On the issue of security of the services of the resort entertainment industry

Suvorova Nataliia PhD in Economics Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Design and Ecology, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Sochi State University 354000, Russia, krasnodarskii krai, g. Sochi, ul. Politekhnicheskaya, 7, kab. 310 arwa2006@rambler.ru Other publications by this author

Tabak Larisa Vladimirovna PhD in Economics Head of the Department of Architecture, Design and Ecology, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Sochi State University 354000, Russia, krasnodarskii krai, g. Sochi, ul. Politekhnicheskaya, 7, kab. 310 larisatabak@mail.ru Other publications by this author

General provisions

Human activity is always accompanied by psychophysiological processes, the use and waste of his energy, hormonal, muscular, mental, intellectual and other resources, which manifests itself in a change in his working capacity, which is understood as his ability to stably and for a long time maintain an intense rhythm of his activity in conditions of its increasing complexity and high nervous overload.

When performing work, a person goes through such phases of working capacity as mobilization, workability, optimal (compensation) and unstable (subcompensation) working capacity, decompensation, "final breakthrough" (before the end of work in case of strong motivation) and breakdown.

Starting from the subcompensation phase, a special state of fatigue occurs. There are physiological and mental fatigue. The first of them expresses, first of all, the effect on the nervous system of decomposition products released as a result of motor and muscular activity, and the second is the state of overload of the central nervous system itself.

Usually, the phenomena of mental and physiological fatigue are mutually intertwined, and mental fatigue, that is, a feeling of fatigue, most often precedes physiological fatigue.

After the termination of activity, a phase of restoration of physiological and psychological resources begins. In the case of an incomplete recovery period, residual fatigue phenomena persist, which can accumulate, lead to chronic fatigue of varying severity. In a state of overwork, the duration of the optimal performance phase is sharply reduced or may be completely absent, and all work takes place in the decompensation phase.

The increasing intensity, tension and responsibility of the life of modern Russians are manifested at the psychological level in an increase in the frequency of negative emotional experiences and stress reactions, which, accumulating, cause the formation of pronounced and prolonged stress states.

The way to minimize stress depends on the degree of physical and emotional fatigue of the body, as shown in Table 1 ^[1,2,3].

Table 1

Nature and symptoms of stress

In a stress situation to eliminate overwork, as follows from the contents of Table 2, the ordering of rest and sleep, physical education, entertainment are shown ^[2].

Table 2

Degrees of overwork

In case of slight overwork, a vacation outside the place of permanent residence and related rest are useful, whose varieties are reflected in Table 3 ^[4].

Table 3

Typology of types of tourism

With severe fatigue, organized rest is necessary, implemented on the basis of recreation structures, whose role in human life is reflected in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. The place and role of recreation in the human life support system

For severe fatigue, inpatient treatment is required. For all this, the Russian Federation has a unique complex of spa treatment, whose defining element is the resort destination with its inherent attractiveness.

Ideographic, organizational and cognitive components are usually distinguished in the composition of the factors of any destination. The first of them represent a set of specific "material" distinctive features of the territory: natural (climate, landscape, flora and fauna), human-related (culture, infrastructure, educational opportunities, shopping, price level, locals, etc.) and mixed (beaches, parks, resorts). Organizational factors determine spatial (the size of the destination – from a single attraction to a country or even a continent) and temporal features (the presence of a tourist within its limits for at least one night) ^[5].

The structure of the recreational product is shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Levels of recreational product of the resort

The peculiarity of the resort practice is that it combines a number of functions, namely: 1) preventive health improvement of the population; 2) rehabilitation of patients; 3) leisure and animation activities that can raise the vitality of vacationers.

We would like to focus our attention on the latter component, since it is the most accessible to the population of Russia both from the point of view of physical (leisure and animation activities are implemented in all municipalities of the country to one degree or another) and material accessibility.

As follows from the theory and practice of human physiology, an indispensable factor of a full-fledged leisure of an individual is his inclusion in animation or entertainment activities, whose meaning is reflected in Figure 3.

Fig. 3. Prerequisites for the emergence of tourist animation and its functions

To meet the socio-cultural needs of a person in entertainment, a special branch of activity is created in any national economy – the entertainment industry. Its purpose is to use a variety of entertainment factors.

The instrument of this became individual attractions, as well as their aggregates – parks. It should be noted that the first mass attractions appeared in Europe, where during the fairs the booths entertained the people. At first, the structures were simple – swings and ice slides. Then, in the Middle Ages, the first carousels appeared. The knights rode them in a circle on wooden horses pushed by servants before the duel.

The primary basis of the current amusement parks were recreation parks. The oldest of them – Bakken Park (1583) – is located in Klampenborg, near Copenhagen (Denmark). London's Vauxhall Gardens opened to the public in 1661. In 1728, admission there became paid - at a shilling per person. "Silver" tickets were also issued – for the season. Another park "aged" (opening date – 1766) is the Prater, located in Vienna (Austria). A remarkable example of a European recreation park that has existed for 166 years is the Tivoli Gardens Park (Copenhagen), comparable in age to Oktoberfest.

In Russia, as in Europe, the first attractions are considered to be the extant swings and slides for rolling, which were popular with all segments of society.

In the XVII -XVIII centuries, such entertainment as water games (comic fountains) became widespread. Jets of water suddenly burst out of the ground, drenching the participants of the fun (similar "firecrackers" are still used, for example, in Peterhof).

A breakthrough in the entertainment industry can be considered the invention of the "mechanical roller coaster" by the Russian mechanic A.K. Nartov of the Petrovsky era. In practice, his idea was realized in 1747, when the first roller coaster was built especially for Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in St. Petersburg. The French, who got acquainted with this attraction in the XIX century. during the war of 1812, called it "Russian roller Coasters". This name was eventually recognized all over the world.

At the end of the XVIII century. balloon flights became fashionable.

At the Great World's Fair in London (1851), a temporary park was organized where you could ride carousels, a Ferris wheel and a landscape railway.

In 1884, in New York, and in 1897, the first mechanized slides appeared in Japan. But they were just rides, like the classic carousels with horses. Soon such carousels were equipped with mechanisms to create a sense of racing and eliminate the risk of falling and have survived to the present times.

The real boom in the opening of new attractions began in the wealthier America when Europe was still recovering from the losses of the First World War.

Over time, the attractions located in a limited area acquired the status of parks: first, recreation parks, and then theme and water parks (water parks and beach entertainment), as well as family recreation parks.

The mentioned "boom" also affected the USSR.  Gorky Central Park of Culture and Recreation (CPKiO), created in 1928 by order of I.V. Stalin as a "combine of culture in the fresh air", is still considered the largest in Eastern Europe. Soon the first stationary attraction appeared in it - the Ferris wheel. Later, a similar wheel was installed in Izmailovsky Park. This is how the government program for the construction and development of parks in the USSR, conceived back in the days of the NEP, began to be implemented. From that moment on, a park boom began in the USSR.

Amusement parks have also received proper development in Russia.

Today, experts most often call "Divo-Island" (St. Petersburg) as the best theme park. It has existed since 2003, and a year after its opening it was recognized as the best park in the Russian Federation and CIS countries, having received the "Grand Prix" of the All-Russian competition "Crystal Wheel".

Alas, rides are pleasant, but not so harmless entertainment. The mentioned technologies often cause tragedies. Technical problems on the rides can lead to real tragedies.

Experts divide incidents in amusement parks into four categories. The first category includes accidents caused by visitors due to non-compliance with safety rules. The second reason is non–compliance with the safety rules for the operation of attractions by their employees. The third reason is a malfunction of the equipment. The third is purely medical, i.e. the reaction of the human body to overloads that occur during participation in the attraction. And yet, the main cause of death of people around the world remains precisely violations of safety regulations during the operation of attractions.

As a result, it can be reasonably argued that any attraction is an object of increased danger.

In the CIS countries, where the entertainment industry is not as widely developed as in the West, accidents on rides occur, all with the same considerable frequency. According to the Russian Association of Amusement Parks and Manufacturers (RAPA), today in Russian parks from 70% to 90% of attractions have fulfilled their allotted service life and pose a threat to the lives of vacationers ^[6-8].

Unfortunately, the situation in the Russian Federation has not improved at the moment. Alas, there are no official statistics of such accidents in the Russian Federation. Neither does RAPPA deal with this in detail. Only according to reports, according to reports in the media and public publications, it can be stated that serious accidents happen today.

The significance of the attractions lies in the effect of hormesis described in Figure 4 ^[1].

Fig. 4. The conceptual idea of hormesis

Until now, there is no detailed federal legislation regulating the operation of attractions in the Russian Federation. Everything is determined only by local regulations, which, for obvious reason, are local in nature.

But the problems of attraction safety arose acutely in 2002, when the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation abolished the republican inspection for the control of the operation of attractions and labor protection. Since then, there has been no oversight of the entertainment industry. The problem was again approached in 2003 – after the adoption by the State Duma of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Technical Regulation" dated December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ, which then ordered the owners of attractions to follow the technical regulations ^[9].

An attempt to resolve this contradiction can be considered the draft federal law "On special technical regulations "Safety of devices for entertainment"". It was submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation by the deputy of a number of convocations V.G. Draganov. The author of the project proposed to establish the principles of technical regulation in the field of safety of entertainment devices, which are based on the experience of using Directive 98/37/EC "On the safety of machinery and equipment" and the European standard EN 13814 "Designs and mechanisms of permanent and mobile amusement parks. Security". Alas, this bill is still being studied by deputies. Probably because the participants of the entertainment market consider the requirements of the new regulations to be too strict, claim that the reissue of all documents will take a lot of time and money, and, apparently, lobby for the delay in the adoption of the said regulations. As a result, when the latter will be adopted in the form of a law and whether it will be approved at all remains open.

In anticipation of the adoption of the above-mentioned law, a number of regions, including the Krasnodar Territory, were forced to develop local title documents, for example, the Resolution of the Head of the Administration of the Krasnodar Territory "On Amendments to the Resolution of the Head of the Administration of the Krasnodar Territory dated June 30, 2006 No. 536 "On approval of the rules for the protection of human life on water in the Krasnodar Territory and Rules for the use of water bodies in the Krasnodar Territory for navigation on small vessels"" dated February 14, 2008 No. 78 (as amended by Resolutions of the Head of Administration (Governor) of the Krasnodar Territory dated 03.02.2009 No. 55, dated 17.03.2010 No. 154, dated 27.08.2010 No. 733, dated 07.04.2011 No. 327, dated 25.07.2011 No. 788, dated 11.11.2014 No. 1241, dated 21.09.2015 N 887) ^[10]. In accordance with Article 5 of this document, entitled "Measures to ensure the safety of the public on water attractions", the following is specifically established:

1) for the period of the bathing season, the owner of the water attraction operating it, taking into account the peculiarities of the location, the size of the coastal territory and the water area of the water attraction, organizes the deployment of one or more rescue posts with the necessary watercraft, equipment, equipment in accordance with the proper equipment report card, which organizes the duty of rescue sailors and medical personnel to prevent accidents and providing assistance;

2) in order to ensure the safety of users of water attractions and swimmers on adjacent sections of beaches, rules for their use and behavior of people on water bodies should be developed for each water attraction, which should be posted in a prominent place on the territory of the water attraction. These rules of use must contain the following basic provisions: age restrictions of the visitors served; sanitary and epidemiological safety measures; 3) prohibitions on the operation of a water attraction under certain hydrometeorological conditions; safety rules; only specially trained personnel who have been instructed in safety techniques are allowed to service water attractions.

Today, the regulatory regulation of the safety of attractions has changed for the better. For a certain time, the procedure for obtaining a certificate for rides was regulated by Government Decree No. 982 ^[11]. According to this document, all attractions had to undergo conformity assessment in the form of certification or declaration. Mechanized rides were subject to certification, i.e. rides that are driven by electric motors, hydraulic drive, pneumatic drive, etc. Non–mechanized rides that are powered by human muscle power were declared ^[12]. The document becomes invalid from September 1, 2022 in connection with the publication of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2021 No. 2425, which approved the new lists ^[13].

On April 18, 2018, the Technical Regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union "On the Safety of Attractions" (EAEU TR 038/2016) came into effect ^[14]. The technical Regulations establish other criteria for evaluating attractions than the Government Decree. The choice of the type of conformity assessment now depends on the degree of potential risk to the passenger's health. The most dangerous ones are subject to certification, the less dangerous ones are subject to declaration. Confirmation of compliance can be for serial production or for a batch of attractions. A certificate is issued for mass-produced products for a period of up to five years, the validity period of the certificate of conformity for the batch is not limited. Technical inspection is one of the forms of conformity assessment, it is applied to attractions that have already been or are currently in operation. In fact, an inspection is an annual technical inspection of an existing attraction in order to identify and eliminate existing shortcomings that may threaten the passenger's health. In its content, the technical examination practically repeats the certification tests, sometimes even in a more extended version. It is carried out by employees of independent accredited laboratories, who, upon completion of the examination, issue a certificate of technical inspection, which indicates whether the operation of the attraction is possible in the future. Upon receipt of the certificate of technical inspection, the customer or owner is sent to Gostekhnadzor or other supervisory authorities and there receives an admission ticket for the next year of operation.

The provisions of the EAEU Technical Regulation 042/2017 "On the safety of equipment for Children's Playgrounds" ^[15], which entered into force on the territory of the Russian Federation in November 2018, also apply to attractions for children. The development has been carried out for 6 years, since the inclusion of this type of product in the list of the Customs Union as important from the point of view of ensuring the safety of users. In total, four such types of products were identified, including attractions. The development of the regulations entered the active phase only in 2014, when the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) officially assumed the functions of the developer. With the support of this organization, working groups were formed at the EEC itself and in the participating countries. In the Russian Federation, such a group actively worked under the RSPP. Of course, the most important role was played by professional organizations, such as TK-455 in the Russian Federation and BelGISS in the Republic of Belarus. After the experts came to a common position on the requirements, terms and formulations, the regulations were coordinated by the relevant ministries in the EAEU countries for about a year. There were not so many comments, and then all the procedures clearly regulated in the legislation of the EAEU were carried out as planned, and it was signed by representatives of the participating countries and published ^[16]. But this is only the beginning of a lot of work on its implementation and the creation of a regulatory framework that ensures the safety of entertainment and attractions in particular.

Conclusions

As studies have shown, attractions are the main part of human recreation, which allows, in accordance with the effect of hormesis, to have a stimulating effect on the body and restore both physical health and relieve psycho-emotional overstrain. However, the operation of attractions is always associated with technical risks that can negate the positive impact and significantly worsen the state of health. The active development of the industry is not accompanied by adequate regulatory regulation, therefore, for the effective operation of the amusement park safety system, first of all, a regulatory framework is needed, which is the basis for the work of all market participants in achieving goals, its development corresponds to the main provisions of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 02.07.2021 No. 400) ^[17] and the national development goals of the Russian Federation (approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 21.07.2020, No. 424) ^[18].

The regulatory framework, in our opinion, should include: 1) laws of the Russian Federation; 2) special technical regulations establishing mandatory requirements for the safety of production, certification, storage, transportation, sale, use, operation and disposal of attractions and other entertainment devices at all stages of their life cycle; 3) national standards of the Russian Federation establishing general safety requirements that must be observed when design, manufacture, operation and disposal of various attractions and auxiliary devices for entertainment, regardless of the place of their use, in order to minimize the risks associated with the use of entertainment devices; 4) laws and legislative acts of local authorities.

Secondly, testing laboratories and certification firms accredited by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology should assess the compliance of the safety level of products and services with the requirements. They, as a third party, should be independent from both manufacturers and operators, as well as from supervision and control bodies.

Thirdly, federal or municipal bodies of supervision and control in their activities should rely more on legal, and not only on administrative resources and take into account the interests of not only consumers, but also businesses.

Fourth, voluntary certification systems registered in the Federal Register play an important role in assessing the level of professional knowledge of the personnel of entertainment industry enterprises, the quality of products and services provided by these enterprises.

Fifth, a workable system for ensuring the safety of attractions and entertainment devices can be developed and implemented only through the joint efforts of all interested parties.

It is time to form an inspection for the supervision of attraction equipment in the system of municipal authorities by analogy with the corresponding department, which exists in the structure of the "Specialized State Inspection for the Supervision of the technical condition of Self-propelled Vehicles and Other Types of Equipment of the Association of Administrative and Technical Inspections of Moscow", entrusting it with control over the technical condition of all, without exception, types attraction equipment on the territory of the resort, as well as certification of employees of attractions in order to ensure the safety of life and health of citizens, protection of their rights and legitimate interests.