Abstract: Philosophical ideas in scientific practice serve as the basis of a research position, a set of methods that implement the idea within the framework of the specialty. Philosophy is able to provide clarification of the broadest context and is reflected in the content of reasoning and conclusions. Philosophy is most widely used in the formulation of questions, the formulation of topics that make it possible to actualize the heuristic potential of humanitarian specialties, serves to include problems and ideas in the list of research tasks and goals. This is especially true of those topics that, for a number of historical reasons, were ignored and kept silent. Among these, the theme of religiosity occupies a prominent place.   The main conclusion of the study is the statement that research in the field of Russian religious philosophy is the foundation of modern humanitarian work. It can be produced in a separate region of the country as a pillar of humanitarian knowledge. Scientific practice, which is expressed in the dissertation process, in the genre of a scientific report, is based on the texts of Russian philosophers who were written at the turn of the XIX - XX century. It was concluded that Russian philosophical thought forms a communicative field in scientific processes, which allows for a constructive dialogue between various subjects of the scientific process.

Abstract: The object of the research is one of the most important issues today - the structural relations of the scientific and philosophical spheres and religion, since new communicative and ontological possibilities have appeared. The subject of the study is the separation of science, philosophy and religion, which in Modern times could not destroy the belief in a single source of knowledge, which became an organizing principle, uniting the disparate data of experimental science, which required a single goal-setting and moral attitude, justifying the meaning of the search for new types of being of matter and phenomena of consciousness. The research is organized in accordance with the structural and functional method, which allows us to correlate various disciplines of philosophy and religious knowledge with each other. The purpose of the study is the question of the relationship of philosophy and religion in modern Russian self-consciousness, based on the attitudes of philosophical thinking and religious worldview. History shows that the thesis that scientific progress will contribute to the fact that the religious worldview will be leveled does not find support in reality. Historical fractures lead to the strengthening of religion in self-consciousness, and raises the question of the relationship between philosophical thinking and religious worldview in a new way.The objectives of this study are: to prove the position that religion can be called one of the modern modes of consciousness; to show how the philosophical attitude to reality enters into a dialogue with religion with a new force – it is forced to self-determine in relation to the mythological and intuitive religious worldview; the relationship of philosophical thinking and religious worldview gives rise to new meanings which must be taken into account in modern philosophizing.The scientific novelty of the research is that the syncretic type of thinking is shown on the example of Russian religious philosophy, which activates the philosophical understanding of the world and elements of the religious picture of the world.

Abstract: The object of this research is the philosophical works of the Russian religious thinker P. A. Florensky. The subject is the extensive concept of religious philosophy, which brings certain clarity to the question of separation of the unity of philosophy and religion that takes place in modern thought. Throughout centuries, the philosophy has been defined in relation to religion. Only in the Renaissance Era, scholars and philosophers came to the conclusion that these two sciences can exist separately and pursue their initial goals. Theology should be proving the existence of God and comprehensibility of God for human mind and, most importantly, for faith. The theme of philosophy is human and existence. The main conclusions of lies in the statement that philosophy and religion do not contradict each other, neither on the subject matter nor in the fundamental cognitive attitudes that develop the ideas of human in their being. In the early XX century, the following situation has formed in Russia: if the philosophy does not acknowledge the existence of God, it no longer is considered a full-fledged science and should cease to exist. Only the materialistic trend in philosophy denied the existence of God. It has been overcome by such thinkers as N. Berdyaev, S. Frank, P. Struve, S. Bulgakov, and other. The aggravation of this issue at the turn of centuries resulted in the fact that the scholars have found  the religious topic particularly painful and fatal for the individual.

Abstract: The object of this research is the works of the prominent Russian writer F. M. Dostoevsky. The subject of this research is the opinion whether F. M. Dostoevsky first and foremost is the Russian philosopher and thinker, and only then a writer. The author examines the peculiarities of such roles in culture as philosopher, thinker and writer, which gives grounds to question unambiguous reference of the works of prominent Russian writer as activity of the thinker. The peculiarity consists in the fact that F. M. Dostoevsky’s literary texts is so rich in images and themes, that shifting the specificity of his artistic image into the background is not quite justified. Special attention is given to clarification of the essence of activity of the philosopher and the writer. The key research method is the comparative analysis of the facts of such types of social practice as the profession of writer, philosopher and thinker in their relation to the fundamental concepts of time, space, text and nature of its perception from the outside perspective .The main conclusion consists in the statement that the philosophical text maintains neutrality in relation to time, as is being written from the standpoint of eternity. Literary text, in turn, is “submerged” in time and space of the events taking place within it, and relies on recognizability of the characters and their existential characteristics. F. M. Dostoevsky appears to the audience as the creator of storylines and images, rather than a person who sets the trends and concepts of social movements.

Abstract: The object of the research is existential literature. The subject of the research is several existential novels and stories in Russia and abroad that illustrate circumstances giving rise to existential thinking especially in literature. The XXth century became a culminating point of philosophical ideas being expressed in a literary form. One of the versions of what caused that phenomenon is that philosophical discourse could no longer handle the great number of meanings that were supposed to be conveyed by a philosophical text. The structural functional method became the basis for research and allowed to define structural correspondences between philosophical generalisations and literary techniques. The method allowed to reveal literary techniques that performed the role of philosophical thought in literary images and events. The structure of a literary text intensifies the intrigue without letting knowing the reader about events. Philosophical essay implies operation with generalized substances to convey the message disregarding the fact whether the reader is ready to perceive it. Another important factor is the news opportunity that is given by a literary work.  The literary form of philosophical ideas in Russia was influenced by the peculiarity of a Russian classical thought closely connected with philosophical approaches and problems. Ancient logos without contributions of the European culture of the Modern Time is an ontological issue that organizes the philosophical discourse and gives space to literature and other philosophy-related areas.