Abstract: Typical variety of modernization in modern historical paradigm
Based on analysis of the existing points of view, this article substantiates the possibility of application of modernization theory to the historical research for various countries, including the period of Imperial Russia. The author underlines that it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of modernization processes in the history of different states, as well as determines that the relevance of modernization discourse suggest the necessary examination of its diverse aspects. In particular, an important problem lies in highlighting and characterizing the types of modernization for revelation of its specificity in various countries. The methodology of this work is based on the classical interpretation of modernization (transition from the traditional society to modern) as the most applicable to historical research. The conclusion is made that most acceptable is the classification of the types of modernization based on the complex approach, which suggests the study of modernization manifestations in multiple spheres of social life. The author’s characteristic is provided of the specificities and processes that take place within the framework of economic, social, demographic, political, and spiritual modernization.

Abstract: The article examines the basic concepts of the modernization development types proposed by Russian scientists. The revealed reasons for the Russian historians’ heightened interest in the question of modernization typology is tied to the necessity of changing the leading scientific methodology after the dissolution  of the USSR and the elaboration of a political development strategy for the Russian Federation at the beginning of the 21st century. The author notes that most Russian studies propose a  dichotomy of typology in the modernization processes: organic and overhauling modernizations. The author then gives a description of each of these types, taking into account the peculiarities of the basic points of view regarding the stated topic. At the base of the research methodology of this work lies the classical interpretation of the concept of modernization (the transition from traditional society to the modern one) as a more acceptable one for historical analysis. The author comes to the conclusion that the main criteria for differentiating the organic and overhauling modernizations are the internal/external impulses and synchronic/asynchronic processes in various spheres of public life. The author presents his own view on the classical and overhauling types of modernization, which is based on the complex approach to scientific research. This allows to identify the particularities of the indicated types through the following criteria: nature, original sphere of social activity, leading actors, mechanisms and rates of development.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the military factor as a mechanism of Russian modernisation in 1914-1940. The author's main goal is to conduct an analysis of the impact of the First World War on the transition of the Russian state from the agrarian society to the industrial one in terms of spirituality. The article defines the major mental attitudes of Russian peasantry, such as paternalism, piety, monarchism, social collectivism, equalitarian land utilisation, and their transformations in the course of the Russian modernisation during the First World War and interbellum period. The article put special emphasis on the need for organic modernisation processes in Russia as a prerequisite for their successful implementation, because the transition of the Russian Empire from agrarian to industrial society was not of organic nature, which was expressed in asynchronous of economic, political, social and spiritual transformations. The academic novelty of the paper is the interpretation of war as a kind of a "challenge" for the Russian (Slavic) civilisation, and the "response" was the modernisation of Russia in that time. The main conclusion is the assumption that the Great war (1914-1918) was the strongest "accelerator" for the Russian modernisation processes, compared to previous military conflicts involving the Russian Empire. This justified the formation of the deviant model of Russian modernisation, which was expressed in the Soviet variant of the Russian society in terms of spirituality.