Abstract: This research is based on images of famous figures of the antiquity era—the King of Macedonia, Philip II, and his son Alexander—and their reflections in the pages of fifth-grade textbooks on world history. Particular attention is paid to the correspondence of the information in school textbooks to historical sources and materials of historical research on these rulers.

The completeness of the reflection of the images of the two most famous Macedonian kings is analyzed, as well as a system of tasks and questions that deepen knowledge directly about outstanding historical figures and the turning point of ancient history as a whole. The authors conclude that Philip's personality and activity are almost completely eclipsed by the vivid image of Alexander, which corresponds to general historiographical trends. Philip's era and transformations, which changed the course of Greek and world history, are briefly and casually discussed, or only one of the sides of his military reform is considered. This does not allow us to fully assess the significance of this figure in ancient history and analyze his contribution to the transformation of the Greek world.

At the same time, Alexander is presented in textbooks not just as a talented commander but, in fact, as the greatest hero of antiquity. His personality's negative aspects have been smoothed out and are practically not mentioned. In the end, all that remains is a brilliant commander and a talented ruler.

It seems that this can lead not only to a distorted perception of specific historical figures' activities but also to the formation of an inherently vicious belief that timely reforms and transformations are of incomparably less value than military campaigns and conquests.

Abstract: This research is based on images of famous figures of the antiquity era—the King of Macedonia, Philip II, and his son Alexander—and their reflections in the pages of fifth-grade textbooks on world history. Particular attention is paid to the correspondence of the information in school textbooks to historical sources and materials of historical research on these rulers.

The completeness of the reflection of the images of the two most famous Macedonian kings is analyzed, as well as a system of tasks and questions that deepen knowledge directly about outstanding historical figures and the turning point of ancient history as a whole. The authors conclude that Philip's personality and activity are almost completely eclipsed by the vivid image of Alexander, which corresponds to general historiographical trends. Philip's era and transformations, which changed the course of Greek and world history, are briefly and casually discussed, or only one of the sides of his military reform is considered. This does not allow us to fully assess the significance of this figure in ancient history and analyze his contribution to the transformation of the Greek world.

At the same time, Alexander is presented in textbooks not just as a talented commander but, in fact, as the greatest hero of antiquity. His personality's negative aspects have been smoothed out and are practically not mentioned. In the end, all that remains is a brilliant commander and a talented ruler.

It seems that this can lead not only to a distorted perception of specific historical figures' activities but also to the formation of an inherently vicious belief that timely reforms and transformations are of incomparably less value than military campaigns and conquests.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the distinctive features of δίκαι εμπορικαί – special type of proceedings in the Athens People's Court of the IV century BC associated with maritime trade operations, which is of crucial importance due to the constant need of the Athenian State for imported grain. The main source for revealing the specificity of this type of proceedings are the speeches attributed to the remarkable Athenian orator Demosthenes: “Against Zenothemid”, “Against Apaturia”, “Against Phormio”, and “Against Lacrit”), as well as speech LVI ("Against Dionysodorus"). This topic is important for understanding the development of Athenian judicial system; however, it is virtually unstudied in the Russian historiography, except certain aspects in the works of L. M. Gluskina and L. P. Marinovich. The following conclusions are made:
 
- A distinctive feature of δίκαι εμπορικαί processes was the participation of foreigners and possibility of challenging the decision by filing a protest;
 
- They were announced to be held in a short period of time throughout the navigation period;
 
- The case was considered on the basis of a written agreement, which had privilege over all other laws.
Due to such favorable terms, Athens remained attractive city for conducting trade. The Emporiums were allowed to conclude permanent deals based on the Athens’s need for grain, as well as could count on the quick settlement of conflicts if such emerged. This is how the Athenian State solved the problem of bread delivery to the city.