Abstract: The article presents a detailed history of Camille Desmoulins' newspaper "The Old Cordelier" in the historical and political context of the Jacobin terror. The content of seven issues of the newspaper is examined, and an attempt is made to reveal Desmoulins' concept of the publication in his dispute with the leader of the extreme left, Hébert, and the all-powerful dictator Robespierre. The first issues of "The Old Cordelier" satisfied Robespierre because they aimed at Hébert and the cult of Reason preached by him. However, gradually the meaning of Desmoulins' texts began to change. The journalist began to write about the shortcomings of the entire machine of state terror and, eventually, inevitably, to criticize Robespierre. Already with his third issue, Desmoulins aroused the discontent of the Jacobin and Cordelier Clubs, from which he was expelled shortly after. The sixth issue was held up by the publisher Desenne, who demanded that the most acute fragments be removed. The seventh issue of the newspaper, which Desmoulins was editing when he was arrested, was published only after Thermidor, and even then with cuts. Desmoulins' political views, which were quite radical at the beginning of the Revolution, underwent a significant evolution against the backdrop of the Terror. In order to influence events, he returned to journalism and began publishing his own newspaper again - an activity he had abandoned when he moved away from publishing the periodical brochure "Revolutions of France and Brabant". A talented journalist, Desmoulins constructed the texts of his issues using "Aesopian" language and allegorical images, which, however, were quite understandable to his contemporaries. Desmoulins' political position became increasingly irreconcilable with the government's terrorist policy. In the end, the fight against Robespierre from the pages of the newspapers led to Desmoulins ending up on the guillotine.

Abstract: Napoleon's "Civil Code" is a fundamental work of European legal thought. M.M. Speransky, appointed by Emperor Alexander I to the Commission for Drafting Laws, of course, could not help but refer to this text; moreover, he actively used it when drafting his famous "Draft Civil Code", but revised many of its provisions when adapting it to the class-based Russian society. Nevertheless, the influence of the Code on Speransky's "Draft" was so noticeable that it caused sharp rejection in conservative circles. The main opponents of the Secretary of State were N.M. Karamzin and A.S. Shishkov, who criticized the "Draft".
When writing this article, the main method was the method of discourse analysis. This method, the subject of which is traditionally defined as "speech immersed in life", made it possible to study the extralinguistic aspects of the texts of participants in the communicative field in political disputes around the legislative initiatives of M.M. Speransky in terms of their correlation with Napoleon's Civil Code. Also used were such methods as content analysis, biographical method, comparative-historical and contrastive. Despite all the similarities, the positions of Karamzin and Shishkov differed. If Shishkov categorically did not accept any changes to Russian statehood, defending the need to preserve its absolutist inviolability, then Karamzin, who admired Robespierre in his youth, then idolized Napoleon, openly declared his republicanism. The ambiguity of his position, which has been repeatedly noted by researchers, is fully explained by the phenomenon of the development of republican thought of that time, which is shown in the article. Speransky, responding to criticism of the "Project Code", stated that all such projects are similar, since they have Roman law as their source. But this was not important for his opponents, who used all available tools to discredit him.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the transformation of classical ancient rhetoric in modern media, namely of such a mandatory part of the classical presentation of speech according to Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, as rebuttal to an opponent's argument. The article employs posts of the authors of various blogs on the entertainment portals and their interaction with users’ commentaries. Response to an objection was an important element of the canon of presentation of speech in antiquity: by doing so, the speaker demonstrated a confident command of the topic, and at the same time, that the topic is objectionable and requires argumentation. The reduction of competitive eloquence turned this part of the canon into a ritual weakened its ties with the actual speech practice. In modernity, we can observe the return of rebuttal to an opponent's arguments as an independent genre – the author in his publications counts on rebuttal and prepares in advance. The novelty of this research consists in the fact that the Neo-Quintilian paradigm of modern youth media is analyzed for the first time. The main conclusions lies in revelation of transformation and deformation of the classical canon: being the so-called cultural constant, the classical canon of ancient rhetoric is conveyed to modern users through interaction with accepted patterns. The modern young audience perceives the canon indirectly, through approved or criticized examples of eloquence, eliciting rfagments thereof – thus, the semantic connection of argument and rebuttal is one of the versions of the deformed, but recognizable canon.