German-speaking travelers of the XVIII-XIX centuries in the Crimea.

Krygin Roman Vyacheslavovich ORCID: 0000-0002-9840-8498 Lecturer, Department of German Philology, State Educational Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov" 295014, Russia, respublika Krym, g. Simferopol', ul. Turistov, 24, of. ul. Turistov, 24 romakrygin@gmail.com Other publications by this author

One of the earliest explorers of the region was Karl Gablitz.

In 1783, after the publication of the manifesto of Catherine II "On the adoption of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side under the Russian empire", Karl Gablitz was sent to the Crimea as a new member of the St. Petersburg Free Economic Society with the assignment to compile a natural science description of the Crimea "on all three kingdoms of nature", as well as to conduct topographic surveys. From the last month of spring to autumn, he toured the Crimean mountains, as well as the steppe part of the peninsula, and in December 1783 he sent "A physical description of the Tauride region by its location and all the kingdoms of nature."

This work becomes the first geological, botanical and biological description of the peninsula. Many new terms, names, characteristics of geographical objects of the Crimea are introduced into scientific circulation, namely: the division of the peninsula into parts ("flat or flat", "mountainous", and "Kerch Peninsula", three ridges were identified in the mountainous part: "advanced", "medium" mountains and "extreme Southern ridge". For the first time, the "Midday" (Southern) Coast of Crimea was named as an independent geographical unit. Also, thanks to Gablitz, they learned about the mineral wealth of the region.

Karl Ivanovich Gablits traveled around the southern coast, but lived mainly in Simferopol. He notes that the flora of the Tauride region presents differences, depending on the position of the place and the properties of the soil, as well as the climate. ^[10]

The next chronological traveler will be Peter Simon Pallas, who was born on September 22, 1741 in Berlin.

On December 22, 1766, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts elected P. S. Pallas as its full member and professor of natural history. At first he refused, but later in April 1767 he agreed. On July 30, 1767, Pallas and his family arrived in Russia to work as an adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Board of Assessors.^[9]

Catherine II was interested in the structure and riches of her empire, and therefore she had the idea of a comprehensive study of the country in order to find out its geological, mineralogical, animal and plant resources, as well as to identify the historical, socio-economic and ethnographic features of its individual regions.^[8]

Natural science expeditions of the Catherine period cover a vast territory of Russia – from the Barents Sea in the north to the Black Sea (North Caucasus and Crimea). ^[13]

In 1801, the journey of the scientist "Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in die s?dlichen Staathalterschaften des Russichen Reichs in den Jahren 1793 und 1794 Zweiter Band" appeared. Leipzig. 1801». The work is a travelogue with illustrations.  ^[13]

In this essay Pallas describes the vegetation of the Crimea: 1) Ueber den gegenw?rtigen Zustand der Krym und deren m?glichen ?konomischen Werbesserungen 2) Ueber die ?konomische Beschaffenheit und Kultur der Krym und zur Nahrung dienlichen Produktion aus dem Pfalnzreiche 3) Von Krymischen Weinbaue (p. 402) 4) Von Fruchtgarten in der Krym 5 ) Von den Waldbaeumen und Straeuchern der Krym 6) Von oekonomisch-n?tzlichen Gewaechsen. ^[8]

The scientist became famous for his scientific expeditions to Siberia and Southern Russia, made a significant contribution to the formation and development of biology, ethnography, geography, philology, is one of the founders of biogeography and ecology.

It is also worth noting the joint work of two researchers - Moritz von Engelhart and Friedrich Parrott – "Reise in die Krim und den Kaukasus", published in 1815.  In their research, the authors used a barometer to measure the difference in the Black and Caspian sea levels. The authors also explain the relationship between height and the development of flowering plants. ^[3]

Friedrich August Marshal von Biberstein made a great contribution to the development of botany. The author's scientific career began in 1792, when Friedrich August Marshal von Biberstein became a secretary to Count MV Kakhovsky and left with him for the Crimea. The researcher spends almost three years in the Crimea, during which time he lays the foundations of his work entitled "Flora Taurico-Caucasica", published in 1808 in Latin. During this time, he also got acquainted with the Howitzer. ^[11]

Some of the plants described by Biberstein were presented for the first time. Emperor Paul I was so pleased with the author's work that he appointed him chief inspector of sericulture in Southern Russia. It is worth noting that with the assistance of Biberstein, a decree was also signed on the establishment of the Imperial State Botanical Garden in the Crimea. ^[12]

Chronologically, the next researcher will be Peter Ivanovich Keppen (born 1793). The special merit of this scientist is to find out the former names of cities and settlements of the Crimea. So, in the list of names of the city of Old Crimea, they collected 22 names. These studies were published in his "Crimean Collection", which later became an integral part of the "Ethnographic Map of Russia", published in 1851.^[3]

P. I. Keppen was born in Kharkov in 1793. His father was a Brandenburg native, one of the 30 doctors summoned by Catherine II, who was in charge of the medical unit. After graduating from Kharkiv University, the scientist moved to St. Petersburg and joined the postal department, where he met numerous representatives of science and literature and took part in the foundation of the Society of Russian Literature.

In 1818, Koppen compiled an extract in Russian from Lerberg's essay: "Untersuchungen zur lauterung der alten Geschichte Russlands", under the title: "Historical research on the Yugra land". Thanks to this work, Count Rumyantsev drew attention to the scientist and, due to his patronage, K?ppen became the second editor of the official "Northern Mail". ^[5]

In 1822, K?ppen traveled abroad, as a result of which he met many outstanding German scientists of that time and became an intermediary between Western Slavists and Russian scientists.

In 1825, K?ppen began publishing "Bibliographic Sheets", consisting of reports on all outstanding works of Slavic literature. The article "A critical study of Cyril and Methodius" became the reason for Magnitsky's denunciation of the scientist that he allegedly writes against the decree of the Orthodox Church. The court, consisting of representatives of the ecclesiastical department, fully acquitted K?ppen. In the years from 1826 to 1829, the scientist conducted an active correspondence with Slavists Ganka, Shafarik and Chelakovsky. ^[5]

Finally, in 1829, K?ppen was appointed assistant chief inspector of sericulture and moved to the Crimea, where he lived until 1834. Annually touring the space between the Volga and the Dniester, K?ppen collected a huge amount of material on the geography and natural history of these areas.

Of great importance is the "Ethnographic map of Russia", which K?ppen compiled in 1851. Of his archaeological works, it is worth noting "On the antiquities of the southern coast of the Crimea and the Tauride Mountains" ("Crimean Collection", 1837). ^[4]

The most important works of the scientist devoted to statistics, geography, and ethnography include the following works: "Russlands Gesammtbevolkerung im Jahre 1838" (St. Petersburg); "Ueber die Dichtigkeit der Bev?lkerung in den Province des europaischen Russlands" (1845); "Ueber die Verteilung der Bewohner Russlands nach Standen in den verschiedenen Province"; "Ninth revision. A study on the number of inhabitants in Russia in 1851" (St. Petersburg, 1857); "Statistische Reise ins Land Donischen Kasacken durch die Gouvernements Tula, Orel und Woronesh im Jahre 1850" (St. Petersburg, 1852).^[4]

· K?ppen P.I. About winemaking and wine trade in Russia. (1832) (Which also describes the process of improving winemaking in the Crimea (p.105)

· K?ppen P.I. Crimean collection. St. Petersburg (1837)

· K?ppen P.I. Cities and villages of the Tula diocese. (St. Petersburg 1858, 1862)

· K?ppen P.I. On national censuses in Russia (1889)

The scientist also took an active part in the preparatory work for the publication of the Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire. Other works of the scientist include the following works: "Ueber den Wald–u. Wasser-Vorrath im Gebiete d. obern und mittern Wolga» («Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Rus. Reichs", volume IV, 1841); "Ueber die Temperatur von 13 Quellen der Taurischen Halbinsel" (in the memoirs of the Academy, Sciences mathematicques, volume II); "Wege und Pfade des Taurischen Gebirges" (Sciences mathematicques, volume II); "On the observation of periodic natural phenomena" ("Journal of the Ministry of State property, 1845, September); "On harmful insects" (publication of the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of State Property, St. Petersburg, 1845);

«Finnland in ethnographischer Beziehung» (1846); «Der litthauische Volkstamm» (1851).

K?ppen died in 1864 in his Crimean estate of Karabagh, which is located near Alushta, where he spent most of his time, being ill since 1852.^[5]

It is worth noting that many members of the K?ppen family were somehow connected with science and the study of nature, flora and fauna.

So, Fedor Petrovich K?ppen (German Friedrich Theodor K?ppen), who was born in the estate of Karabakh, which is located near Alushta on December 30, 1833. And is the elder brother of the climate scientist V.P. Keppen and the son of P. I. Keppen. ^[4]

So, in his work "?ber die Heuschrecken in S?drussland, nebst einem Anhange ?ber einige andere daselbst vorkommende sch?dliche Insekten", K?ppen describes periodic natural phenomena of the Crimea, he writes that the Southern Coast of the Crimea is remarkable for the fact that organic life does not freeze here throughout the year and that similar can be found in the Mediterranean region.

Also in the work of his brother V. K?ppen "Die Jahrzeiten in der Krim von K?ppen" in "Russiche Rew?e XXII Band, 1883" the nature of the Crimea was described, in particular the blooms of Cornus mascula, ficaria ranunculus, teucrium chamaedrys. ^[6]

Finally, in 1854, the work "Die Krim und Odessa Reiseerinnerungen" was published. The author of the work is Professor Karl Koch. The author decides to explore the Crimean cities of Feodosia, Simferopol, Sevastopol, Balaklava, Alupka, Livadia. Karl Koch wants to explore the culture of people living in Crimea, as well as the natural climate.

Due to the fact that Crimea has a unique and diverse nature, the region was often explored in the 18th and 19th century, not only by Russian researchers who had to expand Catherine II's knowledge about her state, but also by scientists of German origin. The region was explored by the K?ppen family, Peter Simon Pallas, Moritz von Engelhart, Friedrich Parrott, Biberstein, and Karl Gablitz.