Abstract: Modern Chinese language may reveal a lot about onomasiological categories, in particular, toponyms as an element thereof. The author of this article carries out a comparative analysis of toponyms, street names in Chinese People's Republic and Russian Federation, particularly, Peking and Moscow. The aim of this research is to compare toponyms of Moscow and Peking and discover similarities and differences as well as methods of creation of street names in Russia's and China's capitals. Using description and comparative analysis, the researcher has studied semantics of street names in these two capitals. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author of the article offers his own classification of Peking and Moscow street names depending on the degree of their prior research. The results of the research include the author's conclusions about the influence of culture, picture of the world and history on the creation of street names in aforesaid cities.