Abstract: The purpose of the study of the article is to consider the legal regulation of the field of pharmacy in the late 17th - early 19th centuries, using the methods of historical heuristics and general statistics. The relevance of studying the problem of legal regulation of pharmacy is due to the fact that, despite the high scientific interest in the history of medicine, as one of the leading areas of interdisciplinary research, there is an extremely limited number of works on the issue under consideration, mainly represented by general lecture courses for medical students. The object of this study is the process of legislative regulation of pharmacy in the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The subject of study is a wide range of normative legal acts presented in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. A special contribution of the authors of the study of the topic is the analysis of more than 150 legal acts (NLA) for the specified historical period. The authors carry out the distribution of the NPAs under consideration according to the subjects of their regulation by the periods of leadership of the country by the Russian rulers. The authors conclude that pharmacy was an important component of legislative activity in the field of legal regulation of healthcare. Directions of regulation within the framework of pharmacy for the period under review cover a wide range: from military pharmacies to determining the behavior of pharmacy students. The formation of pharmacy in Russia has largely developed, as legal sources show, thanks to the imperative norms of the supreme power.

Abstract: The object of this research is the regional youth representative structures, while the subject is the establishment of youth parliamentary structures in the Russian Federation. The research leans on the methodology of historical neo-institutionalism with the “path dependence” approach. Attention is turned to studying the topic from the perspective of the need of federal and regional government in young personnel, substantiated by the shortage of competent specialists as a result of social disturbances. The empirical basis of this research is the interview with the former governor of Vologda Region (from 1996 to 2011) Vyacheslav Pozgalev, who was among the pioneers of the youth parliamentary movement. The novelty of this lies in examination of the phenomenon of youth parliamentarism in historical aspect. The date of creation of the first youth parliamentary body in Russia is established. The author determines five key prerequisites for the emergence of youth parliamentarism in the Russian Federation: European Charter; proliferation of the Western democratic values; political situation in the country; need for conventional self-expression of youth and creation of the filter for the youth labor pool. These prerequisites contributed the emergence and development of the institutions for expressing the political demands of the youth in the context of continuous dialogue ion with the federal and local government.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the escalation of Turkey-Syria conflict in February–March 2020. The authors explore the prerequisites of the conflict, development stages, escalation factors, and consequences of confrontation. Description is given to the positions of the three opposing actors: Syrian-Russian, Turkish, and NATO bloc. The methodology of event analysis methodology is applied to the conflict. Emphasis is placed on the course of events reflected in charts. Use of the method of event analysis allows tracing the key vectors and their intersection: escalation – peacemaking. The author employs media reports of all parties to the conflict for demonstrating the peculiarities of escalation of the confrontation. The novelty lies in application of the method of event analysis method for assessing the specifics of escalation of the Spring Shield military operation in the conditions of modern hybrid warm, which provides different perspectives on the conflict. The conclusion is made on interaction of the actors and their impact upon escalation and peacemaking. It is established that Syria and Turkey exerted major impact upon escalation of the conflict, while Russia acted as the arbiter and the main force of moderation. Conflict potential of the Idlib crisis remains high and characterized as protracted semi-frozen conflict.

Abstract: The subject of the study is the level of civic activity of Vologda Oblast residents in the public life of the region. The research is based on general scientific, interdisciplinary and private scientific methods. In the course of the study, an online questionnaire survey was used as a quantitative research method for data collection; data analysis methods used in the course of studying the subject of the study: statistical analysis, interpretation. The empirical part of the study presents the chi-square method, one-dimensional data distribution and correlation analysis. The methodological basis of the study was societal neo-institutionalism. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of civic activity of residents of the Vologda Oblast. Based on the conducted research and the theory considered, the following conclusions were drawn: the majority of respondents have a significant level of unrealized political activity, while they are distinguished by a fairly high level of readiness for mobilization within civil society, which can be implemented not only in the framework of constructive activities, but also destructive with the accumulation of unrealized political participation. Respondents showed a low level of participation in public life, which indicates incomplete realization of their mobilization potential, social capital is not used sufficiently. There is a connection between the level of knowledge of the authorities in the areas of responsibility of the LSG bodies and the assessment of their activities. Also, the level of knowledge of authority is related to the level of trust in the head of the municipality. Groups of respondents with this knowledge mostly trust the head and evaluate the work of the LSG bodies higher than do the groups of respondents who stated the lack of this knowledge. The civic activity of residents of the Vologda Oblast as a whole is characterized by high indicators of readiness to work in public organizations, but at the same time weak indicators of involvement in public life.