Abstract: When considering the sphere of social deviations, one should give attention to gender factors, i.e. the peculiarities of criminal and deviant behavior of men and women. In the period of modernization of the late 19th – the early 20th century, part of Russian population chose deviant model of behavior, and the crime rate increased. Among typical female crimes of that period the author points out child abandonment and infanticide. The subject of crime was a female person, specifically, a mother, and the object of crime was a child, more often, illegitimate. The author studies the Central Black Earth Region – a rural, patriarchal, peasant, weakly urbanized provincial region of European Russia. The study is interdisciplinary. The methods of social history and legal analysis reveal the problem under study from different scientific positions and as a historical and legal phenomenon as a whole. The scientific novelty consists in the variety of the applied approaches. The author introduces previously unpublished scientific data. The problem under study is topical. The phenomenon of infanticide is still present in Russian society in marginalized segments of the population. Gender factors are still important for the study of modern forms of deviant behavior. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the categories of crime in the Russian Empire of the post-reform period of the late 19th – the early 20th centuries – crimes against the state and public order, including a wide range of illegal deeds. The article considers the most widespread crimes against the religion, the state and the society, which had taken place in the provincial towns of Tambov region, namely, various official malfeasances, crimes against the public order and morality, coinage offence and crimes against the Orthodox faith and the church. The methodology of the research is based on the synthesis of the main modern history approaches (microhistorical analysis, local context, gender specificity), and is of a multidisciplinary character (sociology of deviant behavior, historical psychology). The author concludes that the level of dissemination of crimes against the state and public order was higher in towns than in villages; the legal culture and the legal conscience of citizens was influenced by the traditional law within the traditional behavioral guidelines.