Abstract: The subject of this research is the pulse diagnostics of Tibetan medicine, its ability to catch the changes in pulsation in the points of palpation on radial artery of a human for establishing diagnosis. A competent specialist in pulse diagnostics is capable to determine through the palpation of three points on each carpal bone the condition of the patient’s twelve inner organs, three systems and seven tissues of the body. The precision of this method gives an opportunity to diagnose the condition of these organs and systems using the digital equipment. The object of this research is the means of soft manipulation using particular stimuli that cause predictable response of the body, which could be capture by the pulse-diagnostic equipment. Thus, a convenient stimulus is the light of certain wave length that causes response in pulsation, related to particular organs and tissues. The article provides a brief description of the results of test pulse measurements when exposed to light. For such experiments were selected the blue and red colors located on the opposite ends of the visible range of light spectrum; both colors relate to certain organs as it is described in the literature on Tibetan medicine. The effect of light demonstrated that the principles of pulse diagnostics, depicted in the classical works, may be verified using the instrumental methods. Similar experiments contribute to the development of software for pulse-diagnostic equipment, which proves the possibility of objectification of pulse diagnostics of Tibetan medicine and elaboration of digital device that may become an additional tool in the clinical practice.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the fundamental theoretical regulations of Tibetan medicine, which being a part of Buddhist teaching, has a clearly determined scientific foundation. The object is the philosophical and methodological grounds of diagnostics and treatment of diseases in Tibetan medicine. The basic terms that describe the functionality of human physic and physiology is the system of five great elements, represented on psychophysiological level as the system of three bases. The disturbance of balance of these three bases leads to health disorders. A hypothesis is put forward on functionality of the vector model of subject-object response on the psychic level (emotional expressions) and its extensive interpretation on the physiological level; at the same time it is describes as the foundation of physiological pulsation. The article provides an overview of the Dhatu system (places of manifestation of great elements in the body), as well as mutual effect of the great elements of external and internal environment. Mutual functioning of three bases of the body underlies the pulse diagnostics, as well as pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical treatment of diseases. The article analyzes the basic body functionality and principles physiological pulsation. A conclusion is made that the system of great elements has become a methodological foundation for the perception of the knowledge in Buddhism, which allows reconstructing the process of physiological pulsation in its relation with the phenomena of psychic sphere and more in-depth comprehension of such connections.

Abstract: The subject of this study is the emotions of the higher level, (or altruistic emotions like loving kindness, compassion, joy, equal attitude to all and bliss) that are symbolically designated in Buddhist tantric texts. The object of this research is Buddhist tantric literature that contains information on the structure of the emotional sphere of a person. On the basis of the original Tibetan sources (the Vajrabhairava and Vajrasattva sadhanas), the basis of a Buddhist mandala has been shown where five innate structures of the consciousness are symbolized. These structures are characterized in three aspects: the male aspect, the female aspect and the structural aspect – that of belonging to a certain “great element” (mahabhūta). The research has shown that these texts contain symbolic information on the process of purifying the mind. The nature of the emotions of higher level, i.e. of altruistic emotions, is shown as identical to the deep nature of consciousness. Impulses of the altruistic emotions occur in everyday life of an ordinary person alongside impulses of the egoistic emotions (ignorance, desire, anger, pride/greed, envy that are inseparable with human physiology). The research shows that the impulses of the altruistic emotions become values that are cultivated in the process of the self-education, self-perfection of a personality and acquiring real inner freedom. The process of purifying the mind that is symbolized in the Buddhist mandala reflects the ontological basis of the Buddhist ethics.

Abstract: This article pursues correlation between the typologies of personality by Western authors and the typology of personality of the Tibetan Buddhist and Ayurvedic medical traditions that use a specific language for the personality typology description and interpretion in the context of the «great elements»  system (mahabhūta – earth, water, wind, fire), which on the physiological level is narrowed down to the notion of «three humors» of an organism (wind, bile, phlegm). Analyzing the original sources, the author demonstrates that these traditions base the typology of personality on domination in specificities of the body, physiological processes, and psyche of one or another "beginning" of an organism or its combinations. Comparing the principles of personality classification of such Western philosophers and psychologists as Kretschmer and Sheldon with the Tibetan Buddhists tradition in Ayurveda, this work illustrates that the foundation of views upon the typology of personality of the Buddhist and Ayurvedic medical traditions lies in the theoretically substantiated and verified by the century-long practice theory of personality that differs from the European in its description language, which in turn, is based on the alternate philosophical perception of the world.

Abstract: The subject of this study is a special symbolic language used in the Buddhist teaching for a comprehensive description of a person (the physiological and psychological constituents of a personality) within the framework of the characteristic to Buddhism integral approach towards personality. The object of this research is the system of "great elements" of Indian origin (mahabhūta, i.e. earth, water, wind, fire and space) that, on the physiological level, are condensed into the "three humors" of an organism (phlegm, bile and wind). The analysis carried out in the paper allows revealing the conceptual peculiarities of the terms  through viewing them in accordance with the principles of Tibetan linguistics on three levels of the meaning (literary meaning; verbal meaning, which represents the conceptual matrix of the term; and true meaning, revealed through the pragmatics of the text). Based on examination of the complicated hierarchic structure of meanings of these terms, the author concludes that the use of this system allows interpreting texts, which describe different levels of the reality. It results in the productive method of presentation of the knowledge in Buddhist doctrine and makes it possible to include the knowledge on human as the personality into the general context of concepts about the world, using the universal language of description. The article provides the examples of interpretation of the phenomena of different levels of reality, applying the system of "great elements".