. (Voici, 05/12/2019)

The last reduplication was borrowed from French by English. For example:

- A battle over flagpoles in city parks, which escalated from a seemingly obscure esthetic disagreement into a lawsuit and political brouhaha for the Giuliani administration, has apparently been resolved. (The New York Times, 20/07/1999)

- “El Corazon” brouhaha is no laughing matter now (The San Diego Union-Tribune, 17/01/2002)

As an example of this type of reduplication in Russian, one can cite Eduard Hill's vocalization "Trollolo", which became world famous 30 years after the premiere, breaking all records of views on the Internet, and gave his performer the nickname-meme "Mr. Trollo".

4. Compound words of two components with a vowel or initial consonant change. For example:

- Avec sa chanson “Tic Tac”, il est en lice pour remporter la comp?tition se tenant le 19 d?cembre 2021 ? la Seine Musicale de Boulogne-Billancourt (Hauts-de-Seine). (Voici, 27/01/2022)

- Au milieu de charivari virtuel, le sportif a r?agi en se demandant comment il s'?tait retrouv? m?l? ? cette affaire. (Voici, 21/03/2020)

We find similar examples on the material of the other three languages studied.

- The shelves were covered with ornaments and useless knick-knacks. (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/knick-knack)

- So I have to be in tip-top shape. (https://context.reverso.net/tip-top)

- A fuddy duddy view of rap. Many adults are desperately eager to minimize the significanceof rap music. (The San Diego Union-Tribune, 15/08/2004)

- Vestido pastel y melena 'zig zag': el look m?s exc?ntrico de Charli D'Amelio (?Hola!, 10/03/2022)

The so-called "rhymed" type of reduplication deserves special mention: m-type and sh-type in Russian, when in a paired-repeated rhyming unit, the initial consonant is replaced by m- or sh- respectively (for example, huhry-muhry, kish-mish, carouse-muddy, eggnog, figli-migli; dancing-shmants, bridge-bridge). In English, this is s hm–reduplication, during the formation of which, when forming an "echo word" ^{[19, p. 266]}, shm- or schm- is added to the main word immediately before the loud sound in the first syllable (for example, breakfast-shmeakfast, fancy-schmancy), it is usually used, to convey irony, sarcasm, skepticism and a joking tone.

The syntactic type of reduplication is also characteristic of the Spanish language. M. V. Zelikov points out that in the corpus of models of syntactic reduplication in the Spanish language, three main varieties can be distinguished: 1) paronomasic reduplications, in which the second component is an infinitive complement derived from the first (for example, iba a ir; tengo que tenerlo); 2) anaphoristic reduplications, which in all languages are perceived as redundancy, excess, tautology, "butter butter", and in Spanish are normative from the point of view of grammar formations (for example, Que se te quite a ti; a m? me dejen); 3) pragmatic reduplications, which are "numerous modal-illocutionary models that display the pragmatic features of the sentence structure by the nature of the communicative attitude and the purpose of the utterance (affirmative, negative and imperative)" (for example, affirmative models:como guapa es guapa; le? a sobre le? do; negative models:Si no, no; imperative models: sea cuando sea; Que ?l gane lo que gane) ^{[20, pp. 130-131]}. For example:

- Le dije que si le molestaba que viniera Luismi le llamaba para que no viniera y me ha dicho: ?a m? me va a molestar que no venga?", explicaba. (?Hola!, 20/12/2022)

- Si alg?n d?a me apetece, lo har?, y si no, no. (?Hola!, 05/08/2022)

V. Z. Demyankov identifies another type of reduplication – semantic reduplication, which is extremely characteristic of the English language. An example of semantic reduplication, in his opinion, can be "the combination of an adverb of the class "probably" with a modal verb of probability (may, may, can, etc.), which gives enhanced epistemic guarantees of truth attributed to judgments about the physical properties of the world" ^{[21, p. 39]}.

Analysis of the factual material has shown that in the French language there is a steady tendency to use reduplication to form nicknames of famous people (and such nicknames are not even always diminutive forms of proper names). They can be sports or show business stars.

Thus, Thierry Henry, a French football player and football coach, world and European champion, winner of the UEFA Champions League and the championships of France, England and Spain, winner of the Confederations Cup, was awarded the nickname "Titi" by French journalists, for example:

- L'ann?e suivante, apr?s une Coupe du monde d?sastreuse en Afrique du Sud avec l'?quipe de France, "Titi" a d?cid? de changer d'air. Il n'y a pas que David Beckham et le PSG dans la vie. Ars?ne Wenger a confirm? le retour de Thierry Henry ? Arsenal. (Paris Match, 30/12/2011)

Another example is the nickname Zizou, which journalists "named" one of the greatest players in the history of football, French football player and coach Zinedine Zidane (Zinedine Zidane). For example:

-       Zin?dine Zidane c?l?bre son 50e anniversaire. Un quart de si?cle marqu? par une carri?re d'exception dans le football. N? le 23 juin 1972 ? Marseille, Zizou est consid?r? comme le meilleur joueur europ?en de l'Histoire par la BBC. (Voici, 23/06/2022)

-       Lorsque leurs chemins se croisent ? Cannes, Zin?dine Zidane n'est pas encore Zizou et V?ronique s'appelle encore Fernandez. (Voici, 02/06/2017)

Two French legends – rocker Johnny Hallyday and actor Jean-Paul Belmondo – also had reduplicate nicknames: Jo jo and B? bel, respectively. For example:

-       PHOTO «Et Jojo, ? quoi pensait-il»: Jean-Marie P?rier partage un clich? souvenir de Johnny Hallyday (Voici, 09/01/2022)

-       Le 9 septembre, un hommage national avait ?t? rendu ? Bebel, dans la cour des Invalides. Apr?s que son cercueil a ?t? expos? aux Invalides pour que ses fans puissent se recueillir, Jean-Paul Belmondo a ?t? cr?matis? au cimeti?re du P?re-Lachaise. (Voici, 06/09/2022)

Also, such an "honor" is often awarded to French politicians, for example, French President Jacques Chirac (Jacques Chirac) had the nickname Crac-Crac, and his predecessor Francois Mitterrand – Tonton.

Reduplicate nicknames are given in France not only to politicians, but even to their relatives if they have any relation to the political life of the French Republic. For example, the current First Lady of France Brigitte Macron is often referred to in the French press with the reduplicate nickname Bibi:

- Si le choix des tenues de Brigitte correspondent ? sa morphologie, Cristina Cordula, styliste et conseil en style, confie qu’elle aimerait voir «Bibi» avec d’autres couleurs que du bleu lavande. Sur elle, les beiges, les camel seraient plus chics. Tout comme des teintes douces, par exemple un rose p?le qui irait tr?s bien avec son blond cendr?. Mais un rose fuschia ou un rouge coquelicot seraient aussi int?ressants", affirme Cristina. Cela tombe bien, Brigitte Macron a ?clips? tout le monde avec un top ?carlate et un slim blanc lors d’un sommet du G7 ? Taormine. (Gala, 31/05/2017)

As Claude Gagnier notes in his book Pour tout l'or des mots, Francois Mitterrand's son Jean-Christophe Mitterrand, who followed his father into politics and during his father's presidency was responsible for the contacts of the Elysee Palace with African countries, had the nickname Papamadit containing reduplication ("Dad told me"), they called him all over the African continent ^{[22, p. 936]}.

The French give reduplicate nicknames not only to their stars and politicians, but also to foreign ones. For example:

- Britney Spears pourrait sauver la Star Academy. Invit?e de la 8e ?dition, Brit-Brit devrait scotcher l'audience… (Gala, 06/10/2008)

- Bibi ou Benny? Les Isra?liens votaient mardi lors de l?gislatives opposant le Premier ministre Benyamin Netanyahou, au pouvoir depuis une d?cennie, ? l'ancien chef de l'arm?e Benny Gantz, cinq mois apr?s un premier duel sans issue. (Paris Match, 17/09/2019)

Often the stars themselves choose reduplication as a pseudonym, for example, Chloe Erica Jane Olivier, a French music producer, singer and DJ living in London, is known by her stage name Coucou Chloe or Coucou Chlo?. Containing a reduplication, the pseudonym of the American singer, songwriter, producer, designer and actress of Italian origin Lady Gaga (Eng. Lady Gaga, Lady GaGa; real name – Stephanie Joanne Angelina Germanotta) was formed from the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga", as the first producer Rob Fusari began to call her so for grimaces and poses, similar to those used by Freddie Mercury. Stephanie Germanotta has already signed her first contract as Lady GaGa.

Another example is the American supermodel Gigi Hadid (Jelena Noura "Gigi" Hadid), who became famous under her childhood reduplicated nickname Gigi. A similar situation with reduplication is observed in an American of Venezuelan origin Eleonora "Lele" Pons Maronese, a Spanish-speaking singer, actress and Internet celebrity, famous for her short humorous videos on Vine and YouTube video services, which became known to the world as Lele Pons.

We often find examples of the use of reduplicate words of different types in the headlines of the French and Spanish press.

For example:

- Kylian Mbapp? le chouchou des Bleus fait craquer une star am?ricaine. (Gala, 03/07/2018)

- Un jeu de cache-cache. Kev Adams fera-t-il encore partie du jury dans la deuxi?me saison  (Voici, 09/03/2020)

- Cohn-Bendit: "Le 'ni-ni', c'est gnangnan" - Elections d?partementales(Paris Match, 25/03/2015) - Rififi autour du biopic sur Martin Luther King (Voici, 02/02/2016) - Tout pour son toutou! Folle de son chien, Lady Gaga cr?e une ligne de v?tements canins en son honneur (Voici, 30/05/2015)

- M?s all? del ‘bling bling’: te descubrimos el nuevo Dubai, destino FASHION de 2023 (?Hola!, 22/03/2023)

Reduplication is also found in brand names, for example:

Naf Naf is a French brand of women's youth clothing (https://www.nafnaf.com );

Tati is a legendary French chain of inexpensive clothing and household items stores, which owes its reduplicate name to the mother of the founder Jules Huaki – Esther, whom all the neighbors called Tita. Wanting to please her, Jules, when it was time to register a trademark, decided to name the store in her honor. However, it turned out that the Tita brand was already represented on the French market, and the entrepreneur had to swap syllables. So the Tati brand was born, which a few decades later was destined to become one of the most recognizable French brands, and which, after the death of its creator, could not withstand competition with the emerging new brands of fashionable clothing at affordable prices – the Spanish Zara and the British H&M – and went bankrupt (https://createbrand.ru/biblio/success/tati.html );

Malababa is a Spanish brand of shoes and bags made of genuine leather, both basic classic models and the most original and extravagant models. In addition, the brand pleases with interesting gold and silver jewelry and costume jewelry. Popular representatives of this Madrid brand are wooden-heeled shoes and jewelry in the form of elongated sticks made of gold and silver (https://www.malababa.com /);

Pepe Jeans London is an English brand of jeans and casual wear (https://www.pepejeans.com /);

TikTok is the reduplicated name of a social network, video hosting and mobile application where you can create and post short videos (https://www.tiktok.com /);

Nam-Yum – ready food delivery service in Moscow (https://www.nam-nyam.ru /).

As the analysis of the website R estoclub showed (https://www.restoclub.ru /), the use of reduplication in the name is typical for domestic restaurants, bars and cafes. For example, in Moscow, out of 10,916 catering outlets, 103 contain reduplication in their name. Here are some examples:

- Lou Lou – French bistro on Malaya Bronnaya;

- Lalaland Show Restaurant & Karaoke – restaurant on "Mayakovskaya";

- Bla Bla Bar – restaurant complex in a separate building on the territory of the Depot food mall;

- Mu-mu is a Moscow chain of fast food restaurants, where most of the dishes are prepared according to simple recipes of Russian cuisine and are sold at low prices;

- Volga-Volga – Russian cuisine restaurant on Leningradskoe highway;

- Chacha / Chacha – Georgian restaurant Ginza Project in Dezhnev passage;

- Chichiko – Georgian cuisine restaurant with a wide wine list and a large selection of drinks from Georgia on Nezhinskaya Street;

- TsaTsa– neo-Georgian cuisine restaurant in Stolyarny Lane;

- Pepe Nero – a restaurant with classic dishes of European cuisine in a modern design near the Kremlin;

- Kokofresh – European restaurant at the hotel "1 art Hotel";

- Shu-Shu – Georgian cuisine restaurant with a rich entertainment program;

- DiDi is a Georgian restaurant on Tverskoy Boulevard, part of the Ginza Project restaurant holding;

- #SibirSibir – Russian cuisine restaurant at the Azimut Hotel on Smolenskaya Street.

In the cultural capital of Russia, St. Petersburg, there are also many catering establishments with reduplication in the name, for example:

- MON CHOUCHOU – French bistro at 3/35 Karavannaya str., Saint Petersburg;

- Frou Frou – pretentious St. Petersburg restaurant with Azure Coast cuisine on Krestovsky Island from the Moscow Bulldozer Group;

- Lou Lou / Lou Lou – restaurant and wine shop in St. Petersburg, 8 Vyazovaya Street;

- Cococouture – St. Petersburg fine-dining restaurant of high Russian cuisine by Matilda Shnurova and Igor Grishechkin on the Admiralty Canal embankment, 2nd floor.

It is interesting to note that reduplication in the names of bars, restaurants and cafes seems to be the prerogative of Russian establishments: a study of the data of the website T ripadvisor (https://www.tripadvisor.com /) showed that reduplicate words are extremely rare in the names of catering outlets in France (for example, TATA Burger – cafe-restaurant of American cuisine in Paris), in Spain (for example, Mad Mad Vega n is a burger joint in Madrid that serves vegetarian and vegan fast food) and in the UK (for example, Frou Frou restaurant in Tiverton (Devon, England)).

Reduplication is also found in movie titles, for example:

- "Kokoko" (2012) is a tragicomic film by Russian director Avdotya Smirnova, in which Lisa (Anna Mikhalkova), a researcher at the Kunstkamera, meets a provincial Vika (Yana Troyanova) on the way to St. Petersburg on the train, who works as a hostess in a restaurant and is heading to St. Petersburg for entertainment. Bags are stolen from women on the train, they both lose their documents and money, and Lisa offers Vika to temporarily stay at her house. Thanks to Vika's efforts, the life of a museum worker will turn into a series of endless parties, and the friendship that is emerging between women will turn into a conflict. There is a collision of two different worlds in which the heroines live: an indecisive and sensitive intellectual Lisa, who can not put an end to her relationship with her ex-husband, and a desperate lover of parties and adventures Vika, who at the same time will fix the clogged toilet in the apartment, and will turn away the boor who is pestering on the street. The very reduplicate name "Kokoko" refers to the class conflict between the common people and the intelligentsia, since this is the word "rococo" misunderstood by Vika, about the existence of which she learns from Lisa. Also in the title of the film you can see the "second bottom" ("babsky chatter", "the uneasy friendship of two unsuccessful women over 30"), because the reduplication of kokoko is also an onomatopoeia that transmits the sound of chickens clucking.

- "Shirley-Myr'ly" (1995) is a phantasmagoric comedy with a superstar cast, shot by the cult domestic director Vladimir Menshov. The film got its name from the uncomplicated chorus "Shirley-Myr'ly", sung by the main character performed by Valery Garkalin. The screenwriter Vitaly Moskalenko borrowed this reduplicate refrain from the ditties of his grandmother, a hereditary Cossack.

- "Jam ? n Jam ? n" /"Ham-Ham" / (1992) is a Spanish comedy melodrama directed by Jose Juan Bigas Luna with Penelope Cruz and Javier Bardem in the lead roles. The reduplicate title of the film parodies the Spanish children's word game, when, with repeated rapid repetition of the word "jam?n, jam?n, jam?n..." (ham, ham, ham ...), as a result of the rearrangement of syllables, it soon begins to sound like "monja, monja, monja..." (nun, nun, nun ...).

- "La La Land" /"La La Land" / (2016) is an American musical romantic comedy starring Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone, while the title of the picture containing reduplication simultaneously refers to the city of Los Angeles in general and to Hollywood located there in particular (La La Land is his unofficial name) and to an idiomatic expression meaning "an imaginary place" ^{[23, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/la-la-land]} – "dreamland; unreal, non-existent place; loss of connection with reality."

- "Micmacs ? tire-larigot" /"Losers"/ (2010) – comedy by Jean-Pierre Jeunet with Dani Boone in the title role. Translated from French, micmac reduplication means "i ntrigue, situation embrouill?e et suspecte" ("affair, fraud; confusing, strange, suspicious situation") ^{[24, https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/micmac/51134]}. And the expression tire-larigot can be translated as "non-stop" or "like in a bottomless barrel", and also tire-larigot the heroes of the film call a strange abode where they drag all sorts of junk they found in a landfill. The title of the film can be interpreted in two ways: a) "Frauds in the Bottomless Barrel"; b) "Non-stop frauds"; "Confusing, strange, suspicious situations that have no end."

Also, reduplication is often found in song lyrics.

For example, the American singer and actress of African-American origin Eartha Kitt (Eartha Kitt) has a song replete with shm- and schm-reduplications, which is called “Money's hmoney”:

A friend of mine called me up not long agoHe knew me since I was knee high to a grasshopper

But I evidently didn't give him the right answer

because he said to me:

Mink Schmink, Money Schmoney

Think your hot now don't ya honey.

What have you got if you haven't got love

Silk Schmilk, Satin Schmatin

A penthouse high in old Manhattan

That's not enough if you haven't got love

Happiness is not a thing that you can buy

It takes loving, lotsa loving, from the right guy

Pearls Schmearls, Nermen Shmermen

From Jim or Jack or Joe or Herman

That's not enough if you haven't got love

Ring Schming, Jewellery Schmellery

Don't you know that's just Tom Foolery

What have you got if you haven't got love

Cars Schmars and Princes Schminces

With caviar and chicken blintzes

Don't mean a thing if you haven't got love

Love is just a simple thing that you can't buy

You can't get it wholesale darlin', why try?

Tips Schmips, Angle Schmangle

Play around and get entangled

What have you got if you haven't got, haven't got love?

Eartha Kitt – Money-Shmoney (https://pesni.guru/text/eartha-kitt-money-shmoney)

Colombian singer Shakira likes to use reduplication in her songs, for example, in the title of the song “Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)” and in the lyrics of the song “Loca”:

LocalocaNo te pongas bruto

Loca

Que te la bebe

Dance or die

Loca loca

(Ra-ta-ta)

l est? por m?, y por ti borr? borr?.Shakira – Loca (https://lyricshare.net/ru/shakira/loca-spanish-version.html)

In this example, the tendency of the Spanish language to use lexical reduplication (when not a single syllable is repeated, but a whole word) to enhance some quality or action is very clearly visible: loca loca (crazy-crazy) = muy loca; y por ti borr ? borr ? ("you were erased-erased from memory") = yportiborr completamente, enabsoluto.

A similar phenomenon, when a reduplicative lexical unit is used to enhance the meaning, replacing the superlative of an adjective or the construction "real /-th + entity", we also meet on the material of the Russian language, for example: I bought a dress today. // And such a girl-girl in it… Tatiana Filatova, "Girl... Girl" (Poems.<url>, 2019, https://stihi.ru/2019/11/03/8305 ). This is also typical for lexical reduplication with an adverb element, for example:

- We ran in the morning, we ran fast. Barely made it to the train. I hate running, I can't run. (https://iogannsb.livejournal.com/3704743.html)

Sometimes, to convey the maximum amplification of the meaning of a word in the Russian language, there is a three-component reduplication, in which an element representing a significant word is repeated three times. For example, Irina Khakamada, speaking in an interview with KP Radio about her husband, entrepreneur Vladimir Sirotinsky, who suddenly passed away in 2021, expressed her feelings in connection with this tragedy as follows:

- We have lived together for 25 years. Debts in general... on the other hand, we were very cheerful people, we were on the same wavelength… We were lucky that we had a free marriage. There is a positive in this, so what happened is not perceived so tragically. He didn't die in my arms. But in the beginning I had grief, grief, grief. My friends thought about me every second, entertained me, did not express condolences. (KP Radio, 28/03/2023, https://dzen.ru/a/ZCMWN-H6fyhkWy_C )

Thus, the study of the classification features and dynamics of the functional development of reduplications in multi-system languages has allowed to identify the main trends in the implementation of these units in French, Spanish, English and Russian vocabulary in the modern period. The analysis of the factual material showed that the principles of formation of various types of reduplicative units are comparable in modern French, Spanish, English and Russian.  However, if syllabic reduplication is characteristic of all the languages studied, and lexical reduplication (repetition of a full word) is more common in Spanish and Russian and is used to enhance the meaning of a word, then syntactic reduplication is rather the prerogative of the Spanish language. There are also pronounced differences in the preference of the spheres of use of reduplication types in different languages studied. Of particular interest is the fact that the French language is characterized by the widespread use of reduplication when journalists form nicknames of famous people from the world of politics and show business, whereas in Spanish, English and Russian this is a fairly rare phenomenon. In Russia, reduplication is high-frequency in the names of bars, cafes and restaurants, whereas in France, as well as in Spanish-speaking and English-speaking countries, reduplication in the names of catering establishments is rather an exception to the rule. Based on the material of all the languages studied, reduplication is often found in the headlines and subheadings of the press, reduplication is often used in brand names or as a creative pseudonym. Sometimes reduplicative lexical units are contained in the titles of feature films.