Abstract: The relevance of the research on aging well is substantiated by the demographic, socioeconomic and paradigm changes currently taking place in the world. This article presents analysis of the concept of “optimism” from the perspectives of Russian and foreign psychological concepts. Empirical research is conducted on dispositional optimism as a cognitive-attributive and value-semantic correlate of aging well. The goal of this work lies in assessment of quantitative parameters of optimism among elderly people, analysis of correlation of dispositional optimism with the demographic indexes and components of aging well. The method of studying the structure of aging well was developed in form of an original questionnaire “Index of Aging Well”, consisting of 70 points and allowing assessment of the level of subjective wellbeing, and evaluate it on seven subscales: health, financial wellbeing, social interaction, periodic prospects, work and hobby, personal growth and positive emotions, family. The identified positive correlations between optimism and social status, monthly income, health, financial wellbeing, work and hobby, personal growth and positive emotions, aging well indicator, and negative correlations between optimism and family status are juxtaposed to the empirical data that previously reported on the correlation of optimism with other psychological and social factors. The conclusion is made of the link between optimism and the level of subjective wellbeing among representatives of the elderly population. The conducted research may be of interest for specialists interacting with elderly people within the framework in psychological consulting and psychotherapeutic practice.

Abstract: This article examines the problem of the illegitimate cyber behavior. The growth of juvenile delinquency is observed not only among the marginal population, but also, and what causes the most concern, among the psychically healthy society. The authors explore the psychological aspects of one of the main manifestation of the illegitimate cyber behavior – the intentional cyber-aggression; the classification of the forms of cyber-aggression is being presented. The authors give a hypothetical psychological portrait of a cyber-delinquent, as well as determine the leading motives for conducting the antisocial acts by the juveniles in the social networks. The research was conducted on 40 teenagers, which were divided into two subgroups. The first group consisted of 20 people from the drug rehabilitation center of Orenburg, who have repeatedly convicted of delinquent actions; the second group consisted of 20 conditionally healthy teenagers without clear signs of social dysadaptation. The correlation was determined between the experience in the role of cyber-aggressor and the following personal properties: ostentation, meticulousness, aggressiveness, and affectability. It is illustrated that the conditionally healthy teenagers are more prone to the intentional cyber-aggression. This circumstance encourages to improve the system of legal regulation among the Internet users, as well as to develop measure on prevention of the deviant cyber behavior.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the self-efficacy, proactiveness, and resilience as personality resources, and their role in the educational activity of students. The article presents a brief review of the modern researches of each of the stated psychological constructs within the psychology of education. It is underlined that as a whole, proactiveness, resilience, and self-efficacy, form a psychological basis of self-determination. Their development gains an extensive practical importance for the psychological support of the subjects of educational process, while neglecting this aspect can create a potential threat to the psychological safety of students.  In all, 67 students in the age group of 19-20 have been examined. The type of research is cross-sectional. The results of the research demonstrated that students have a moderate level of development of self-efficacy, proactiveness, and resilience. The general self-efficacy produces a positive effect upon the involvement of the students into the educational process and their disposition towards the scientific research activity. The indexes of academic performance also depend on the academic control and academic self-efficacy. It is determined that separate components of proactiveness (self-reflection, metamotivation) and of resilience (involvement, control) positively affect the academic achievements and interests of the students. The authors developed the empirical models of influence of the aforementioned personality resources upon the academic performance and interests, which can be used for testing the program of psychological-pedagogical intervention based on the examined psychological constructs.

Abstract: This study reports the development of the Proactive Behavior Inventory that was designed to define the level of proactivity and to analyze personal components of proactive behavior (self-reflection and self-regulation, forecasting and anticipation, spontaneity, internal locus of control and metamotivation). The authors of the article define proactivity as the feature of a mature personality with a high level of self-determination, personal responsibility, ability to make a conscious choice of a behavioral model and to predict life events. The need to create a new inventory was determined by the fact that there are no Russian psychological tests that would precisely study proactivity as a personal trait. The primary development of the Proactive Behavior Inventory involved 187 people including healthy individuals and patients suffering from schizophrenia, depression, coronary artery disease, drug abuse and addiction at different stages of medical treatment. The empirical validity of the test was assessed through the comparison of the results with the results obtained by the means of the Proactive Coping Inventory offered by Esther Greenglass, Ralf Schwarzer and Steffen Taubert. The Inventory offered by the authors of the article allowed to discover significant differences of a number of proactivity parameters in different groups of respondents. Primary findings prove the statement that mentally healthy and adaptive people have high indicators of proactivity while patients suffering from schizophrenia and drug abuse demonstrate a lower level of proactivity. Mathematical and statistical analysis demonstrates a high level of homogeneity of the Inventory and validity of the questionnaire items related to the integral proactivity indicators. Thus, the basic psychometric indicators of the Inventory show a high reliability and validity as well as the internal homogeneity of the Inventory. Further researches should be carried out in order to involve a greater number of respondents, to analyze the gender and cross-cultural factors and to study patients with other mental and psychosomatic diseases. The results of the study will be of interest to clinical psychologists and allow recommending the Proactive Behavior Inventory for investigating personality traits of self-determination, spontaneity, goal-setting and ancitipation of both healthy individuals and patients suffering from mental diseases. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to the current trends in researches in the sphere of psychology of health eloquently testify to consolidation of positions of positive psychology in the field of studying of factors of psychoprevention and psychohygiene. One of such personal factors, according to the author, pro-activity as a basis of the self-determined behavior acts. The analysis of a current state of a problem of pro-activity is presented in article in psychological researches. Leading criteria and parameters of pro-active behavior through which prism the author suggests to consider psychological health and its communication with effective functioning of the personality are allocated. The author's model of pro-activity in the standard aspect, including the motivational block, the block of the analysis and the behavioural block is presented. The short characteristic is given to structural components of pro-active behavior which, according to the author, include resistence, self-efficiency, metarequirements, an internal locus of control, dispositional optimism, valuable and life orientations of the personality. The pro-activity role in a sovladaniye with a stress, in overcoming of psychological consequences of somatic diseases is shown. The interrelation of pro-active behavior and quality of life is reflected in advanced age. The author notes intensive penetration of ideas of positive psychology into psychology clinical and sees prospect of further researches of functioning of the personality in close connection with studying of personal predictors of pro-activity.

Abstract: The article contains a short review of literature on proactive and reactive aggression. The author of the article presents results of the research of the phenomenon of proactive aggression demonstrated by students. According to the received results,  the higher level of proactive aggression is more typical for men while girls have a tendency towards reactive aggression. Men also demonstrated such forms of aggressive behavior as physical aggression and negativism while women showed verbal aggression, irritation and offense. Research of the identity of students by projective tests revealed the increased tendency towards open aggressive actions among young men. Recommendations on how to work with the revealed psychological features are provided for both groups of surveyed students. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to theoretical and methodological grounds of the phenomenon of proactive coping behavior. According to the author, modern psychological researches are mostly focused on studying traditional coping strategies representing reactive (adaptive) behavior aimed at coping with actual stressful events. At the same time  Russian psychology doesn't have enough data concerning functioning and the role of other coping behavior, proactive coping, in the process of adaptation.The author of the article carries out a comparative analysis of the main types of coping strategies. Functions and key components of proactive coping behavior are analysed. The model of proactive coping is presented. The author believes that research of personal resources of proactive coping behavior will become one of development tendencies in the modern Russian psychology during the next decade.