Abstract: The article gives a detailed account of scientometric approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of research. Different scientometric indicators of the scientist – the total number of publications and their citation, impact factor of the journals in which the scientist works are published, etc are touched. However, Levin focuses on the most commonly used indicator – Hirsch index. The definition of this indicator, various methods of calculation, accompanied by examples are presented. The point of view of J. Hirsch on the opportunities of index created by him to identify the importance and significance of the contribution of scientists to science, to compare efficiency of various scientists and to forecast the scientific achievements of the scientist is given. Critical assessment of this indicator of current scientists is also presented. The author also shares his own point of view on the matter as well as describes other scientometric indicators. Levin provides a few examples showing the inability of this and other scientometric indicators to adequately assess various aspects of scientist's activity. The author indicates risks associated with the possibility of falsification of scientometric indicators. At the end of the article the author concludes that it would be worth-while to apply the traditional expert review method to evaluating scientific activity. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of educational training of graduate students and PhD students in Russia. The researcher describes the current systems of educational training in the world and focuses on their pluses and minuses. Special attention is paid to the systems of training in Germany, France, Great Britain and USA. The author also describes and analyzes the system of graduate training which was formed in the USSR and is still efficient in today's Russia. The author offers a new system of educational training of Russian graduates. This program is oriented at modern tasks and goals of Russian higher education. The curriculum includes: history of scientific discoveries, logic and critical thinking, research methods, investigation culture, academic ethics and law basics. The research is based on the analysis of both Russian and foreign researches conducted by specialists in the sphere of personnel training as well as methodological works of graduates' research advisors. Levin has also used a lot of Russian and foreign researches on the history of science, methods of scientific research, logic, investigation culture, academic ethics, methods of writing thesis research and articles. The main conclusions are the following: 1) introduction of the three-stage educational system in Russia (bachelor's, master's programs and graduate (PhD) studies) offers a good opportunity to improve training of Russian graduates; 2) there is a great variety of educational schools for graduates all over the world, each school having its own curriculum and national traditions; 3) the current system of training Russian graduates provides neither a good education nor a decent overall cultural level of students; 4) in order to improve the system of graduate studies, it is necesary to review their programs and curricula. 

Abstract: The history of life and scientific and pedagogical activity of the world famous Soviet scientist Leonard Andreevich Rastrigin is recreated. Its scientific biography is very in detail stated.Its scientific activity and results received by it is in details considered. A lot of place is given to its work as the research supervisor of graduate students and doctoral candidates, and also his scientific and educational activity. Memories of it of his colleagues and pupils are given. Much attention is paid to L.A. Rastrigin's identity, his human destiny. The complete list of all of its numerous publications published by it books a general characteristic is provided: articles, reports, reviews, monographs, popular scientific books, etc. Scientific, pedagogical and scientific and promotional activity of the outstanding scientist and outstanding human person – professor L.A. Rastrigin (1929–1998), his life full of dramatic nature sated with the continuous conflicts to partsovbyurokrata of the Soviet state is for the first time in detail described.Work is based on the analysis of the scientific, methodical and popular scientific works published by L.A. Rastrigin. Unpublished memories of Rastrigin of his colleagues and pupils, including personal memoirs of the author are also widely used. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) L.A. Rastrigin was the outstanding scientist, the founder of the theory and practice of casual search – a new effective method of management of work of difficult systems; 2) He was also outstanding organizer of scientific researches though didn't hold any large administrative posts, and the excellent teacher, the research supervisor of graduate students and doctoral candidates who prepared a large number of candidates and doctors of science

Abstract: The book under review describes the history of the development of logic and analytical philosophy in Central and Eastern European countries. The topic is being fully and thoroughly covered. In his research Levin demonstrates that the contribution of the scientists of Central and Eastern Europe to the development of logic and analytical philosophy cannot be reduced to famous researches of the Vienna Circle and Lwów–Warsaw school. The author proves that many famous scientists who are thought to come from the West in fact either originated from Central or Eastern Eruope or were under the great influence of the local scientific schools. They emigrated to the West searching for the best working conditions or escaping from the Nazi. The research is based on the analysis of all 38 articles comprising the book and making 7 chapters as well as the introduction written by the editor Andrew Schumann. The book contains very insightful articlse written by 53 researchers from 21 countries of Eastern and Central Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Czech Republic, Croatia, German Democratic Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Rumania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine). The main conclusions are the following: 1) the book 'Logic in Central and Eastern Europe' is one of the most important books on the history of logic and philosophy of science in the world; 2) this book is some kind of encyclopaedia which has all the information a humanitarian should know about the history of logic and philosophy in Central and Eastern Europe; 3) the book defines why Soviet logical and philosophical schools have never got to play the leading role in the world. 

Abstract: In this article the scientific biography of the outstanding Soviet scientist, engineer and organizer of science, one of the founders of cybernetics Michael L. Tsetlin is considered. The stages of his biography and scientific creativity and the influence on him of the family, relatives, friends and colleagues are identified. The author of the article provides an overview of the main discoveries of Michael L. Tsetlin in science (mathematics, theoretical physics, the theory of control systems, electronic instrumentation, cybernetics, biology and medicine, prosthetics, automation modeling of social, economic and biological systems). The scientific-organizational and pedagogical activity and his influence on the development of Soviet and world science and technology are analyzed. The main qualities of Michael L. Tsetlin as a scientist, a man and a citizen and his great influence on young scientists are described in detail. The basis of this research consists of the published and unpublished memoirs of colleagues of Michael L. Tsetlin, members of his family and friends, as well as memories of the author himself. For the first time in the academic literature the author brings together evaluations of different sides of life and activity of Michael L. Tseltin such as scientific, engineering, organizational, teaching, social activities, etc. Personal expressions of Michael L. Tsetlin are also used. The author of the article shows that Michael L. Tsetlin was one of the founders of cybernetics in the USSR. 

Abstract: The article provides a review of the biography of a distinguished doctor and scientist, teacher and wonderful person Iosif Kassirsky. The author of the article gives a detailed analysis of Kassirsky's scientific, teaching, administrative and doctor's activities. The author underlines Kassirsky's great contribution to the creation of the Soviet scientific and medical school in the sphere of hematology and tropical diseases. Much attetion is being paid to the description of a brilliant and amazing personality of Iosif Kassirsky. The article contains memories of Kassirsky's colleagues, friends, students and relatives as well as analysis of the main peculiarities of Kassirsky's research and teaching activities in the sphere of medicine. The author also touches upon Kassirsky's administrative and social activities. Personal qualities of Kassirsky are emphasized. These are the very qualities that are so much remembered by his contemporaries. In conclusion the author gives a general evaluation of Kassirsky's researches in medicine and the school founded by him. The article also provides a full list of Kassirsky's basic publications. 

Abstract: The article brings up the personal and scientific biography of a wonderful person, teacher and scientist Sofya Alexandrovna Yanovskaya. The article gives a fairly detailed analysis of her researches and teachings, particular attention is paid to her important role in the creation of the Soviet scientific school in the fields of mathematical logic and history of mathematics. With special attention the author describes Yanovskaya S.A. as an amazing person, gives numerous memories of her colleagues, friends and students, vividly recreating the various aspects of her life and work. The author analyzes the main features of her teaching manners and research activities in the field of mathematical logic, history and philosophy of mathematics, addresses the subject of her social and political activities. In this regard, the author brings up the detailed information on accusations of Yanovskaya S.A. in the participation in the 1930’s “massacres” of the old school of scientists who did not share the Marxist-Leninist ideology. These accusations are analyzed in detail and refuted. In conclusion, the article provides a general assessment of the scientific level of work SA Yanovskaya and a list of her major publications.