Abstract: The subject of this article is the concept of "evil" in the linguistic worldviews of three different cultures – Russian, French and Chinese. As part of the contrastive analysis, the authors study and compare various aspects of this concept, while using a well-defined algorithm. The study covers the etymology of the word in each of the languages, mythological roots, as well as its compatibility with other lexical units. Special attention is paid to the allocation of material connotation, as proposed by V. A. Uspensky, and the comparison of dictionary definitions. The main purpose of the work is to identify the unique and common features of the concept of "evil" in the semantic fields of these cultures, which allows for a better understanding of the ideological specifics of the Russian, French and Chinese peoples. The scientific methods of research are : the comparative historical method, the method of generalization, the method of semantic analysis.
This topic is poorly studied and relevant, because there were no early linguistic and cultural studies of the West-Russia-East coverage analyzing this concept in Russian, French and Chinese languages and cultures, which is the scientific novelty of the work. The findings of the study emphasize the diversity of perception and representation of the concept of "evil" in different cultures. In Russian, evil is the antonym of good, it is embodied and animated in the form of a hostile principle, against which a person actively fights. In French, "mal" originally had a religious meaning associated with the devil, but in modern language the emphasis has shifted to the meanings of "pain" and "illness". At the same time, the fight against evil is more evident in philosophical and religious contexts than in everyday life. In Chinese culture, the roots of the concept of "恶" are associated with ancient ideas about ancestral spirits and are opposed to goodness through associations with dirt, diseases and weeds. In addition, the influence of Christianity during the late Qing Dynasty was reflected in the perception of sin in modern Chinese.

Abstract: This paper examines the importance of Chinese ethnicity through the example of the historically first dynasty named the Yuan Dynasty, where the rulers were nomadic conquerors and not of Han descent. The aim of the paper is to explore the ethnic aspect of the process of liquidating the Yuan Empire and the importance of the unity of the Chinese people. The methodology of the paper includes the use of different resources, including chronicles, historical research and sources showing the realities not only from the Chinese side, but also from the Mongol side. This approach makes it possible to consider the issue from both sides and obtain more objective conclusions. The results show that the importance of the unity of the Chinese people became evident as early as the Han era, when the concept of "Han man" became politically significant. For the first time, cultural attributes were no longer the only factor uniting people, and nationality became crucial to the unity of the state. The scope of the work includes the study of Chinese history, ethnic relations and nationality issues. The novelty of the work lies in the use of different sources and consideration of the issue from different angles, which allows for a more complete picture of historical process. The conclusions of the paper emphasise the importance of nationality as a sign for state unity and show that national problems can become a factor that can weaken and destroy even the most powerful states.

Abstract: The article examines the idea of "anger" in two linguistic worldviews - Russian and Chinese. The study is a contrastive one, the obtained results are compared. The description of each concept follows a clear algorithm: the etymology of the word is explored, the mythological roots of the concept are examined, its collocations are analyzed, and the substantive connotation is extracted from the collocations following the approach of V. A. Uspensky. Dictionary definitions are also compared. The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the representation of the idea of "anger" in these cultures based on the material of semantic fields in the Russian and Chinese languages. Furthermore, a comparison is made to identify similarities and differences in the worldview of different peoples. The research employs various scientific methods, such as the comparative-historical method, the method of generalization, and the method of semantic analysis. This topic is relatively underexplored and relevant since there have been no previous linguistic and cultural studies analyzing this concept in Russian and Chinese languages and cultures, which represents the scientific novelty of the work. The results obtained will contribute to establishing mutual understanding between cultures, serving as a kind of conceptual bridge for representatives of different cultures. These findings will be used in the teaching of regional studies, comparative cultural studies, and in the instruction of relevant languages in higher education institutions.

Abstract: The author examines the idea of "occurrence" in two linguistic pictures of the world - Russian and Chinese. The study is comparative. The description of each idea is made according to a clear algorithm: the etymology of the word, the mythological roots of the concept, its compatibility, a comparison of dictionary definitions is made. The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the idea of "occurrence" in the Russian and Chinese languages. The purpose of the comparison is to see the similarities and differences in the worldview of different nations. Scientific methods of research are: comparative-historical method, method of generalization, method of semantic analysis. This topic is understudied, no linguocultural studies analyzing this idea in Russian and Chinese culture have been observed earlier, which constitutes the scientific novelty of the work. The results will contribute to mutual understanding between peoples, forming a kind of conceptual bridge, and will also be used in courses on regional studies, comparative studies of cultures, and in the teaching of the respective languages.

Abstract: This paper presents a comparative investigation of the metaphorical semantics of the numeral "three" in Russian and Chinese phraseological units (PU). The aim of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the meaning of the number "three" in these PUs and to determine the national peculiarities of their usage. The authors apply a lexico-semantic synchronous approach, focusing on the semantic analysis of the number "three" in terms of its metaphorical lexical meanings and lexical-syntactic groups indicating quantity. The study confirms that symbolic meanings of the number "three" in Russian and Chinese PUs sometimes coincide, yet there are distinct national specificities. In Russian PUs, the number "three" often carries the meaning of "more than the norm," reflecting the transition from ancient to modern linguistic worldview. In Chinese PUs, the meaning "less than the norm" is entirely absent, but the overall usage of the number "three" is more ambiguous, often serving to generalize similar characteristics. The research findings have practical implications for cross-linguistic communication and cultural understanding. The authors conclude that Russian PUs with the number "three" conveying the meaning of "more than the norm" are prevalent in contemporary speech, while those with the meaning of "norm" have become outdated. The analysis of evaluative language in Chinese PUs shows a preference for metaphors related to objects or concepts rather than groups of people. The study underscores the significance of cultural context in the analysis of the symbolic semantics of the number "three" in phraseology and demonstrates the potential of contrastive linguistics in better understanding linguistic peculiarities and cultural nuances.

Abstract: This article highlights the analysis of the textbook of universal history for the 9th grade, printed in China in the 1950s. The paper examines the features of the descriptions of Russia in the textbook, as well as the relationship between textbooks and the policy pursued by China during this period. Text criticism, linguoculturological and imagological analysis are the main methods of our research.

The results of the work indicate that the Chinese government in the historical period considered in the textbook sought to form a certain image of Russia among schoolchildren, which was associated with events in Russian-Chinese relations. The study of Chinese history textbooks made it possible to analyze the historical perspective and cultural dynamics between Russia and China during the Cold War. The importance of studying history textbooks and their influence on the worldview of students is emphasized in the conclusions of the article. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the political and ideological goals that can be embedded in history textbooks.

So, this study allowed us to understand more deeply the historical perspective of Russian-Chinese relations during the Cold War and to realize the importance of studying history textbooks. The results of the study can be used in the education system, as well as in research in the field of history and international relations.